3.2?Practice radical open-mindedness.

徹底開放的訓(xùn)練

If you know that you are blind,you can figure out a way to see, whereas if you don’t know that you’re blind,you will continue to bump into your problems. In other words, if you canrecognize that you have blind spots and open-mindedly consider the possibilitythat others might see something better than you—and that the threats andopportunities they are trying to point out really exist—you are more likely tomake good decisions.

Radical open-mindedness ismotivated by the genuine worry that you might not be seeing your choicesoptimally. It is the ability to effectively explore different points of viewand different possibilities without letting your ego or your blind spots get inyour way. It requires you to replace your attachment to always being right withthe joy of learning what’s true. Radical open-mindedness allows you to escapefrom the control of your lower-level you and ensures your upper-level you seesand considers all the good choices and makes the best possible decisions. Ifyou can acquire this ability—and with practice you can—you’ll be able to dealwith your realities more effectively and radically improve your life.

Most people don’t understand whatit means to be radically open-minded. They describe open-mindedness as being“open to being wrong,” but stubbornly cling to whatever opinion is in theirhead and fail to seek an understanding of the reasoning behind alternativepoints of view. To be radically open-minded you must:

a.?Sincerely believe thatyou might not know the best possible path and recognize that your ability todeal well with “not knowing” is more important than whatever it is you do know.Most people make bad decisions because they are so certain that they’re rightthat they don’t allow themselves to see the better alternatives that exist.Radically open-minded people know that coming up with the right questions andasking other smart people what they think is as important as having all theanswers. They understand that you can’t make a great decision without swimmingfor a while in a state of “not knowing.” That is because what exists within thearea of “not knowing” is so much greater and more exciting than anything anyone of us knows.

b.?Recognize that decisionmaking is a two-step process: First take in all the relevant information, thendecide. Most people are reluctant to take in information that is inconsistentwith what they have already concluded. When I ask why, a common answer is: “Iwant to make up my own mind.” These people seem to think that consideringopposing views will somehow threaten their ability to decide what they want todo. Nothing could be further from the truth. Taking in others’ perspectives inorder to consider them in no way reduces your freedom to think independentlyand make your own decisions. It will just broaden your perspective as you makethem.

c.?Don’t worry about lookinggood; worry about achieving your goal.

People typically try to provethat they have the answer even when they don’t. Why do they behave in thisunproductive way? It’s generally because they believe the senseless but commonview that great people have all the answers and don’t have any weaknesses. Notonly does this view not square with reality, it stands in the way of theirprogress. People interested in making the best possible decisions are rarelyconfident that they have the best answers. They recognize that they haveweaknesses and blind spots, and they always seek to learn more so that they canget around them.

d.?Realize that you can’tput out without taking in. Most people seem much more eager to put out (conveytheir thinking and be productive) than to take in (learn). That’s a mistakeeven if one’s primary goal is to put out, because what one puts out won’t begood unless one takes in as well.

e.?Recognize that to gainthe perspective that comes from seeing things through another’s eyes, you mustsuspend judgment for a time—only by empathizing can you properly evaluateanother point of view. Open-mindedness doesn’t mean going along with what youdon’t believe in; it means considering the reasoning of others instead ofstubbornly and illogically holding on to your own point of view. To beradically open-minded, you need to be so open to the possibility that you couldbe wrong that you encourage others to tell you so.

f.?Remember that you’relooking for the best answer, not simply the best answer that you can come upwith yourself. The answer doesn’t have to be in your head; you can look outsideyourself. If you’re truly looking at things objectively, you must recognizethat the probability of you always having the best answer is small and that,even if you have it, you can’t be confident that you do before others test you.So it is invaluable to know what you don’t know. Ask yourself: Am I seeing thisjust through my own eyes? If so, then you should know that you’re terriblyhandicapped.

g.?Be clear on whether youare arguing or seeking to understand, and think about which is most appropriatebased on your and others’ believability. If both parties are peers, it’sappropriate to argue. But if one person is clearly more knowledgeable than theother, it is preferable for the less knowledgeable person to approach the moreknowledgeable one as a student and for the more knowledgeable one to act as ateacher. Doing this well requires you to understand the concept ofbelievability. I define believable people as those who have repeatedly andsuccessfully accomplished the thing in question—who have a strong track recordwith at least three successes—and have great explanations of their approachwhen probed.

If you have a different view thansomeone who is believable on the topic at hand—or at least more believable thanyou are (if, say, you are in a discussion with your doctor about yourhealth)—you should make it clear that you are asking questions because you areseeking to understand their perspective. Conversely, if you are clearly themore believable person, you might politely remind the other of that and suggestthat they ask you questions.

All these strategies cometogether in two practices that, if you seek to become radically open-minded,you must master.

