day22

parted是一個(gè)磁盤分區(qū)管理工具

需求:

現(xiàn)有一個(gè)做了raid5的硬盤? 要求分三個(gè)去

硬盤總分區(qū)大小 6.2T

/data0? ? ? ?? 4.8T

/data1? ? ? ?? 1T

? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 4G (無(wú)需格式化? 做DRBD+Hearbeat+MySQL用)

parted /dev/sdb mklabel gpt? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? #<==修改分區(qū)格式為gpt栗柒。

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 0 4800000? ? ? ? #<==創(chuàng)建一個(gè)4.8T主分區(qū)

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 4800001 5800001? #<==創(chuàng)建一個(gè)1T主分區(qū)

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 5800002 5804098? #<==創(chuàng)建一個(gè)4G主分區(qū)

parted /dev/sdb p

[root@oldboyedu ~]# parted /dev/sdb? #交互式開(kāi)始分區(qū)

GNU Parted 3.1

Using /dev/sdb

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) help

(parted) mklabel gpt? #修改分區(qū)格式為gpt? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to

continue?

Yes/No? Yes? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

(parted) p? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt? #修改結(jié)果

(parted) mkpart primary 0 480? #創(chuàng)建第一個(gè)主分區(qū)480M缺脉。

Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.

Ignore/Cancel? Ignore #忽略提示。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

(parted) mkpart primary 481 580 #創(chuàng)建第二個(gè)主分區(qū)100M。

Warning: You requested a partition from 481MB to 580MB (sectors 939453..1132812).

The closest location we can manage is 481MB to 481MB (sectors 940031..940031).

Is this still acceptable to you?

Yes/No? Y? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.

Ignore/Cancel? I #忽略提示。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

(parted) mkpart logic 581 600 #創(chuàng)建一個(gè)20M邏輯分區(qū)。

(parted) p? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number? Start?? End? ? Size? ? File system? Name? ?? Flags

1? ? ? 17.4kB? 480MB? 480MB? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? primary

3? ? ? 481MB?? 481MB? 512B? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? primary

2? ? ? 481MB?? 580MB? 98.6MB? ? ? ? ? ? ?? primary

4? ? ? 581MB?? 600MB? 18.9MB? ? ? ? ? ? ?? logic

(parted) rm 4?? #刪除? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

(parted) p? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

分區(qū)被parted搞了。

修改分區(qū)格式：

(parted) mklabel msdos

Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to

continue?

Yes/No? Y? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

(parted) p? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Disk Flags:

創(chuàng)建分區(qū)：

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

?? p?? primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

?? e?? extended

Select (default p): p

Partition number (1-4, default 1):

First sector (2048-2097151, default 2048):

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-2097151, default 2097151): +100M

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

?? Device Boot? ? ? Start? ? ? ?? End? ? ? Blocks?? Id? System

/dev/sdb1? ? ? ? ? ? 2048? ? ? 206847? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

?? p?? primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

?? e?? extended

Select (default p): p

Partition number (2-4, default 2):

First sector (206848-2097151, default 206848):

Using default value 206848

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-2097151, default 2097151): +100M

Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

?? Device Boot? ? ? Start? ? ? ?? End? ? ? Blocks?? Id? System

/dev/sdb1? ? ? ? ? ? 2048? ? ? 206847? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? ? 206848? ? ? 411647? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/sdb*

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 17 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb1

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 18 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb2

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 #格式化ext4文件系統(tǒng) mkfs.ext4

其實(shí)關(guān)鍵就是生成一定數(shù)量的Inode和Block。

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

25688 inodes, 102400 blocks

5120 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Maximum filesystem blocks=33685504

13 block groups

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

1976 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Allocating group tables: done? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Writing inode tables: done? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

掛載：? ? 開(kāi)門鸽疾、開(kāi)窗住人使用

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount? /dev/sdb1 /mnt #臨時(shí)掛載到/mnt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h #查看掛載結(jié)果

Filesystem? ? ? Size? Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3? ? ? ? 19G? 1.9G?? 18G? 10% /

devtmpfs? ? ? ? 980M? 5.0M? 975M?? 1% /dev

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M? ?? 0? 991M?? 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M?? 18M? 973M?? 2% /run

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M? ?? 0? 991M?? 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1? ? ?? 253M? 136M? 118M? 54% /boot

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 199M? ?? 0? 199M?? 0% /run/user/0

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 199M? ?? 0? 199M?? 0% /run/user/1000

