iOS多線程編程
寫在前面梨熙,歡迎互相交流荚板,歡迎指出錯(cuò)誤戴涝;
基本概念
進(jìn)程:計(jì)算機(jī)中的程序關(guān)于某數(shù)據(jù)集合上的一次運(yùn)行活動(dòng),是系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行資源分配和調(diào)度的基本單位斋竞,是操作系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)倔约。
線程:是進(jìn)程中的一個(gè)實(shí)體,是被系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立調(diào)度和分派的基本單位坝初,線程自己不擁有系統(tǒng)資源浸剩,只擁有一點(diǎn)兒在運(yùn)行中必不可少的資源,但它可與同屬一個(gè)進(jìn)程的其它線程共享進(jìn)程所擁有的全部資源脖卖。
進(jìn)程:就是指一個(gè)可執(zhí)行的程序乒省;
線程:指代一個(gè)獨(dú)立執(zhí)行的代碼路徑;
參考自小笨狼漫談多線程
進(jìn)程和線程:
推薦阮一峰的《進(jìn)程與線程的一個(gè)簡單解釋》
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2013/04/processes_and_threads.html
GCD
推薦閱讀《土土哥的GCD使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)與技巧淺談》
任務(wù)和隊(duì)列
任務(wù):
任務(wù)是在線程中執(zhí)行的畦木;具體分為:
- 同步任務(wù)
dispatch_sync
; - 異步任務(wù)
dispatch_async
;
兩者的區(qū)別是:同步sync
和異步async
的區(qū)別在于會(huì)不會(huì)阻塞當(dāng)前線程袖扛;
隊(duì)列:
隊(duì)列只是負(fù)責(zé)任務(wù)的調(diào)度,而不負(fù)責(zé)任務(wù)的執(zhí)行十籍;具體分為串行隊(duì)列serial queue
和并行隊(duì)列concurrent queue
;
隊(duì)列的特點(diǎn):
- 先進(jìn)先出
FIFO
蛆封,排在前面的任務(wù)最先執(zhí)行; - 串行隊(duì)列:任務(wù)按照順序被調(diào)度,前一個(gè)任務(wù)不執(zhí)行完畢勾栗,隊(duì)列不會(huì)調(diào)度;
- 并行隊(duì)列:只要有空閑的線程惨篱,隊(duì)列就會(huì)調(diào)度當(dāng)前任務(wù),交給線程去執(zhí)行围俘,不需要考慮前面是不是有任務(wù)在執(zhí)行砸讳、有沒有執(zhí)行完畢琢融,只要有線程可以利用,隊(duì)列就會(huì)調(diào)度任務(wù)簿寂。
討論幾種情況:
Tips:主隊(duì)列是全局串行隊(duì)列
-
主隊(duì)列
main queue
, 異步任務(wù)async task
特別注意:雖然是異步任務(wù)漾抬,但是主隊(duì)列并不會(huì)創(chuàng)建新的線程,任務(wù)會(huì)在主線程順序執(zhí)行常遂;
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_main_queue(); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(3); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation1 .."); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation2 .."); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(1); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation3 .."); });
2017-09-20 10:42:46.153353 iOSSyncDemo[15164:4338648] <NSThread: 0x17407cf40>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 10:42:46.153575 iOSSyncDemo[15164:4338648] operation1 ..
2017-09-20 10:42:48.155361 iOSSyncDemo[15164:4338648] <NSThread: 0x17407cf40>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 10:42:48.155553 iOSSyncDemo[15164:4338648] operation2 ..
2017-09-20 10:42:49.157272 iOSSyncDemo[15164:4338648] <NSThread: 0x17407cf40>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 10:42:49.157467 iOSSyncDemo[15164:4338648] operation3 ..
-
主隊(duì)列
main queue
纳令,同步任務(wù)sync task
,這種情況下克胳,會(huì)徹底卡死主線程;dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_main_queue(); NSLog(@"start ..."); dispatch_sync(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"operation1 ..."); }); NSLog(@"finished");
2017-09-20 10:47:51.087949 iOSSyncDemo[15169:4341123] start ...
