2017年8月1日

有目的的練習(xí)Purposeful Practice

? ? 一開始，書中像講故事一樣顿颅，作者講述了他給一名大學(xué)生 Steve正在做的短期記憶的訓(xùn)練缸濒。一開始，Steve就像普通路人一樣，如果每秒讀出一個(gè)數(shù)字的話庇配，他只能記憶7-8個(gè)斩跌，極限是9個(gè)數(shù)字，這時(shí)候Steve認(rèn)為已經(jīng)到了他短期記憶的極限了捞慌，他不可能再有進(jìn)步了耀鸦。

確實(shí)短期記憶對(duì)于記憶數(shù)量有著嚴(yán)格的限制，Steve到了他的極限啸澡。但是作者卻這么認(rèn)為袖订，他和Steve改進(jìn)了記憶的方法，首先從一個(gè)隨機(jī)的嗅虏、有5個(gè)數(shù)字的數(shù)字串開始洛姑，如果史蒂夫記住了，會(huì)讀6個(gè)數(shù)字皮服。如果他又記住了楞艾，再增加到7個(gè)數(shù)字。依此類推龄广。每次給數(shù)字串上增加1個(gè)數(shù)字硫眯，他都可以記住。如果他記錯(cuò)了蜀细，會(huì)將數(shù)字串的長(zhǎng)度縮短2個(gè)數(shù)字舟铜，然后再繼續(xù)。就這樣訓(xùn)練下來奠衔，兩年時(shí)間谆刨，Steve竟然能記住82個(gè)數(shù)字了！

隨著年代的更迭归斤，各項(xiàng)紀(jì)錄不斷在刷新痊夭，各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的杰出人物不斷涌現(xiàn)，許多人擁有超常的能力脏里，那些能力超過人類歷史上任何時(shí)代的人們所擁有的能力她我。然而盡管這些能力非常卓越，但關(guān)于這些人如何開發(fā)這些超常能力迫横，卻并沒有秘密可言番舆。他們練習(xí)，大量地練習(xí)矾踱。

While the abilities are extradrdinary ,there is no mystery at all about how these people developed them.They practiced .A lot.

作者多年來一直致力于研究理解練習(xí)到底可以怎樣幫助我們創(chuàng)造新的能力和拓展已有的能力恨狈，同時(shí)特別關(guān)注那些運(yùn)用反復(fù)不斷的練習(xí)，最終成為他們所在行業(yè)或領(lǐng)域中世界最佳的人呛讲。作者發(fā)現(xiàn)禾怠，不論什么行業(yè)返奉，不論什么領(lǐng)域，音樂也好吗氏，體育也好芽偏，象棋也好，最有效的那些練習(xí)弦讽，全都遵循同樣一些普遍原則污尉。The most effective types of pratice all follow the same set of general principles.

答案就是，在任何行業(yè)或領(lǐng)域之中坦袍，最有效的和最強(qiáng)大的那類練習(xí)十厢，都通過充分利用人類的身體與大腦的適應(yīng)能力等太，來逐步地創(chuàng)造出能夠做到一些過去不可能的事情的能力捂齐。

The answer is that the most effectuve and most powerful types of pratice in any field work by harnessing the adaptability of the human body and brain to creat ,step by step,the ability to do things that were previously not possible.

各種各樣的練習(xí)都可能有效，但其中一種特殊的形式則是黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缩抡，“刻意練習(xí)”deliberate practice奠宜。這是我們知道的最有效和最強(qiáng)大的練習(xí)形式，可以適用于任何行業(yè)任何領(lǐng)域瞻想。

Purposeful Practice

為了讓我們可以更深入的了解刻意練習(xí)压真，作者先介紹了其他一些基本的練習(xí)方式，也是我們大家最經(jīng)常經(jīng)歷到的蘑险。比如你想學(xué)習(xí)一項(xiàng)新技能滴肿，以打網(wǎng)球?yàn)槔紫鹊杵銓?duì)網(wǎng)球很感興趣泼差，你想學(xué)習(xí)，然后你需要去買一些網(wǎng)球設(shè)備呵俏，配置堆缘，然后得去花錢上課，老師告訴你一些技巧普碎，你需要多加練習(xí)吼肥，慢慢地，你的技術(shù)提高麻车，你已經(jīng)打得很不錯(cuò)了缀皱，甚至還可以參加比賽了，你的網(wǎng)球已經(jīng)完全達(dá)到通常意義上的很不錯(cuò)的水平动猬，在球場(chǎng)上啤斗，你的所有動(dòng)作都是自動(dòng)做出的，你的表現(xiàn)也被人們所接受枣察，不需要太多的思考争占，如此一來燃逻，你可以真正在球場(chǎng)上放松，享受比賽臂痕。但是你也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)伯襟，你還是有些弱點(diǎn)，有些難度較大的球接不到握童，但也沒什么大礙姆怪。

其實(shí)生活中我們普通人恐怕好多都有這樣的經(jīng)歷，你學(xué)一樣技能澡绩，從最開始的一無所知稽揭，經(jīng)過勤奮練習(xí)，成果顯著肥卡，你已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了溪掀，達(dá)到了你的預(yù)期水平，已經(jīng)夠了步鉴。我們?cè)谏钪兴龅氖虑榫疚福芏嘀恍枰覀冞_(dá)到中等水平便可以了。

但在這里氛琢，你要理解一件非常重要的事情：一旦你已經(jīng)達(dá)到了這種令你滿意的技能水平喊递，而且能做到自然而然地表現(xiàn)出你的水平，你就已經(jīng)不再進(jìn)步了阳似。

Once a person reaches that level of acceptable performance and automaticity, the additional years pratice don't lead to improvement.

