在學習區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)和投資區(qū)塊鏈資產(chǎn)過程中，會遇到很多的專業(yè)術(shù)語，例如：挖礦蓖扑、共識、確認筷屡、軟分叉、硬分叉簸喂、錢包等等毙死。

《精通比特幣》第二版中提供了更為詳細的比特幣術(shù)語解釋，比特幣作為區(qū)塊鏈的1.0版本喻鳄，其術(shù)語解釋可應(yīng)用到整個區(qū)塊鏈領(lǐng)域扼倘，具體如下。

• 地址（address）

A bitcoin address looks like 1DSrfJdB2AnWaFNgSbv3MZC2m74996JafV . It consists of a string of letters and numbers. It’s really an encoded base58check version of a public key 160-bit hash. Just like you ask others to send an email to your email address, you would ask others to send you bitcoin to one of your bitcoin addresses.

比特幣地址（例如：1DSrfJdB2AnWaFNgSbv3MZC2m74996JafV）由一串字符和數(shù)字組成除呵。它其實是通過對160位二進制公鑰哈希值進行base58check編碼后的信息再菊。就像別人向你的email地址發(fā)送電子郵件一樣，他可以通過你的比特幣地址向你發(fā)送比特幣颜曾。

比特幣地址類似于銀行卡賬號纠拔，是可以公開的，通過比特幣地址進行比特幣資產(chǎn)的充值和提現(xiàn)泛啸。例如：在交易平臺購買比特幣，購買的比特幣將充值到交易平臺給你分配的比特幣地址秃症，之后你可以將比特幣資產(chǎn)從交易平臺提現(xiàn)到你的比特幣錢包的比特幣地址候址。

• BIP（Bitcoin Improvement Proposals）

Bitcoin Improvement Proposals. A set of proposals that members of the bitcoin community have submitted to improve bitcoin. For example, BIP-21 is a proposal to improve the bitcoin uniform resource identifier (URI) scheme.

比特幣改進提議 （Bitcoin Improvement Proposals的縮寫），指比特幣社區(qū)成員所提交的一系列改進比特幣的提議种柑。例如岗仑，BIP0021是一項改進比特幣統(tǒng)一資源標識符（URI）計劃的提議。

• 比特幣（bitcoin）

The name of the currency unit (the coin), the network, and the software.

比特幣既可以指這種虛擬貨幣單位聚请，也指比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點使用的比特幣軟件荠雕。

• 區(qū)塊（block）

A grouping of transactions, marked with a timestamp, and a fingerprint of the previous block. The block header is hashed to produce a proof of work, thereby validating the transactions. Valid blocks are added to the main blockchain by network consensus.

一個區(qū)塊就是若干交易數(shù)據(jù)的集合稳其，它會被標記上時間戳和之前一個區(qū)塊的獨特標記。區(qū)塊頭經(jīng)過哈希運算后會生成一份工作量證明炸卑，從而驗證區(qū)塊中的交易。有效的區(qū)塊經(jīng)過全網(wǎng)絡(luò)的共識后會被追加到主區(qū)塊鏈中盖文。

• 區(qū)塊鏈（blockchain）

A list of validated blocks, each linking to its predecessor all the way to the genesis block.

區(qū)塊鏈是一串通過驗證的區(qū)塊五续，當中的每一個區(qū)塊都與上一個相連洒敏，一直連到創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊疙驾。

• 拜占庭將軍問題（Byzantine Generals Problem）

A reliable computer system must be able to cope with the failure of one or more of its components. A failed component may exhibit a type of behavior that is often overlooked—namely, sending conflicting information to different parts of the system. The problem of coping with this type of failure is expressed abstractly as the Byzantine Generals Problem.

一個可靠的計算機系統(tǒng)必須能夠處理一個或多個組件產(chǎn)生的失敗。一個失敗的組件可能表現(xiàn)出通常被忽略的行為類型它碎，即發(fā)送矛盾的信息到系統(tǒng)的不同部分函荣。處理這類失敗類型的問題抽象地被表達為拜占庭將軍問題偏竟。

• coinbase

A special field used as the sole input for coinbase transactions. The coinbase allows claiming the block reward and provides up to 100 bytes for arbitrary data. Not to be confused with Coinbase transaction.

一個用于為創(chuàng)幣交易提供專門輸入的特殊字段敞峭。coinbase允許聲明區(qū)塊獎勵旋讹，并為任意數(shù)據(jù)提供多達100字節(jié)沉迹。不要與創(chuàng)幣交易混淆。

• Coinbase交易（coinbase transaction）

The first transaction in a block. Always created by a miner, it includes a single coinbase. Not to be confused with Coinbase.