(lldb)
-
其他串行隊(duì)列
other serial queue
平绩,異步任務(wù)async task
,這種情況下漠另,會(huì)創(chuàng)建新的線程捏雌,然后在新的線程上順序執(zhí)行任務(wù);dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.SERIAL", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(3); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation1 .."); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation2 .."); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(1); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation3 .."); })笆搓;
2017-09-20 10:21:01.822707 iOSSyncDemo[15148:4335599] <NSThread: 0x174260240>{number = 3, name = (null)}
2017-09-20 10:21:01.822949 iOSSyncDemo[15148:4335599] operation1 ..
2017-09-20 10:21:02.825276 iOSSyncDemo[15148:4335599] <NSThread: 0x174260240>{number = 3, name = (null)}
2017-09-20 10:21:02.825468 iOSSyncDemo[15148:4335599] operation2 ..
2017-09-20 10:21:03.831180 iOSSyncDemo[15148:4335599] <NSThread: 0x174260240>{number = 3, name = (null)}
2017-09-20 10:21:03.831372 iOSSyncDemo[15148:4335599] operation3 ..
-
其他串行隊(duì)列
other serial queue
腹忽,同步步任務(wù)sync task
,這種情況下砚作,任務(wù)會(huì)在主線程順序執(zhí)行窘奏;dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.SERIAL", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(3); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation1 .."); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation2 .."); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(1); NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]); NSLog(@"operation3 .."); });
2017-09-20 10:57:52.900571 iOSSyncDemo[15178:4342726] <NSThread: 0x174077c80>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 10:57:52.900780 iOSSyncDemo[15178:4342726] operation1 ..
2017-09-20 10:57:54.902541 iOSSyncDemo[15178:4342726] <NSThread: 0x174077c80>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 10:57:54.902735 iOSSyncDemo[15178:4342726] operation2 ..
2017-09-20 10:57:55.904303 iOSSyncDemo[15178:4342726] <NSThread: 0x174077c80>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 10:57:55.904500 iOSSyncDemo[15178:4342726] operation3 ..
-
并發(fā)隊(duì)列
concurrent queue
, 異步任務(wù)async task
,這種情況下葫录,會(huì)為每個(gè)任務(wù)新建線程着裹,并放到新線程上執(zhí)行(注意:線程和任務(wù)一一對應(yīng))。dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.CONCURRENT", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT); // 并發(fā)隊(duì)列 異步執(zhí)行 dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(3); NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task1: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task2: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(1); NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task3: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task4: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); });
2017-09-20 11:09:27.772133 iOSSyncDemo[15186:4344364] concurrentQueue async task4: <NSThread: 0x1742673c0>{number = 3, name = (null)}
2017-09-20 11:09:28.777422 iOSSyncDemo[15186:4344365] concurrentQueue async task3: <NSThread: 0x1700785c0>{number = 4, name = (null)}
2017-09-20 11:09:29.777229 iOSSyncDemo[15186:4344366] concurrentQueue async task2: <NSThread: 0x170262440>{number = 5, name = (null)}
2017-09-20 11:09:30.777152 iOSSyncDemo[15186:4344363] concurrentQueue async task1: <NSThread: 0x170262480>{number = 6, name = (null)}
-
并發(fā)隊(duì)列
concurrent queue
, 同步任務(wù)sync task
米同,這種情況下骇扇,所有任務(wù)會(huì)在當(dāng)前線程順序執(zhí)行。dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.CONCURRENT", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT); // 并發(fā)隊(duì)列 異步執(zhí)行 dispatch_sync(queue, ^{ sleep(3); NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task1: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); }); dispatch_sync(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task2: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); }); dispatch_sync(queue, ^{ sleep(1); NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task3: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); }); dispatch_sync(queue, ^{ NSLog(@"concurrentQueue async task4: %@", [NSThread currentThread]); });
2017-09-20 11:11:57.385978 iOSSyncDemo[15189:4344846] concurrentQueue async task1: <NSThread: 0x174076300>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 11:11:59.387875 iOSSyncDemo[15189:4344846] concurrentQueue async task2: <NSThread: 0x174076300>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 11:12:00.389544 iOSSyncDemo[15189:4344846] concurrentQueue async task3: <NSThread: 0x174076300>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 11:12:00.389850 iOSSyncDemo[15189:4344846] concurrentQueue async task4: <NSThread: 0x174076300>{number = 1, name = main}
主隊(duì)列:這是一個(gè)特殊的串行隊(duì)列
面粮。所有的UI操作都在這個(gè)隊(duì)列上;
dispatch_get_main_queue()
全局并行隊(duì)列:這是系統(tǒng)提供的一個(gè)并發(fā)隊(duì)列;
dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0)
dispatch_group
-
dispatch_group_enter
和dispatch_group_leave
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create(); dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"group task1 executing..."); }); NSLog(@"group task1 finished"); }); dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"group task2 executing..."); }); NSLog(@"group task2 finished"); }); dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"group task3 executing..."); }); NSLog(@"group task3 finished"); }); dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ NSLog(@"all group task finished"); });
2017-09-20 11:20:48.762150 iOSSyncDemo[15197:4347820] group task1 finished
2017-09-20 11:20:48.762258 iOSSyncDemo[15197:4347820] group task2 finished
2017-09-20 11:20:48.762629 iOSSyncDemo[15197:4347820] group task3 finished
2017-09-20 11:20:48.770034 iOSSyncDemo[15197:4347795] all group task finished
2017-09-20 11:20:50.768016 iOSSyncDemo[15197:4347817] group task1 executing...
