VOA Learning English presents America’s Presidents.
美國之音慢速英語介紹美國總統(tǒng)欄目百侧。
Today we are talking about Herbert Hoover. He took office in 1929.
今天摸屠，我們談論的是赫伯特·胡佛普泡，他于1929年就任總統(tǒng)您访。
Hoover was president for the early years of what Americans call the Great Depression. During those years, the United States economy slid into a severe recession.
胡佛就任總統(tǒng)時正值美國大蕭條開始的幾年。在那幾年里精刷，美國經(jīng)濟遭遇了嚴重衰退拗胜。
Many banks and businesses failed. At times, nearly one in four people in the U.S. workforce were unemployed. Millions of people lost their homes and savings.
許多銀行和商業(yè)倒閉。有時怒允，美國有近四分之一的勞動力處于失業(yè)狀態(tài)埂软。數(shù)百萬人失去家園和儲蓄。
Hoover did not cause the depression. The conditions had been in place before he took office.
胡佛并沒有導致經(jīng)濟蕭條纫事，他上任之前就已經(jīng)這樣了勘畔。
But many Americans blamed Hoover for their suffering. They believed he permitted the economic crisis to continue – and even deepen – during his time in office.
但許多美國人將他們的遭遇歸咎于胡佛。他們認為在胡佛就任期間經(jīng)濟危機一直持續(xù)丽惶，甚至加重了炫七。
Early life 早年經(jīng)歷
Herbert Hoover was born in a small house in the state of Iowa. His parents were Quakers. Their religion valued simplicity, hard work, equality among people, and peaceful resolution of conflict.
赫伯特·胡佛出生于愛荷華州的一間小房子里，他的父母是貴格會信徒钾唬，信仰樸素万哪，勤奮侠驯，人人平等，以及和平解決沖突奕巍。
Hoover and his brother and sister were influenced by these beliefs, even after their parents died.
胡佛和兄弟姐妹深受影響吟策，甚至于父母過世后。
By the time young Herbert Hoover was nine, he was an orphan[1]. He moved to the state of Oregon, in the Pacific Northwest, and lived with an uncle.
赫伯特·胡佛9歲時成了孤兒的止。他搬到了太平洋西北部的俄勒岡州檩坚，和叔叔一起生活。
Hoover did not thrive[2] in that situation. Reports say that he usually kept to himself. And he did not do particularly well in school.
胡佛在那種情況下并沒有茁壯成長冲杀。據(jù)報道說他通常很閉塞自己效床，在學校也沒有什么特別之處。
Yet one official from Stanford University liked what he saw in the young man – hard work and a desire to learn new things. At the time, Stanford University was just getting established. It admitted Hoover into its first class.
然而权谁，斯坦福大學的一位官員喜歡這個年輕人身上所閃現(xiàn)的東西 —— 勤奮和對新事物的渴望剩檀。當時，斯坦福大學剛剛成立旺芽，胡佛是第一屆學生沪猴。
Hoover had to work hard at Stanford, both in class and to earn money to pay tuition. But the experience brought many benefits[3].
胡佛在斯坦福必須刻苦用功，包括在課堂上以及賺取學費上采章。這段經(jīng)歷讓他終身受益运嗜。
Hoover studied geology, and went on to work as a mining engineer. The job led to positions in Australia, China and other parts of the world. He became an internationally-known expert on mining. He also wrote a leading textbook on mining.
胡佛攻讀了地質(zhì)學，然后做了一份采礦工程師的工作悯舟。由于工作原因担租，他去了澳大利亞，中國和其他一些地方抵怎。他成了一名國際知名的采礦專家奋救，還寫了一部關于采礦的重要教材。
These experiences, along with good business investments, led to great wealth for Hoover.
這些經(jīng)歷加上很好的商業(yè)投資反惕，胡佛變得很富有尝艘。
At Stanford, he also met the woman who would become his wife. Her name was Lou Henry. She was the first woman from Stanford to complete a study program with a degree in geology.
在斯坦福悬赏，胡佛也遇到了后來成為他妻子的女人狡汉。她的名字叫盧·亨利，是第一位在斯坦福完成學業(yè)并獲得地質(zhì)學學位的女性學生闽颇。
The Hoovers went on to have two sons.
胡佛夫婦后來生了兩個兒子轴猎。
Humanitarian work 人道主義工作
During World War I, the Hoovers’ lives changed dramatically. The family was living in London when the war began. U.S. government officials asked Hoover to organize an evacuation effort for American tourists who were in Europe. In only a few weeks, Hoover’s committee succeeded.