區(qū)塊中的第一個交易蛤育。該交易是由礦工創(chuàng)建的瓦糕，它包含單個coinbase咕娄。不要與Coinbase混淆圣勒。

• 冷存儲（cold storage）

Refers to keeping a reserve of bitcoin offline. Cold storage is achieved when Bitcoin private keys are created and stored in a secure offline environment. Cold storage is important for anyone with bitcoin holdings. Online computers are vulnerable to hackers and should not be used to store a significant amount of bitcoin.

該術(shù)語指的是離線保存比特幣费变。當比特幣的私鑰被創(chuàng)建挚歧，同時將該私鑰存儲在安全的離線環(huán)境時旁趟，就實現(xiàn)了冷存儲锡搜。冷存儲對于任何比特幣持有者來說是重要的耕餐。在線計算機在黑客面前是脆弱的肠缔，不應(yīng)該被用于存儲大量的比特幣明未。

• 染色幣（colored coins）

An open source Bitcoin 2.0 protocol that enables developers to create digital assets on top of bitcoin blockchain utilizing its functionalities beyond currency.

比特幣2.0開源協(xié)議允許開發(fā)者在比特幣區(qū)塊鏈之上趟妥，利用它的超越貨幣的功能創(chuàng)建數(shù)字資產(chǎn)披摄。

• 確認（confirmations）

當一項交易被區(qū)塊收錄時疚膊，我們可以說它有一次確認。礦工們在此區(qū)塊之后每再產(chǎn)生一個區(qū)塊灌砖，此項交易的確認數(shù)就再加一基显。當確認數(shù)達到6及以上時续镇，通常認為這筆交易比較安全并難以逆轉(zhuǎn)摸航。

• 共識（consensus）

When several nodes, usually most nodes on the network, all have the same blocks in their locally-validated best block chain. Not to be confused with consensus rules.

當網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的許多節(jié)點酱虎，通常是大部分節(jié)點读串，都擁有相同的本地驗證的最長區(qū)塊時恢暖，稱為共識杰捂。不要與共識規(guī)則混淆嫁佳。

• 共識規(guī)則（consensus rules）

The block validation rules that full nodes follow to stay in consensus with other nodes. Not to be confused with consensus.

節(jié)點與其他節(jié)點保持共識的區(qū)塊驗證規(guī)則蒿往。不要與共識混淆瓤漏。

• 難度（difficulty）

A network-wide setting that controls how much computation is required to produce a proof of work.

整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)會通過調(diào)整“難度”這個變量來控制生成工作量證明所需要的計算力赌蔑。

• 難度調(diào)整（difficulty retargeting）

A network-wide recalculation of the difficulty that occurs once every 2,016 blocks and considers the hashing power of the previous 2,016 blocks.

全網(wǎng)中每新增2016個區(qū)塊娃惯，全網(wǎng)難度將重新計算趾浅，該新難度值將依據(jù)前2016個區(qū)塊的哈希算力而定馒稍。

• 難度目標（difficulty target）

A difficulty at which all the computation in the network will find blocks approximately every 10 minutes.

使整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)的計算力大致每10分鐘產(chǎn)生一個區(qū)塊所需要的難度數(shù)值即為難度目標纽谒。

• 雙重支付（double spending）

Double spending is the result of successfully spending some money more than once. Bitcoin protects against double spending by verifying each transaction added to the block chain to ensure that the inputs for the transaction had not previously already been spent.

雙重支付是成功支付了1次以上的情況鼓黔。比特幣通過對添加到區(qū)塊中的每筆交易進行驗證來防止雙重支付，確保交易的輸入沒有被支付過稳吮。

• ECDSA

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm or ECDSA is a cryptographic algorithm used by Bitcoin to ensure that funds can only be spent by their rightful owners.

橢圓曲線數(shù)字簽名算法（ECDSA）是比特幣使用的加密算法灶似，以確保資金只能被其正確擁有者支付酪惭。

• 超額隨機數(shù)（extra nonce）

As difficulty increased, miners often cycled through all 4 billion values of the nonce without finding a block. Because the coinbase script can store between 2 and 100 bytes of data, miners started using that space as extra nonce space, allowing them to explore a much larger range of block header values to find valid blocks.