2017-09-20 11:20:50.769131 iOSSyncDemo[15197:4347820] group task2 executing...
2017-09-20 11:20:50.769255 iOSSyncDemo[15197:4347818] group task3 executing...
通過log我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)少孝,在子線程的任務(wù)還沒有完成的情況下;組任務(wù)就直接完成熬苍,這顯然不是我們想要的結(jié)果稍走;現(xiàn)在改進(jìn)一下:
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_group_enter(group);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
NSLog(@"group task1 executing...");
sleep(3);
NSLog(@"group task1 finished");
dispatch_group_leave(group);
});
dispatch_group_enter(group);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
NSLog(@"group task2 executing...");
sleep(2);
NSLog(@"group task2 finished");
dispatch_group_leave(group);
});
dispatch_group_enter(group);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
NSLog(@"group task3 executing...");
sleep(1);
NSLog(@"group task3 finished");
dispatch_group_leave(group);
});
dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
NSLog(@"all group task finished");
});
2017-09-20 11:30:32.554690 iOSSyncDemo[15212:4350152] group task1 executing...
2017-09-20 11:30:32.554844 iOSSyncDemo[15212:4350156] group task2 executing...
2017-09-20 11:30:32.555487 iOSSyncDemo[15212:4350154] group task3 executing...
2017-09-20 11:30:33.560874 iOSSyncDemo[15212:4350154] group task3 finished
2017-09-20 11:30:34.560076 iOSSyncDemo[15212:4350156] group task2 finished
2017-09-20 11:30:35.560065 iOSSyncDemo[15212:4350152] group task1 finished
2017-09-20 11:30:35.560380 iOSSyncDemo[15212:4350130] all group task finished
這個(gè)時(shí)候就達(dá)到我們想要的結(jié)果了。
-
常規(guī)用法柴底,這種用法在開發(fā)中可以應(yīng)用的場景不多婿脸,更多的情況是上面那種并發(fā)隊(duì)列多異步任務(wù)嵌套的情況。
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create(); dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"group task1 finished"); }); dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"group task2 finished"); }); dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ sleep(2); NSLog(@"group task3 finished"); }); dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ NSLog(@"all group task finished"); }); dispatch_group_wait(group, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER); NSLog(@"after wait ..");
打印結(jié)果:
2017-09-19 18:15:48.088 iOSSyncDemo[17731:1209181] group task3 finished
2017-09-19 18:15:48.088 iOSSyncDemo[17731:1209183] group task1 finished
2017-09-19 18:15:48.088 iOSSyncDemo[17731:1209180] group task2 finished
2017-09-19 18:15:48.089 iOSSyncDemo[15192:4346855] after wait ..
2017-09-19 18:15:48.089 iOSSyncDemo[17731:1208970] all group task finished
dispatch_once
多用于單例
static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
//單例代碼
});
dispatch_after
注意:dispatch_after是延遲提交柄驻,不是延遲運(yùn)行;
作用是:將一個(gè)Block在特定的延時(shí)以后狐树,加入到指定的隊(duì)列中,并執(zhí)行鸿脓;
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.concurrent", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
NSLog(@"Begin add operation...");
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:4];
NSLog(@"operation1 done...");
});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:4];
NSLog(@"operation2 done...");
});
dispatch_after(dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(2 * NSEC_PER_SEC)), queue, ^{
NSLog(@"after operation");
});
2017-09-20 09:58:06.633353 iOSSyncDemo[15132:4331075] Begin add operation...