一戰(zhàn)期間，胡佛一家的生活發(fā)生了戲劇性的變化进萄。戰(zhàn)爭開始時，他們一家住在倫敦。美國政府官員要求胡佛組織疏散在歐洲的美國游客中鼠。僅僅幾周時間可婶，胡佛成立的委員會就成功了。
Later, he helped get food and supplies to people in Belgium.
后來援雇，他幫助了在比利時的美國人獲取食物和供給矛渴。
As a result, Hoover earned a public image as a smart, skilled humanitarian.
因此，胡佛贏得了作為一個聰明惫搏、有才能的人道主義者的公眾形象具温。
When the United States entered World War I, President Woodrow Wilson asked Hoover to lead the government’s Food Administration.
當美國參與一戰(zhàn)時，伍德羅·威爾遜總統(tǒng)命令胡佛領導美國糧食管理局筐赔。
In that position, Hoover led an effort to change Americans’ behavior in order to support the war effort. He asked them to limit the kinds of food they ate and goods they bought.
在糧食管理局铣猩，胡佛改變了美國人的飲食習慣，以此來支持戰(zhàn)爭茴丰。他要求人們限制食物的種類以及購買的物品达皿。
The effort was, for the most part, successful. Americans called their moves to limit their consumption[4] “to Hooverize.”
極大程度上來講，這樣的努力成功了贿肩。美國人把他們限制消費的舉動稱為“胡佛化”峦椰。
Hoover went on to organize programs to aid other countries, including Russia. He also helped parts of the U.S. recover after terrible flooding.
胡佛繼續(xù)組織計劃協(xié)助其他國家，包括俄羅斯汰规。他還協(xié)助美國部分嚴重洪澇地區(qū)的災后重建汤功。
And, as secretary of commerce, he pushed businesses, researchers, and government officials to work together. Hoover aimed to reduce “boom and bust[5]” cycles and keep the U.S. economy healthy.
而且，作為商務部長溜哮，他還推動了商業(yè)滔金、研究人員以及政府官員的協(xié)同工作。胡佛致力于減少經(jīng)濟繁榮與蕭條的交替循環(huán)茬射，維持美國經(jīng)濟繁榮健康鹦蠕。
In all his efforts, Hoover urged Americans to choose to participate. He did not believe in using government requirements to force cooperation.
在胡佛的努力之下，他力勸美國人選擇參與在抛。他不相信運用政府力量強制合作钟病。
Instead, he supported “individualism” – the idea that Americans must protect the qualities of creativity, equal opportunity[6], and service to others.
相反肠阱，他支持個人主義 — 即美國人必須保護創(chuàng)造力品質(zhì)，平等機會朴读，和為他人服務的思想屹徘。
Hoover’s beliefs were popular with many Americans at the time – and with many Americans today.
胡佛的思想在當時很受美國人歡迎，并且在時下的許多美國人當中依然受歡迎衅金。
In the election of 1928, Hoover easily won the presidency. He promised to continue leading the country down the path of prosperity[7].
1928年大選噪伊，胡佛輕松贏得了總統(tǒng)職位簿煌。他承諾繼續(xù)領導美國走繁榮路線。
Presidency 總統(tǒng)任期
When Hoover took office in 1929, he said, “I have no fears for the future of our country. It is bright with hope.”
胡佛1929年上任時說鉴吹，“我不擔心美國的未來姨伟，因為它光明并充滿希望《估”
That was in March.
當時是三月夺荒。
In October, the U.S. stock market crashed. Thousands of investors lost their savings.
十月時，美國股市崩盤良蒸，數(shù)千投資人失去了積蓄技扼。
The event was part of a sharp downturn in the economies of the United States and of many other countries.
這是美國以及其他國家經(jīng)濟急劇下滑的影響。
At first, Hoover believed the downturn would pass. But as time went on, the situation grew worse. Businesses could not expand their workforce. Farmers could not afford to harvest their crops. Everyday people had too little money to pay for housing costs and, in some cases, food. And then banks across the country began to fail.
起初嫩痰，胡佛相信經(jīng)濟下滑會過去剿吻，但隨著時間的流逝，情況變得更加糟糕始赎。企業(yè)無法擴大勞動力和橙，農(nóng)民無法收割莊稼。人們無法支付每天的房租甚至于食物造垛，隨之而來的是全國的銀行開始倒閉魔招。
President Hoover worked hard to fix the problems. He tried many approaches: creating government agencies, urging private and public groups to cooperate, and working to balance the federal budget.