隨著難度增加撞蚕，礦工通常在循環(huán)遍歷4億次隨機數(shù)值后仍未找到區(qū)塊甥厦。因為coinbase腳本可以存儲2到100字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)刀疙，礦工開始使用這個存儲空間作為超額nonce空間谦秧，允許他們利用一個更大范圍的區(qū)塊頭哈希值來尋找有效的區(qū)塊疚鲤。

• 礦工費（fees）

The sender of a transaction often includes a fee to the network for processing the requested transaction. Most transactions require a minimum fee of 0.5 mBTC.

交易的發(fā)起者通常會向網(wǎng)絡(luò)繳納一筆礦工費集歇，用以處理這筆交易诲宇。大多數(shù)的交易需要0.5毫比特幣的礦工費姑蓝。

• 分叉（fork）

Fork, also known as accidental fork, occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height, forking the block chain. Typically occurs when two or more miners find blocks at nearly the same time. Can also happen as part of an attack.

分叉也被稱為意外分叉纺荧，是在兩個或多個區(qū)塊擁有同一區(qū)塊高度時發(fā)生的宙暇，此時使區(qū)塊鏈產(chǎn)生了分叉客给。典型情況是兩個或多個區(qū)塊礦工幾乎在同一時刻發(fā)現(xiàn)了區(qū)塊靶剑。共識攻擊的情況下也會出現(xiàn)分叉桩引。

• 創(chuàng)世塊（genesis block）

The first block in the blockchain, used to initialize the cryptocurrency.

創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊指區(qū)塊鏈上的第一個區(qū)塊坑匠，用來初始化相應(yīng)的加密貨幣厘灼。

• 硬分叉（hard fork）

Hard fork, also known as Hard-Forking Change, is a permanent divergence in the blockchain, commonly occurs when non-upgraded nodes can’t validate blocks created by upgraded nodes that follow newer consensus rules. Not to be confused with fork, soft fork, software fork or Git fork.

硬分叉设凹，也叫硬分叉改變闪朱，是區(qū)塊鏈中一個永久分歧奋姿。通常在已按照新的共識規(guī)則進行了版本升級的節(jié)點產(chǎn)生了新區(qū)塊時称诗，那些未升級節(jié)點無法驗證這些新區(qū)塊時產(chǎn)生硬分叉粪狼。不要與分叉再榄、軟分叉或者Git分叉混淆困鸥。

• 硬件錢包（hardware wallet）

A hardware wallet is a special type of bitcoin wallet which stores the user’s private keys in a secure hardware device.

硬件錢包是一種特殊的比特幣錢包疾就，硬件錢包可以將用戶的私鑰存儲在安全的硬件設(shè)備中猬腰。

• 哈希（hash）

A digital fingerprint of some binary input.

二進制輸入數(shù)據(jù)的一種數(shù)字指紋姑荷。

• 哈希鎖（hashlocks）

A hashlock is a type of encumbrance that restricts the spending of an output until a specified piece of data is publicly revealed. Hashlocks have the useful property that once any hashlock is opened publicly, any other hashlock secured using the same key can also be opened. This makes it possible to create multiple outputs that are all encumbered by the same hashlock and which all become spendable at the same time.

哈希鎖是限制一個輸出花費的限制對象添寺，其作用一直持續(xù)到指定數(shù)據(jù)片段公開透露计露。哈希鎖有一個有用的屬性票罐，那就是一旦任意一個哈希鎖被公開打開胶坠，其他任何安全使用相同密鑰的哈希鎖也可以被打開沈善。這使得可能創(chuàng)建多個被同意哈希鎖限制的輸出闻牡，這些支出將在同一時間被花費罩润。

• HD協(xié)議（HD protocol）

The Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) key creation and transfer protocol (BIP32), which allows creating child keys from parent keys in a hierarchy.

層級確定性（HD）密鑰創(chuàng)建和傳輸協(xié)議（BIP32）割以，該協(xié)議允許按層級方式從父密鑰創(chuàng)建子密鑰严沥。

• HD錢包（HD wallet）

Wallets using the Hierarchical Deterministic (HD Protocol) key creation and transfer protocol (BIP32).

使用創(chuàng)建層次確定的鑰匙和BIP32傳輸協(xié)議的錢包跟伏。

• HD錢包種子（HD wallet seed）

HD wallet seed or root seed is a potentially-short value used as a seed to generate the master private key and master chain code for an HD wallet.