/dev/sdb1? ? ? ? 93M? 1.6M?? 85M?? 2% /mnt #<====已掛載。

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/mounts? #查看掛載結(jié)果

rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0

sysfs /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

proc /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

configfs /sys/kernel/config configfs rw,relatime 0 0

/dev/sda3 / xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0

systemd-1 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc autofs rw,relatime,fd=32,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=19277 0 0

hugetlbfs /dev/hugepages hugetlbfs rw,relatime 0 0

debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0

mqueue /dev/mqueue mqueue rw,relatime 0 0

/dev/sda1 /boot xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0

tmpfs /run/user/0 tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=202812k,mode=700 0 0

tmpfs /run/user/1000 tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=202812k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sdb1 /mnt ext4 rw,relatime,data=ordered 0 0 #<==已掛載训貌。

[root@oldboyedu ~]# touch /mnt/oldboy?? #<==測(cè)試制肮。

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls /mnt

lost+found? oldboy

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# umount /mnt

umount: /mnt: target is busy.

? ? ? ? (In some cases useful info about processes that use

? ? ? ?? the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# pwd

/mnt

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# umount -lf /mnt? ?? #<==強(qiáng)制卸載

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# df -h

Filesystem? ? ? Size? Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3? ? ? ? 19G? 1.9G?? 18G? 10% /

devtmpfs? ? ? ? 980M? 5.0M? 975M?? 1% /dev

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M? ?? 0? 991M?? 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M?? 18M? 973M?? 2% /run

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M? ?? 0? 991M?? 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1? ? ?? 253M? 136M? 118M? 54% /boot

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 199M? ?? 0? 199M?? 0% /run/user/0

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 199M? ?? 0? 199M?? 0% /run/user/1000

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /opt? #沒(méi)有格式化沒(méi)法掛載

mount: /dev/sdb2 is write-protected, mounting read-only

mount: unknown filesystem type '(null)'

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb2? #格式化xfs文件系統(tǒng)

meta-data=/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? ? ? ? isize=512? ? agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? sectsz=512?? attr=2, projid32bit=1

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? crc=1? ? ? ? finobt=0, sparse=0

data? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? bsize=4096?? blocks=25600, imaxpct=25

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? sunit=0? ? ? swidth=0 blks

naming?? =version 2? ? ? ? ? ? ? bsize=4096?? ascii-ci=0 ftype=1

log? ? ? =internal log? ? ? ? ?? bsize=4096?? blocks=855, version=2

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? sectsz=512?? sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? extsz=4096?? blocks=0, rtextents=0

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount -t xfs /dev/sdb2 /opt

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h|grep opt

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? 97M? 5.3M?? 92M?? 6% /opt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# touch /opt/oldgirl

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls /opt

oldgirl

如何開(kāi)機(jī)自動(dòng)掛載？

/etc/fstab 開(kāi)機(jī)自動(dòng)掛載

幾列？ 6列

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /etc/fstab

UUID=3a3a295f-88f8-456d-94dc-1a3eeb517c02 /? ? ? ? ? ? xfs? ?? defaults? ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? ? ? ? 0

UUID=fd2e0ca7-32be-425f-86a2-85c02b9ec5ea /boot? ? ? ? xfs? ?? defaults? ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? ? ? ? 0

UUID=79a3924b-739e-48dc-ab0c-0444b9ac6591 swap? ? ? ?? swap? ? defaults? ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? ? ? ? 0

設(shè)備? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 掛載點(diǎn)?? 文件系統(tǒng)類型? 默認(rèn)掛載選項(xiàng)? 是否備份? 是否開(kāi)機(jī)磁盤檢查

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? /opt? ? ? ?? xfs? ?? defaults? ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? 0

mount -t xfs /dev/sdb2 /opt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# blkid

/dev/sdb1: UUID="a45b004f-2322-4dc4-a281-2a212dd2ab79" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb2: UUID="7daf8142-b641-4b60-a287-4e08dfa18611" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda1: UUID="fd2e0ca7-32be-425f-86a2-85c02b9ec5ea" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda2: UUID="79a3924b-739e-48dc-ab0c-0444b9ac6591" TYPE="swap"

/dev/sda3: UUID="3a3a295f-88f8-456d-94dc-1a3eeb517c02" TYPE="xfs"

[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? /opt? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? xfs? ?? defaults? ? ? ? 0 0

mount -a 可以將fstab里的信息掛載弄企。

放入/etc/rc.local 實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)掛載但不推薦超燃。

/sbin/mount -t xfs /dev/sdb2 /opt

查看：

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h

Filesystem? ? ? Size? Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3? ? ? ? 19G? 1.9G?? 18G? 10% /

devtmpfs? ? ? ? 980M? ?? 0? 980M?? 0% /dev

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M? ?? 0? 991M?? 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M? 9.6M? 981M?? 1% /run