譯文：

如果你知道自己是盲目的彼水，你就能規(guī)劃出一條看到真相的路徑，無論你是否知道自己的盲點所在，你都將繼續(xù)有很大可能碰到同樣的問題佑惠。換句話說，如果你能認識的自己的盲點，你將比其他人有更好的的機會公開的思考—威脅和那些被指明的機會真實存在—你將有很大可能做出好的決策。

徹底完全開放總是被天然的擔(dān)憂-你可能不能正確的了解自己的選擇所困擾忿等。有效的探索不同的觀點和不同的可能性而不讓你的過去和盲點影響到這些是一種能力。這需要用掌握真實的快樂代替過去的固有觀念崔挖。徹底完全開放心態(tài)可以然你拍拖低層次的你并堅信高級的你明白和認識所有好的選擇并作出最佳決策贸街。如果你能獲得這種能力-通過訓(xùn)練你就能—你將能夠更加高效的處理真實情況并顯著提高你的生活質(zhì)量。

大多數(shù)人不明白徹底完全開放意味著什么狸相。他們將公開描述為“對錯誤公開” 卻頑固堅持已有的觀念并拒絕嘗試理解新理論的原因薛匪。想要徹底完全公開你必須：

[if !supportLists]A．[endif]真誠相信你可能不知道最佳路徑，認識到自己處理好未知的能力比你知道什么更加重要脓鹃。大多數(shù)人做出糟糕的決定因為他們總是確信自己是對的—他們從不允許自己了解更好的事實存在逸尖。徹底完全公開的人則會相處正確的問題，并求教其他聰明的人而這與擁有答案一樣重要将谊，他們了解你不能做出絕佳的決策是因為你沒能在“未知”的狀態(tài)中多待一會兒，而這種求知的狀態(tài)比我們已知的給人更大的更加興奮渐白。

b.了解決策是一個分兩步的過程尊浓。第一步收集所有相關(guān)的信息，然后決策纯衍。大多數(shù)人不愿收集與他們已經(jīng)決定的不一致的信息栋齿。當(dāng)我問為什么時，通常的答案是：“我想做出我自己的判斷”這些人似乎認為那些反對意見會對他們做出想要的決策帶來威脅。沒什么比這更離譜的了瓦堵。帶入他人的觀點并不會損害獨立思考的自由以及做出自己決定的能力基协。那只會拓寬你的觀點。

C．別為那些看起來還不錯的擔(dān)憂菇用，你的目標(biāo)才是澜驮。

人們總是試著證明他們已經(jīng)有了答案即使他們沒有。為什么他們會有這種無效的行為那惋鸥？通常因為他們認為這是無意義的杂穷，但那些擁有答案的人的并不回這些，也沒有任何弱點卦绣。不僅僅這種觀點與事實不符耐量，他同時阻礙了人們進步。人們熱衷于做出最佳決策而很少自信他們有最好的答案滤港。他們意識到自己的缺點和不足廊蜒，總是試圖掌握更多以便于他們能繞過困難。

D.要知道沒有得到就沒有付出溅漾。大多數(shù)人總是更加傾向于付出而不是接納（學(xué)習(xí)）（傳遞他們的思考和富于創(chuàng)造性）山叮。這當(dāng)然是錯誤的，即使個人的主要目標(biāo)是傳達樟凄，因為除非接受好的否則付出不會好聘芜。

E．知道獲得視角其實來自于 他人的判斷，所以你必須暫時停止判斷—只有親身感受才能獲得正確的評價缝龄。公開坦誠并不意味著贊同你不相信的東西汰现；它意味著充分考慮其他原因而不是固守和毫無邏輯的堅持原有的觀點。想要徹底完全公開叔壤，你需要對所有可能性保持公開-你要鼓勵他人告訴你自己錯了瞎饲。

f. 記住你正在尋找最佳答案，不僅僅是你能想出的最佳答案炼绘。答案不僅限制于你的頭腦嗅战，你可以向往看。如果你你能客觀的看待事物俺亮，你必須知道總是擁有最佳答案的可能性非常小驮捍，并且即使你已經(jīng)有了最佳答案，在得到驗證之前也不能滿足脚曾。所以知道那些是你不知道的是無價的东且。問問你自己：我是否只是自己判斷？如果是本讥，你要知道自己是多么的殘缺不足珊泳。

g.搞清楚你要討論或者試圖弄明白的事情鲁冯，根據(jù)你的基礎(chǔ)，思考哪一個是最合適的色查，哪一個是他人的可信度薯演。如果兩者是同行，可能是得到適當(dāng)?shù)恼J可秧了。但如果其中一人很明顯要博學(xué)的多跨扮，那么最好是那個較少知識的人作為博學(xué)之人的學(xué)生，而博學(xué)之人扮演老師示惊。想要做好這一點需要你理解可信度的概念好港。我認為可信之人就是那些在問題中重復(fù)并成功完成的人。--他們都有著至少三個成功案例的印記—擁有信服的方法論米罚。

如果你與其他人就當(dāng)前的話題有不同的觀點-或者至少比你有的更加可信（如果钧汹，比如說 你和你的醫(yī)生在討論你的健康問題）--你應(yīng)當(dāng)澄清你在提出問題因為你試圖了解他們的觀點。相對的录择，如果你是更加可信的人拔莱，你應(yīng)當(dāng)禮貌的提醒其他人這一點，并建議他們向你提問隘竭。

所有這些策略匯集到兩個實踐塘秦，如果你嘗試成為徹底完全公開，你必須掌握动看。

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