HD錢包種子或根種子是一個用于為HD錢包生成主私鑰和主鏈碼所需種子的潛在簡短數(shù)值受扳。

• 哈希時間鎖定合約（HTLC）

A Hashed TimeLock Contract or HTLC is a class of payments that use hashlocks and timelocks to require that the receiver of a payment either acknowledge receiving the payment prior to a deadline by generating cryptographic proof of payment or forfeit the ability to claim the payment, returning it to the payer.

哈希時間鎖定合約（HTLC）是一類支付方式勘高，其使用哈希鎖和時間鎖來鎖定交易华望。解鎖需要接收方提供通過加密支付證明承認在截止日期之前收到了支付，或者接收方喪失了認領(lǐng)支付的能力方灾，此時支付金額將返回給支付方。

• KYC

Know your customer (KYC) is the process of a business, identifying and verifying the identity of its clients. The term is also used to refer to the bank regulation which governs these activities.

充分了解你的賬戶（KYC嘿棘，Know your customer）是一個商業(yè)過程鸟妙，用于認證和驗證顧客的身份信息重父。也指銀行對這些活動的監(jiān)管房午。

• LevelDB

LevelDB is an open source on-disk key-value store. LevelDB is a light-weight, single-purpose library for persistence with bindings to many platforms.

LevelDB是一個開源的硬盤鍵值對數(shù)據(jù)庫郭厌。LevelDB是一個用于持久性綁定多個平臺的輕量級折柠、單用途的庫。

• 閃電網(wǎng)絡(luò)（Lightning Networks）

Lightning Network is a proposed implementation of Hashed Timelock Contracts (HTLCs) with bi-directional payment channels which allows payments to be securely routed across multiple peer-to-peer payment channels. This allows the formation of a network where any peer on the network can pay any other peer even if they don’t directly have a channel open between each other.

閃電網(wǎng)絡(luò)是哈希時間鎖定合約（HTLCs）的一種建議實現(xiàn)方式缘眶。閃電網(wǎng)絡(luò)通過雙向支付通道方式允許支付方通過多個點對點支付通道安全地完成支付巷懈。這將允許一種支付網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)建顶燕，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一方可以支付給其他任何一方涌攻，即使在他們雙方?jīng)]有直接建立支付通道的情況恳谎。

• 鎖定時間（Locktime）

Locktime, or more technically nLockTime, is the part of a transaction which indicates the earliest time or earliest block when that transaction may be added to the block chain.

鎖定時間（技術(shù)上來說是nLockTime）是交易的一部分婚苹，其表明該交易被添加至區(qū)塊鏈中的最早時間或區(qū)塊膊升。

• 內(nèi)存池（mempool）

The bitcoin Mempool (memory pool) is a collection of all transaction data in a block that have been verified by bitcoin nodes, but are not yet confirmed.

比特幣內(nèi)存池是區(qū)塊中所有交易數(shù)據(jù)的集合廓译，這些交易已經(jīng)被比特幣節(jié)點驗證责循，但為被確認。

• 默克爾根（merkle root）

The root node of a merkle tree, a descendant of all the hashed pairs in the tree. Block headers must include a valid merkle root descended from all transactions in that block.

默克爾樹的根是樹的根節(jié)點歹垫，該節(jié)點為樹中所有節(jié)點對的多次哈希計算結(jié)果排惨。區(qū)塊頭必須包括區(qū)塊中所有交易哈希計算得到的有效默克爾根暮芭。

• 默克爾樹（merkle tree）

A tree constructed by hashing paired data (the leaves), then pairing and hashing the results until a single hash remains, the merkle root. In Bitcoin, the leaves are almost always transactions from a single block.

生成一棵完整的Merkle樹需要遞歸地對哈希節(jié)點對進行哈希畜晰，并將新生成的哈希節(jié)點插入到Merkle 樹中凄鼻，直到只剩一個哈希節(jié)點块蚌，該節(jié)點就是Merkle 樹的根峭范。在比特幣中纱控，葉子節(jié)點來自于單個區(qū)塊中的交易胚迫。

• 礦工（miner）

A network node that finds valid proof of work for new blocks, by repeated hashing.

一個為新區(qū)塊通過重復(fù)哈希計算來尋找有效工作量證明的網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點访锻。

• 多重簽名（multisignature）

Multisignature (multisig) refers to requiring more than one key to authorize a bitcoin transaction.

多重簽名指的是需要多于一個密鑰來驗證一個比特幣交易期犬。

• 網(wǎng)絡(luò)（network）

A peer-to-peer network that propagates transactions and blocks to every bitcoin node on the network.