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 991M? ?? 0? 991M?? 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? 97M? 5.3M?? 92M?? 6% /opt

/dev/sda1? ? ?? 253M? 136M? 118M? 54% /boot

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 199M? ?? 0? 199M?? 0% /run/user/0

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 199M? ?? 0? 199M?? 0% /run/user/1000

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -i

Filesystem? ? ? Inodes IUsed?? IFree IUse% Mounted on

/dev/sda3? ? ? 9960960 74572 9886388? ? 1% /

devtmpfs? ? ? ? 250820?? 390? 250430? ? 1% /dev

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 253514? ?? 1? 253513? ? 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 253514?? 724? 252790? ? 1% /run

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 253514? ? 16? 253498? ? 1% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? 51200? ?? 4?? 51196? ? 1% /opt

/dev/sda1? ? ?? 131072?? 332? 130740? ? 1% /boot

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 253514? ?? 1? 253513? ? 1% /run/user/0

tmpfs? ? ? ? ?? 253514? ?? 1? 253513? ? 1% /run/user/1000

[root@oldboyedu ~]# blkid

/dev/sdb1: UUID="a45b004f-2322-4dc4-a281-2a212dd2ab79" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb2: UUID="7daf8142-b641-4b60-a287-4e08dfa18611" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda1: UUID="fd2e0ca7-32be-425f-86a2-85c02b9ec5ea" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda2: UUID="79a3924b-739e-48dc-ab0c-0444b9ac6591" TYPE="swap"

/dev/sda3: UUID="3a3a295f-88f8-456d-94dc-1a3eeb517c02" TYPE="xfs"

查看文件系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部細(xì)節(jié)：

[root@oldboyedu ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1 #查看ext文件系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部細(xì)節(jié)

[root@oldboyedu ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1|egrep -i "size"

dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem features:? ? ? has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize

Block size:? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 1024

Fragment size:? ? ? ? ? ? 1024

Group descriptor size:? ? 64

Flex block group size:? ? 16

Inode size: ? ? ? ? ? 128

Journal size:? ? ? ? ? ?? 4096k

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_

xfs_admin? ? ? xfs_db? ? ? ?? xfs_fsr? ? ? ? xfs_io? ? ? ?? xfs_metadump?? xfs_quota? ? ?

xfs_bmap? ? ?? xfs_estimate?? xfs_growfs? ?? xfs_logprint?? xfs_mkfile? ?? xfs_repair? ?

xfs_copy? ? ?? xfs_freeze? ?? xfs_info? ? ?? xfs_mdrestore? xfs_ncheck? ?? xfs_rtcp? ? ?

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_info /dev/sda1

meta-data=/dev/sda1? ? ? ? ? ? ? isize=512? ? agcount=4, agsize=16384 blks

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? sectsz=512?? attr=2, projid32bit=1

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? crc=1? ? ? ? finobt=0 spinodes=0

data? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? bsize=4096?? blocks=65536, imaxpct=25

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? sunit=0? ? ? swidth=0 blks

naming?? =version 2? ? ? ? ? ? ? bsize=4096?? ascii-ci=0 ftype=1

log? ? ? =internal? ? ? ? ? ? ?? bsize=4096?? blocks=855, version=2

? ? ? ?? =? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? sectsz=512?? sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? extsz=4096?? blocks=0, rtextents=0

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck

fsck? ? ? ?? fsck.btrfs?? fsck.cramfs? fsck.ext2? ? fsck.ext3? ? fsck.ext4? ? fsck.minix?? fsck.xfs? ?

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck

fsck 磁盤檢查和修復(fù)

1、正常的磁盤不能操作拘领。

2意乓、卸載掛載點(diǎn)在操作

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck -a /dev/sdb1

fsck from util-linux 2.23.2

/dev/sdb1: clean, 12/25688 files, 8896/102400 blocks

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck -a /dev/sdb1

fsck from util-linux 2.23.2

/dev/sdb1 is mounted.

e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.

[root@oldboyedu ~]# e2fsck /dev/sdb1

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

/dev/sdb1: clean, 12/25688 files, 8896/102400 blocks

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck -a /dev/sdb1

fsck from util-linux 2.23.2

/dev/sdb1: clean, 12/25688 files, 8896/102400 blocks

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_repair /dev/sdb2

xfs_repair: /dev/sdb2 contains a mounted filesystem

xfs_repair: /dev/sdb2 contains a mounted and writable filesystem

fatal error -- couldn't initialize XFS library

[root@oldboyedu ~]# umount /opt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_repair /dev/sdb2

Phase 1 - find and verify superblock...