普通人總會(huì)對(duì)此有些誤解骚勘，他們認(rèn)為只要你繼續(xù)努力，繼續(xù)練習(xí)撮奏，你的網(wǎng)球可以打得更好俏讹，你的鋼琴可以彈的更好，也許進(jìn)步會(huì)比較緩慢挽荡，但最終還是會(huì)很出色的藐石。但是，現(xiàn)實(shí)并不是這樣定拟。研究表明于微，一般而言，一旦某個(gè)人的表現(xiàn)達(dá)到了“可接受”的水平青自，并且可以做到自動(dòng)化株依，那么，再多“練習(xí)”幾年延窜，也不會(huì)有什么進(jìn)步恋腕。比如說有些干了20年的老醫(yī)生還不如干了五年的醫(yī)生水平高，原因就是因?yàn)樗麄兪炀氁院竽嫒穑瑳]有刻意練習(xí)去提高荠藤，那些自動(dòng)化的能力慢慢就會(huì)退化了伙单。我想大家都知道努力堅(jiān)持的重要性，當(dāng)遇到困難的時(shí)候哈肖，也都會(huì)自己給自己鼓勁Try hard吻育，但是也許這時(shí)候你就是在重復(fù)毫無意義的事情，毫無進(jìn)步可言淤井。但是好多并不知道問題出在哪里布疼？該如何做到自我突破？其實(shí)好多時(shí)候币狠，一味的堅(jiān)持游两，努力，繼續(xù)未必是正確的漩绵，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)效果進(jìn)展不如人意的時(shí)候贱案，就要停下來，好好思索渐行，嘗試一下不同的方法轰坊，路線Try differently。

我們?cè)撊绾翁岣咚钣。吭撛鯓油黄疲窟@便是Steve在經(jīng)過幾次練習(xí)之后發(fā)現(xiàn)他自己所處的情形粟害，已經(jīng)到極限了蕴忆。然而他后來采取了一種訓(xùn)練方式，最終突破了自己的極限悲幅，這種練習(xí)我們稱之為“有目的的練習(xí)”Purposeful Practice套鹅。這種方法比通常的方法更有效一些，而且汰具，是通向刻意練習(xí)的第一步卓鹿，而我們的最終目標(biāo)便是刻意練習(xí)deliberate practice。

單詞部分

1.sound ?書中例句 Steve was already beginning to sound discouraged.

詞典v..1.聽起來似乎;聽著好像 When you talk about the way someone sounds, you are describing the impression you have of them when they speak.

造句 She sounded a bit worried

2.某物)聽起來 When you are describing a noise, you can talk about the way it sounds .

● They heard what sounded like a huge explosion...

The creaking of the hinges sounded very loud in that silence.

2.hit or miss? 書中例句 He usually got the eight-digit strings right,but ,ine digits was? hit or miss.

詞典 adj.as?l ikely?to be?bad?as to be good, esp. because of not being?planned?or?organized?well:遇事現(xiàn)打主意的留荔，沒有計(jì)劃性的吟孙，

造句 He did a lot of hit or miss reading。

It was a very hit or ?miss affair, totally lacking any kind of organization.

3.run into a wall ?字面意思 撞到了墻

The bus get out of control and run into a wall.

引申為遇到困難 書中例子?So it is no surprise that he was running into wall at numbers that were about eight or nine digits long.

相似詞組run into a stone wall 遇到困難

I seem to have?run into a stone wall.Can you help me out?

run into a stone wall還有另外一層意思：碰壁 遭到拒絕

Life is hard,and maybe we could?run into a stone wall?unexpectedly.

類似詞語還有run into a blank wall

He isn't in good mood these days,so you will?run into a blank wall?if you speak to him.

4.intrigue ?v.書中例句That was exactly the sort of question that most intrigued me.?

詞典? 尤指奇怪的事物)迷住聚蝶，激起…的好奇心 If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.

造句 You've really intrigued me─tell me more!

5.delve into v.書中例句But before we delve into the details of deliberate practice,it will be best if we spend a little time ?underatanding some more basic types of practice.

詞典1.探究;鉆研 If you delve into something, you try to discover new information about it.

造句 If you're interested in a subject, use the Internet to delve deeper..

2.(在壁櫥杰妓、袋子等中)搜尋，翻找 If you delve inside something such as a cupboard or a bag, you search inside it.

● She delved into her rucksack and pulled out a folder.

.

6.pro?1.n.書中例句You even end up hitting the ball like a pro.

詞典 ?職業(yè)人員碘勉；專業(yè)人員 從事某職業(yè)的人巷挥；職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員；職業(yè)選手验靡；老手A pro is a professional.

造句 He handled the situation like an old pro

2.adj.（運(yùn)動(dòng)員倍宾、體育運(yùn)動(dòng)）職業(yè)的雏节，專業(yè)的 A pro player is a professional sportsman or woman. You can also use pro to refer to sports that are played by professional sportsmen or women.

...a former college and pro basketball player.

7.stall? v.書中例句 ?If you're not completely satisfied with your level of play,your improvement stalls.

詞典1.(VERB) 拖延 If you stall, you try to avoid doing something until later.

造句Thomas had spent all week stalling over his decision.

2.暫時(shí)阻止;把…拖住 If you stall someone, you prevent them from doing something until a later time.

He stalled the man until the police arrived.

3(使)突然熄火 If a vehicle stalls or if you accidentally stall it, the engine stops suddenly.

The engine stalled.

4.(使)(進(jìn)程)暫停;(使)推后 If a process stalls, or if someone or something stalls it, the process stops but may continue at a later time.

The plan stalled for some reasons.