傳播交易和區(qū)塊至網(wǎng)絡(luò)中每個比特幣節(jié)點的點對點網(wǎng)絡(luò)璃谨。

• 隨機數(shù)（nonce）

The “nonce” in a bitcoin block is a 32-bit (4-byte) field whose value is set so that the hash of the block will contain a run of leading zeros. The rest of the fields may not be changed, as they have a defined meaning.

隨機數(shù)是比特幣區(qū)塊中一個32位（4字節(jié)）的字段佳吞，在設(shè)定了該值后，才能計算區(qū)塊的哈希值衷模，其哈希值是以多個0開頭的阱冶。區(qū)塊中的其他字段值是不變的熙揍，因為他們有確定的含義届囚。

• 離線交易（off-chain transactions）

An off-chain transaction is the movement of value outside of the block chain. While an on-chain transaction—usually referred to as simply a transaction—modifies the blockchain and depends on the blockchain to determine its validity an off-chain transaction relies on other methods to record and validate the transaction.

離線交易是區(qū)塊鏈外的價值轉(zhuǎn)移泥耀。當在鏈交易（通常簡單來說就是一個交易）修改區(qū)塊鏈并依賴區(qū)塊來決定它的有效性時痰催，離線交易則依賴其他方法來來記錄和驗證該交易。

• 操作碼（opcode）

Operation codes from the Bitcoin Script language which push data or perform functions within a pubkey script or signature script.

操作碼來源于比特幣腳本語言缝裁，通過操作碼可以在公鑰腳本或簽名腳本中實現(xiàn)壓入數(shù)據(jù)或執(zhí)行函數(shù)的操作。

• 開放資產(chǎn)協(xié)議（Open Assets protocol）

The Open Assets Protocol is a simple and powerful protocol built on top of the bitcoin blockchain. It allows issuance and transfer of user-created assets. The Open Assets protocol is an evolution of the concept of colored coins.

開放資產(chǎn)協(xié)議是一個建立在比特幣區(qū)塊鏈紙上簡單有效的協(xié)議足绅。它允許用戶創(chuàng)建資產(chǎn)的發(fā)行和傳輸捷绑。開放資產(chǎn)協(xié)議是染色幣概念的一個進化。

• OP_RETURN

An opcode used in one of the outputs in an OP_RETURN transaction. Not to be confused with OP_RETURN transaction.

一個用在OP_RETURN交易中的一種輸出操作碼氢妈。不要與OP_RETURN交易混淆粹污。

• OP_RETURN交易

A transaction type relayed and mined by default in Bitcoin Core 0.9.0 and later that adds arbitrary data to a provably unspendable pubkey script that full nodes don’t have to store in their UTXO database. Not to be confused with OP_RETURN opcode.

OP_RETURN在比特幣核心0.9.0中默認的一種被傳播和挖出的交易類型，在隨后的版本中添加任意數(shù)據(jù)至可證明的未花費公鑰腳本中壮吩，全節(jié)點中無需將該腳本存儲至他們的UTXO數(shù)據(jù)庫中。不要與OP_RETURN操作碼混淆加缘。

• 孤塊（orphan block）

Blocks whose parent block has not been processed by the local node, so they can’t be fully validated yet.

孤塊由于父區(qū)塊未被本地節(jié)點處理的區(qū)塊鸭叙，所以他們還不能被完全驗證。

• 孤立交易（orphan transactions）

Transactions that can’t go into the pool due to one or more missing input transactions.

孤立交易是指那些因為缺少一個或多個輸入交易而無法進入交易池的交易生百。

• 交易輸出（output）

Output, transaction output, or TxOut is an output in a transaction which contains two fields: a value field for transferring zero or more satoshis and a pubkey script for indicating what conditions must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be further spent.

交易輸出（TxOut）是交易中的輸出递雀，交易輸出中包含兩個字段：1.輸出值字段：用于傳輸0或更多聰；2.公鑰腳本：用于確定這些聰需在滿足什么條件的情況下才可花費蚀浆。

• P2PKH

Transactions that pay a bitcoin address contain P2PKH or Pay To PubKey Hash scripts. An output locked by a P2PKH script can be unlocked (spent) by presenting a public key and a digital signature created by the corresponding private key.