Phase 2 - using internal log

? ? ? ? - zero log...

? ? ? ? - scan filesystem freespace and inode maps...

? ? ? ? - found root inode chunk

Phase 3 - for each AG...

? ? ? ? - scan and clear agi unlinked lists...

? ? ? ? - process known inodes and perform inode discovery...

? ? ? ? - agno = 0

? ? ? ? - agno = 1

? ? ? ? - agno = 2

? ? ? ? - agno = 3

? ? ? ? - process newly discovered inodes...

Phase 4 - check for duplicate blocks...

? ? ? ? - setting up duplicate extent list...

? ? ? ? - check for inodes claiming duplicate blocks...

? ? ? ? - agno = 0

? ? ? ? - agno = 1

? ? ? ? - agno = 2

? ? ? ? - agno = 3

Phase 5 - rebuild AG headers and trees...

? ? ? ? - reset superblock...

Phase 6 - check inode connectivity...

? ? ? ? - resetting contents of realtime bitmap and summary inodes

? ? ? ? - traversing filesystem ...

? ? ? ? - traversal finished ...

? ? ? ? - moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ...

Phase 7 - verify and correct link counts...

done

==============================指定塊大小和inode大小格式===========================================

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs -t ext4 -b 4096 -I 512 /dev/sdb3

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

38400 inodes, 38400 blocks

1920 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=39845888

2 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

19200 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768

Allocating group tables: done? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Writing inode tables: done? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@oldboyedu ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb3|egrep -i "size"

dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem features:? ? ? has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize

Block size:? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 4096

Fragment size:? ? ? ? ? ? 4096

Group descriptor size:? ? 64

Flex block group size:? ? 16

Inode size: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 512

Required extra isize:? ?? 28

Desired extra isize:? ? ? 28

Journal size:? ? ? ? ? ?? 16M

文件刪除原理

no space left on device.

swap作用，內(nèi)存不夠時(shí)候约素，用來(lái)充當(dāng)內(nèi)存届良，一般內(nèi)存1.5倍。大于8G給8G

將來(lái)JAVA服務(wù)圣猎，內(nèi)存泄漏士葫。。送悔。

swap就會(huì)占用慢显。。欠啤。操作系統(tǒng)性能下降

[root@oldboyedu ~]# free -m

? ? ? ? ? ? ? total? ? ? ? used? ? ? ? free? ? ? shared? buff/cache?? available

Mem:? ? ? ? ?? 1980? ? ? ?? 143? ? ? ? 1689? ? ? ? ?? 9? ? ? ?? 146? ? ? ? 1671

Swap:? ? ? ? ?? 767? ? ? ? ?? 0? ? ? ?? 767

增加swap分區(qū) 100M

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

?? p?? primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

?? e?? extended

Select (default e): p

Selected partition 4

First sector (718848-2097151, default 718848):

Using default value 718848

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (718848-2097151, default 2097151): +150M

Partition 4 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

?? Device Boot? ? ? Start? ? ? ?? End? ? ? Blocks?? Id? System

/dev/sdb1? ? ? ? ? ? 2048? ? ? 206847? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? ? 206848? ? ? 411647? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb3? ? ? ? ? 411648? ? ? 718847? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb4? ? ? ? ? 718848? ?? 1026047? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at

the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)

Syncing disks.

[root@oldboyedu ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb4

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 153596 KiB

no label, UUID=2d1ac352-4cc0-4727-8318-5526a3c309c2

[root@oldboyedu ~]# swapon -a /dev/sdb4

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@oldboyedu ~]# free -m

? ? ? ? ? ? ? total? ? ? ? used? ? ? ? free? ? ? shared? buff/cache?? available

Mem:? ? ? ? ?? 1980? ? ? ?? 144? ? ? ? 1673? ? ? ? ? 19? ? ? ?? 162? ? ? ? 1658

Swap:? ? ? ? ?? 917? ? ? ? ?? 0? ? ? ?? 917

修改分區(qū)格式:

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

?? p?? primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

?? e?? extended

Select (default p): p

Partition number (1-4, default 1):

First sector (2048-2097151, default 2048):

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-2097151, default 2097151): +100M

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

?? Device Boot? ? ? Start? ? ? ?? End? ? ? Blocks?? Id? System

/dev/sdb1? ? ? ? ? ? 2048? ? ? 206847? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

?? p?? primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

?? e?? extended

Select (default p): p

Partition number (2-4, default 2):

First sector (206848-2097151, default 206848):

Using default value 206848

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-2097151, default 2097151): +100M

Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

?? Device Boot? ? ? Start? ? ? ?? End? ? ? Blocks?? Id? System

/dev/sdb1? ? ? ? ? ? 2048? ? ? 206847? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? ? 206848? ? ? 411647? ? ? 102400?? 83? Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/sdb*

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 17 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb1

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 18 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb2

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): l

0? Empty? ? ? ? ?? 24? NEC DOS? ? ? ?? 81? Minix / old Lin bf? Solaris? ? ? ?