胡佛總統(tǒng)努力解決著這些問題，他嘗試了諸多方法：建立政府機構(gòu)五辽，要求個人和公共團體相互合作办斑，以及平衡聯(lián)邦預算。
But Hoover did not want to use federal money to provide direct aid to Americans. He worried that such actions would make people dependent on the government, and reduce people’s individual power and morale[8].
但胡佛不想動用聯(lián)邦資金向美國人提供直接援助杆逗，他擔心這樣會使民眾依賴政府乡翅，并削弱民眾個人力量及斗志。
Nor did he want to use the federal government to try to control the economy. Government intervention, he said, would lead to socialism, and eventually destroy the country’s founding beliefs.
他也不想運用聯(lián)邦政府去嘗試經(jīng)濟調(diào)控罪郊。他說蠕蚜，政府干預會導致社會主義化，并最終摧毀美國的建國信仰悔橄。
Instead, Hoover tried to support states and businesses indirectly and urged people to find ways to help one another.
相反靶累，胡佛嘗試間接支持各州和商業(yè)并要求人們尋找方法來互助。
Yet many lawmakers and members of the public rejected Hoover’s measures as insufficient[9], and even cruel.
然而癣疟，許多議員和公共人物拒絕胡佛的方式挣柬，因為它無效甚至是殘酷的。
Some used his name differently than they had before he took office. Now, they called the dirty shelters where hungry and homeless people lived “Hoovervilles.”
一些人提及他的名字時已不同于他上任之前⌒盎祝現(xiàn)如今，人們將饑餓和無家可歸的人所住的骯臟避難所稱之為“胡佛村”扎狱。
And they called men’s empty pockets “Hoover flags.”
稱男人的空口袋為“胡佛旗”侧到。
Although Hoover tried to persuade Americans that he was protecting their interests in the long run, voters refused to elect him for a second term.
盡管胡佛試圖說服美國人他是在保護人們的長遠利益勃教，但選民拒絕讓他連任。
Instead, they overwhelming chose a president who promised an activist federal government and a hopeful “new deal” for Americans.
相反床牧，他們以壓倒性優(yōu)勢選舉了一位承諾建立積極聯(lián)邦政府并為美國人帶來希望的“新政”的總統(tǒng)荣回。
Legacy 遺產(chǎn)
After they left the White House, the Hoovers retired to their home in Palo Alto, California.
胡佛離開白宮后，一家人退休回到了他們加州帕洛阿爾托的家戈咳。
Lou Henry Hoover died in 1944. But Hoover lived 20 more years, many of them working for the public good. He helped international relief efforts, advised the U.S. government, and led committees to reform the presidency.
盧·亨利·胡佛于1944年逝世，胡佛比她多活了20年耳贬，他們中的許多人都是為公共事業(yè)而工作踏堡。他幫助國際救援工作，為美國政府出謀獻策咒劲，并領導總統(tǒng)改革委員會顷蟆。
Hoover also commented on later presidents and their policy decisions. He was especially critical of government programs set up to provide aid and intervention in Americans’ lives.
胡佛也評論他的繼任總統(tǒng)及政策決定，尤其批評政府提供幫助和干預美國民眾生活的計劃腐魂。
Until his death from cancer at the age of 90, Hoover remained committed to his beliefs. He spoke for limiting the power of the federal government and for supporting freedom of opportunity for individuals.
直到胡佛90歲死于癌癥之時帐偎，他仍然堅持著自己的信仰。他呼吁限制聯(lián)邦政府的權力蛔屹，支持個體的機會自由削樊。
But in the eyes of many Americans, Hoover is linked to the failure of the federal government to lessen the Great Depression.
但在大多數(shù)美國人眼中，胡佛與聯(lián)邦政府未能減輕美國大蕭條有關兔毒。
原文鏈接
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/americas-presidents-herbert-hoover/4037382.html
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orphan - n. a child whose parents are dead - 孤兒 ?
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thrive - v. to grow or develop successfully : to flourish or succeed - 繁榮漫贞，興旺 ?
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benefit - n. a good or helpful result or effect - 益處 ?
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consumption - n. the use of something - 消耗；消費 ?
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boom and bust - n. a rapid increase in growth or economic success, followed by sudden economic losses - 繁榮與蕭條 ?
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opportunity - n. an amount of time or a situation in which something can be done - 機會 ?
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prosperity - n. the state of being successful usually by making a lot of money - 成功（通常由于賺很多錢）育叁，繁榮 ?
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morale - n. the feelings of enthusiasm and loyalty that a person or group has about a task or job - 士氣迅脐，斗志 ?
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insufficient - adj. not having or providing enough of what is needed : not sufficient - 不足的 ?