支付到比特幣地址的交易包含支付公鑰哈希腳本（P2PKH）缀程。由P2PKH腳本鎖定的交易輸出可以通過給出由相應(yīng)私鑰創(chuàng)建的公鑰和數(shù)字簽名來解鎖（消費）搜吧。

• P2SH

P2SH or Pay-to-Script-Hash is a powerful new type of transaction that greatly simplifies the use of complex transaction scripts. With P2SH the complex script that details the conditions for spending the output (redeem script) is not presented in the locking script. Instead, only a hash of it is in the locking script.

P2SH是一種強大的、新型的杨凑、且能大大簡化復(fù)雜交易腳本的交易類型而引入滤奈。通過使用P2SH，詳細描述花費輸出條件的復(fù)雜腳本（贖回腳本）將不會出現(xiàn)在鎖定腳本中撩满。相反蜒程，只有贖回腳本哈希包含在鎖定腳本中。

• P2SH地址（P2SH address）

P2SH addresses are Base58Check encodings of the 20-byte hash of a script, P2SH addresses use the version prefix “5”, which results in Base58Check-encoded addresses that start with a “3”. P2SH addresses hide all of the complexity, so that the person making a payment does not see the script.

P2SH地址是基于Base58 編碼的一個含有20 個字節(jié)哈希的腳本伺帘。P2SH地址采用“5”前綴昭躺。這導(dǎo)致基于Base58 編碼的地址以“3”開頭。P2SH 地址隱藏了所有的復(fù)雜性伪嫁，因此领炫，運用其進行支付的人將不會看到腳本。

• P2WPKH

The signature of a P2WPKH (Pay-to-Witness-Public-Key-Hash) contains the same information as a P2PKH spending, but is located in the witness field instead of the scriptSig field. The scriptPubKey is also modified.

P2WPKH簽名包含了與P2PKH花費相同的信息张咳。但是簽名信息放置于見證字段帝洪，而不是簽名腳本字段中。公鑰腳本也被修改了脚猾。

• P2WSH

The difference between P2SH and P2WSH (Pay-to-Witness-Script-Hash) is about the cryptographic proof location change from the scriptSig field to the witness field and the scriptPubKey that is also modified.

P2WSH與P2SH的不同之處在于加密證據(jù)存放位置從腳本簽名字段轉(zhuǎn)變至見證字段葱峡，公鑰腳本字段也被改變。

• 紙錢包（paper wallet）

In the most specific sense, a paper wallet is a document containing all of the data necessary to generate any number of Bitcoin private keys, forming a wallet of keys. However, people often use the term to mean any way of storing bitcoin offline as a physical document. This second definition also includes paper keys and redeemable codes.

在大多數(shù)特定含義下龙助，紙錢包是一個包含所有必要數(shù)據(jù)的文件砰奕，這些數(shù)據(jù)用于生成比特幣私鑰，形成密鑰錢包泌参。然而脆淹，人們通常使用該術(shù)語來表達以物理文件形式離線存儲比特幣的方式常空。第二個定義也包括紙密鑰和可贖回編碼沽一。

• 支付通道（payment channels）

A micropayment channel or payment channel is class of techniques designed to allow users to make multiple bitcoin transactions without committing all of the transactions to the bitcoin blockchain. In a typical payment channel, only two transactions are added to the block chain but an unlimited or nearly unlimited number of payments can be made between the participants.

微支付通道和支付通道是 設(shè)計用于允許用戶生成多個比特幣交易，且無需提交所有交易至比特幣區(qū)塊鏈中漓糙。在一個典型的支付通道中铣缠，只有兩個交易被添加至區(qū)塊鏈中，但參與雙方可以生成無限制或接近無限制數(shù)量的支付昆禽。

• 礦池（pooled mining）

Pooled mining is a mining approach where multiple generating clients contribute to the generation of a block, and then split the block reward according the contributed processing power.

礦池一種挖礦方式蝗蛙，在礦池中多個客戶端共同貢獻算力來產(chǎn)生區(qū)塊，然后根據(jù)貢獻算力大小來分配區(qū)塊獎勵醉鳖。

• 權(quán)益證明（Proof-of-Stake）

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is a method by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network aims to achieve distributed consensus. Proof-of-Stake asks users to prove ownership of a certain amount of currency (their “stake” in the currency).

權(quán)益證明（POS）是一種方法捡硅，加密貨幣區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲得分發(fā)共識。POS會讓用戶證明其擁有的資產(chǎn)總量(他們在數(shù)字貨幣中的權(quán)益)盗棵。

• 工作量證明（Proof-of-Work）

A piece of data that requires significant computation to find. In bitcoin, miners must find a numeric solution to the SHA256 algorithm that meets a network-wide target, the difficulty target.