1? FAT12? ? ? ? ?? 27? Hidden NTFS Win 82? Linux swap / So c1? DRDOS/sec (FAT-

2? XENIX root? ? ? 39? Plan 9? ? ? ? ? 83? Linux? ? ? ? ?? c4? DRDOS/sec (FAT-

3? XENIX usr? ? ?? 3c? PartitionMagic? 84? OS/2 hidden C:? c6? DRDOS/sec (FAT-

4? FAT16 <32M? ? ? 40? Venix 80286? ?? 85? Linux extended? c7? Syrinx? ? ? ?

5? Extended? ? ? ? 41? PPC PReP Boot?? 86? NTFS volume set da? Non-FS data? ?

6? FAT16? ? ? ? ?? 42? SFS? ? ? ? ? ?? 87? NTFS volume set db? CP/M / CTOS / .

7? HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d? QNX4.x? ? ? ? ? 88? Linux plaintext de? Dell Utility?

8? AIX? ? ? ? ? ?? 4e? QNX4.x 2nd part 8e? Linux LVM? ? ?? df? BootIt? ? ? ?

9? AIX bootable? ? 4f? QNX4.x 3rd part 93? Amoeba? ? ? ? ? e1? DOS access? ?

a? OS/2 Boot Manag 50? OnTrack DM? ? ? 94? Amoeba BBT? ? ? e3? DOS R/O? ? ? ?

b? W95 FAT32? ? ?? 51? OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f? BSD/OS? ? ? ? ? e4? SpeedStor? ? ?

c? W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52? CP/M? ? ? ? ? ? a0? IBM Thinkpad hi eb? BeOS fs? ? ? ?

e? W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53? OnTrack DM6 Aux a5? FreeBSD? ? ? ?? ee? GPT? ? ? ? ? ?

f? W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54? OnTrackDM6? ? ? a6? OpenBSD? ? ? ?? ef? EFI (FAT-12/16/

10? OPUS? ? ? ? ? ? 55? EZ-Drive? ? ? ? a7? NeXTSTEP? ? ? ? f0? Linux/PA-RISC b

11? Hidden FAT12? ? 56? Golden Bow? ? ? a8? Darwin UFS? ? ? f1? SpeedStor? ? ?

12? Compaq diagnost 5c? Priam Edisk? ?? a9? NetBSD? ? ? ? ? f4? SpeedStor? ? ?

14? Hidden FAT16 <3 61? SpeedStor? ? ?? ab? Darwin boot? ?? f2? DOS secondary?

16? Hidden FAT16? ? 63? GNU HURD or Sys af? HFS / HFS+? ? ? fb? VMware VMFS? ?

17? Hidden HPFS/NTF 64? Novell Netware? b7? BSDI fs? ? ? ?? fc? VMware VMKCORE

18? AST SmartSleep? 65? Novell Netware? b8? BSDI swap? ? ?? fd? Linux raid auto

1b? Hidden W95 FAT3 70? DiskSecure Mult bb? Boot Wizard hid fe? LANstep? ? ? ?

1c? Hidden W95 FAT3 75? PC/IX? ? ? ? ?? be? Solaris boot? ? ff? BBT? ? ? ? ? ?

1e? Hidden W95 FAT1 80? Old Minix? ? ?

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906

?? Device Boot? ? ? Start? ? ? ?? End? ? ? Blocks?? Id? System

/dev/sdb1? ? ? ? ? ? 2048? ? ? 309247? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb2? ? ? ? ? 309248? ? ? 616447? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb3? ? ? ? ? 616448? ? ? 923647? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb4? ? ? ? ? 923648? ?? 2097151? ? ? 586752? ? 5? Extended

/dev/sdb5? ? ? ? ? 925696? ?? 1232895? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb6? ? ? ?? 1234944? ?? 1542143? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

/dev/sdb7? ? ? ?? 1544192? ?? 1851391? ? ? 153600?? 83? Linux

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1-7, default 7): 7

Hex code (type L to list all codes): L