2017-09-20 09:58:08.818947 iOSSyncDemo[15132:4331094] after operation
2017-09-20 09:58:10.639082 iOSSyncDemo[15132:4331095] operation1 done...
2017-09-20 09:58:10.639383 iOSSyncDemo[15132:4331097] operation2 done...
dispatch_suspend
暫停隊(duì)列抑钟,但是這里的“暫脱那”,并不能保證可以立即停止隊(duì)列上正在運(yùn)行的block在塔;dispatch_suspend
并不會(huì)立即暫停正在運(yùn)行的block掀抹,而是在當(dāng)前block執(zhí)行完成后,暫停后續(xù)的block執(zhí)行心俗。
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.SERIAL", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:5];
NSLog(@"operation 1 executing...");
});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:5];
NSLog(@"operation 2 executing...");
});
//延時(shí)一秒
NSLog(@"sleep 1 second...");
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1];
//掛起隊(duì)列
NSLog(@"suspend...");
dispatch_suspend(queue);
//延時(shí)10秒
NSLog(@"sleep 10 second...");
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:10];
//恢復(fù)隊(duì)列
NSLog(@"resume...");
dispatch_resume(queue);
2017-09-20 12:02:56.875441 iOSSyncDemo[15232:4356001] sleep 1 second...
2017-09-20 12:02:57.877435 iOSSyncDemo[15232:4356001] suspend...
2017-09-20 12:02:57.877667 iOSSyncDemo[15232:4356001] sleep 10 second...
2017-09-20 12:03:01.880958 iOSSyncDemo[15232:4356027] operation 1 executing...
2017-09-20 12:03:07.878927 iOSSyncDemo[15232:4356001] resume...
2017-09-20 12:03:12.890141 iOSSyncDemo[15232:4356024] operation 2 executing...
dispatch_apply
這個(gè)方法是同步的
! 會(huì)阻塞當(dāng)前線程
;
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.CONCURRENT", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_apply(3, queue, ^(size_t i) {
sleep(1);
NSLog(@"%@", [NSThread currentThread]);
NSLog(@"loop: %zu", i);
});
NSLog(@"after apply operation...");
2017-09-20 09:51:09.230843 iOSSyncDemo[15125:4329829] <NSThread: 0x17406fac0>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 09:51:09.231062 iOSSyncDemo[15125:4329829] loop: 0
2017-09-20 09:51:09.233557 iOSSyncDemo[15125:4329856] <NSThread: 0x17007dbc0>{number = 3, name = (null)}
2017-09-20 09:51:09.233747 iOSSyncDemo[15125:4329856] loop: 1
2017-09-20 09:51:10.232754 iOSSyncDemo[15125:4329829] <NSThread: 0x17406fac0>{number = 1, name = main}
2017-09-20 09:51:10.232955 iOSSyncDemo[15125:4329829] loop: 2
2017-09-20 09:51:10.233043 iOSSyncDemo[15125:4329829] after apply operation...
dispatch_semaphore_t
用于線程間同步,比如下面這個(gè)生產(chǎn)者消費(fèi)者模型蓉驹。
dispatch_semaphore_t sem = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.investment.concurrent", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i ++) {
sleep(2);
NSLog(@"create one product");
dispatch_semaphore_signal(sem);
}
});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i ++) {
dispatch_semaphore_wait(sem, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
NSLog(@"consume one product");
}
});
2017-09-20 12:25:19.951850 iOSSyncDemo[15250:4360783] create one product
2017-09-20 12:25:19.952206 iOSSyncDemo[15250:4360780] consume one product
2017-09-20 12:25:21.955972 iOSSyncDemo[15250:4360783] create one product
2017-09-20 12:25:21.956282 iOSSyncDemo[15250:4360780] consume one product
2017-09-20 12:25:23.961401 iOSSyncDemo[15250:4360783] create one product
2017-09-20 12:25:23.961720 iOSSyncDemo[15250:4360780] consume one product
dispatch_set_target_queue
設(shè)置隊(duì)列的優(yōu)先級城榛,將參數(shù)一的隊(duì)列的優(yōu)先級設(shè)置成和參數(shù)二的優(yōu)先級一樣。
dispatch_set_target_queue(queue, dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH, 0));