工作量證明指通過有效計算得到的一小塊數(shù)據(jù)壮韭。具體到比特幣北发，礦工必須要在滿足全網(wǎng)目標難度的情況下求解SHA256算法。

• 獎勵（reward）

An amount included in each new block as a reward by the network to the miner who found the Proof-of-Work solution. It is currently 12.5 BTC per block.

每一個新區(qū)塊中都有一定量新創(chuàng)造的比特幣用來獎勵算出工作量證明的礦工∨缥荩現(xiàn)階段每一區(qū)塊有12.5比特幣的獎勵琳拨。

• RIPEMD-160

RIPEMD-160 is a 160-bit cryptographic hash function. RIPEMD-160 is a strengthened version of RIPEMD with a 160-bit hash result, and is expected to be secure for the next ten years or more.

RIPEMD-160是一個160位的加密哈希函數(shù)。RIPEMD-160是RIPEMD的加強版屯曹，其哈希計算后的結(jié)果是160位哈希值狱庇。通過RIPEMD-160加密期望能實現(xiàn)在未來的10年或更長時間都是安全的。

• 聰（satoshi）

A satoshi is the smallest denomination of bitcoin that can be recorded on the blockchain. It is the equivalent of 0.00000001 bitcoin and is named after the creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto.

聰是可記錄到區(qū)塊鏈上中比特幣的最小面額恶耽，一聰?shù)扔?.00000001比特幣密任，以比特幣的發(fā)明者中本聰?shù)拿置?/p>

• 中本聰（Satoshi Nakamoto）

Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the person or people who designed Bitcoin and created its original reference implementation, Bitcoin Core. As a part of the implementation, they also devised the first blockchain database. In the process they were the first to solve the double spending problem for digital currency. Their real identity remains unknown.

中本聰有可能是一個人或一群人的名字。中本聰是比特幣的設(shè)計者偷俭，同時也創(chuàng)建了比特幣的最初實現(xiàn)批什，比特幣核心。作為實現(xiàn)的一部分社搅，他們還發(fā)明了第一個區(qū)塊鏈數(shù)據(jù)庫驻债。在這個過程中，他們是第一個為數(shù)字貨幣解決了雙花問題的人或組織形葬。但他們的真實身份仍然未知合呐。

• 腳本（Script）

Bitcoin uses a scripting system for transactions. Forth-like, Script is simple, stack-based, and processed from left to right. It is purposefully not Turing-complete, with no loops.

比特幣使用腳本系統(tǒng)來處理交易。腳本有著類Forth語言笙以、簡單淌实、基于堆棧以及從左向右處理的特點。腳本故意限定為非圖靈完備的猖腕，沒有循環(huán)計算功能拆祈。

• 鎖定腳本 (ScriptPubKey：aka pubkey script)

ScriptPubKey or pubkey script, is a script included in outputs which sets the conditions that must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be spent. Data for fulfilling the conditions can be rovided in a signature script.

腳本公鑰或者公鑰腳本是包含在交易輸出中的腳本。該腳本設(shè)置了比特幣花費需滿足的條件倘感。滿足條件的數(shù)據(jù)可以由簽名腳本提供放坏。

• 解鎖腳本 (ScriptSig：aka signature script)

ScriptSig or signature script, is the data generated by a spender which is almost always used as variables to satisfy a pubkey script.

簽名腳本是有支付端生成的數(shù)據(jù)，該數(shù)據(jù)幾乎總是被用作滿足公鑰腳本的變量老玛。

• 秘鑰 (私鑰)（secret key ：aka private key）

The secret number that unlocks bitcoin sent to the corresponding address. A secret key looks like the following:
5J76sF8L5jTtzE96r66Sf8cka9y44wdpJjMwCxR3tzLh3ibVPxh

用來解鎖對應(yīng)（錢包）地址的一串字符淤年，例如5J76sF8L5jTtzE96r66Sf8cka9y44wdpJjMwCxR3tzLh3ibVPxh+。

• 隔離見證（Segregated Witness）

Segregated Witness is a proposed upgrade to the Bitcoin protocol which technological innovation separates signature data from bitcoin transactions. Segregated Witness is a proposed soft fork; a change that technically makes Bitcoin’s protocol rules more restrictive.

隔離見證是比特幣協(xié)議的一個升級建議蜡豹，該建議技術(shù)創(chuàng)新性地將簽名數(shù)據(jù)從比特幣交易中分離出來麸粮。隔離見證是一個推薦的軟分叉方案；該變化將從技術(shù)上使得比特幣協(xié)議規(guī)則更嚴謹镜廉。

• SHA

The Secure Hash Algorithm or SHA is a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

安全哈希是有NIST（國家標準技術(shù)研究所）發(fā)布的加密哈希函數(shù)族弄诲。

• 軟分叉（soft fork）

soft fork or Soft-Forking Change is a temporary fork in the blockchain which commonly occurs when miners using non-upgraded nodes don’t follow a new consensus rule their nodes don’t know about. Not to be confused with fork, hard fork, software fork or Git fork.

軟分叉是區(qū)塊鏈中的一個短暫分叉，通常是由于礦工在不知道新共識規(guī)則的情況下娇唯，未對其使用節(jié)點進行升級而產(chǎn)生的齐遵。不要與分叉凤巨、硬分叉、軟分叉或者Git分叉混淆洛搀。

• 簡化支付驗證（SPV：simplified payment verification）

SPV or simplified payment verification is a method for verifying particular transactions were included in a block without downloading the entire block. The method is used by some lightweight Bitcoin clients.

簡化支付驗證是在無需下載所有區(qū)塊的情況對特定交易進行驗證的方法敢茁。該方法被用在一些比特幣輕量級客戶端中。

• 舊塊（stale block）

Block which were successfully mined but which isn’t included on the current best block chain, likely because some other block at the same height had its chain extended first.

舊塊是那些被成功挖出留美，但是沒有包含在當前主鏈上的區(qū)塊彰檬，很有可能是同一高度的其他區(qū)塊優(yōu)先擴展了區(qū)塊鏈長度導(dǎo)致的。

• 時間鎖（timelocks）

A timelock is a type of encumbrance that restricts the spending of some bitcoin until a specified future time or block height. Timelocks feature prominently in many Bitcoin contracts, including payment channels and hashed timelock contracts.

時間鎖是一種阻礙類型谎砾，用于嚴格控制一些比特幣只能在將來某個特定時間和區(qū)塊才能被支出逢倍。時間鎖在很多比特幣合約中起到了顯著的作用，包括支付通道和哈希時間鎖合約景图。

• 交易（transaction）

In simple terms, a transfer of bitcoin from one address to another. More precisely, a transaction is a signed data structure expressing a transfer of value. Transactions are transmitted over the bitcoin network, collected by miners, and included into blocks, made permanent on the blockchain.

簡單地說较雕，交易指把比特幣從一個地址轉(zhuǎn)到另一個地址。更準確地說挚币，一筆“交易”指一個經(jīng)過簽名運算的亮蒋，表達價值轉(zhuǎn)移的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。每一筆“交易”都經(jīng)過比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸妆毕，由礦工節(jié)點收集并打包至區(qū)塊中慎玖，永久保存在區(qū)塊鏈某處。

• 交易池（transaction pool）

An unordered collection of transactions that are not in blocks in the main chain, but for which we have input transactions.

一個無序的交易集合笛粘，該集合未在主鏈的區(qū)塊中趁怔，但其有輸入交易。

• 圖靈完備（Turing completeness）

A program language is called “Turing complete,” if that it can run any program
that a Turing machine can run given enough time and memory.

在給定足夠時間與內(nèi)存的情況下薪前，如果一個編程語言開發(fā)的程序能運行在圖靈機上润努，該編程語言就被稱為“圖靈完備”的編程語言，

• 未花費交易輸出（UTXO：unspent transaction output）

UTXO is an unspent transaction output that can be spent as an input in a new transaction.

UTXO是未花費交易輸出示括，UTXO可以作為新交易的輸入铺浇。

• 錢包（wallet）

Software that holds all your bitcoin addresses and secret keys. Use it to send, receive, and store your bitcoin.

錢包指保存比特幣地址和私鑰的軟件，可以用它來接受例诀、發(fā)送随抠、儲存你的比特幣裁着。

• 錢包導(dǎo)入格式（WIF：Wallet Import Format）

WIF or Wallet Import Format is a data interchange format designed to allow exporting and importing a single private key with a flag indicating whether or not it uses a compressed public key.

錢包導(dǎo)入格式是一個數(shù)據(jù)交換格式繁涂，設(shè)計用于允許導(dǎo)出和導(dǎo)入單個私鑰，該私鑰通過標志標明是否使用壓縮公鑰二驰。