一. 感想
一篇文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾督弓，是通篇最重要的兩個(gè)部分灾挨。
The most important sentence in any article is the first one... Therefore your lead must capture the reader immediately and force him to keep reading.
文章的伊始良漱，往往是最考驗(yàn)作者功力的郁油。從零開(kāi)始嚷堡，要在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)吸引住人厘灼，讓讀者了解主題和行文方向忿等，并產(chǎn)生讀下去的欲望栖忠，便是開(kāi)頭的作用。Eric早晨說(shuō)到的新概念4的第18課《海豚》，就是nonfiction類中的一個(gè)極好的例子庵寞。前三句話狸相，既激發(fā)了讀者的好奇心，吸引人讀下去捐川，又隨即引入了權(quán)威的觀點(diǎn)脓鹃，快速切入主題。
此外古沥，我想來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)小說(shuō)或故事的開(kāi)頭瘸右。在我的傳統(tǒng)觀念里，小說(shuō)或故事（即便是四大名著）一上來(lái)通常都不會(huì)特別精彩岩齿，往往需要用一定的篇幅來(lái)交代人物關(guān)系或逐漸進(jìn)入情節(jié)太颤。我們常常需要“耐著性子看進(jìn)去”，然后纯衍，引人入勝的情節(jié)才會(huì)逐漸出現(xiàn)栋齿，吸引著我們?nèi)琊囁瓶实刈x下去。直到前幾年襟诸，我看了一本當(dāng)代小說(shuō)《遙遠(yuǎn)的救世主》瓦堵，一下子改變了我的這一觀點(diǎn)。它的第一頁(yè)是這樣的：
我記得特別清楚歌亲，在一個(gè)慵懶的周末下午菇用，我隨意翻開(kāi)了這本書(shū)（我媽借的）的第一頁(yè)，然后便一口氣看了數(shù)章陷揪，這個(gè)開(kāi)頭一下子就把我?guī)肓苏麄€(gè)故事惋鸥。因?yàn)樗娜宋锍鰣?chǎng)和情節(jié)展開(kāi)從一開(kāi)始就生動(dòng)自然、引人入勝悍缠。
結(jié)尾的作用不言而喻卦绣，收尾是否得當(dāng)，直接決定了整個(gè)作品的成功與否飞蚓。
The last sentence of each paragraph is the crucial springboard to the next paragraph... A good last sentence - or last paragraph - is a joy in itself. It gives the reader a lift, and it lingers when the article is over.
Zinsser說(shuō)文章的結(jié)尾部分應(yīng)該給讀者一種升華和令人留戀的感覺(jué)滤港。是呀，不虎頭蛇尾只是最基本的要求趴拧，而如果能利用結(jié)尾讓整個(gè)作品上升一個(gè)層面溅漾，亦或讓讀者意猶未盡、陷入深思著榴，那將令整個(gè)作品大放異彩添履。Zinsser提到了“恰到好處”和“令人驚喜”兩個(gè)行之有效的方法：
When you're ready to stop, stop. If you have presented all the facts and made the point you want to make, look for the nearest exit.
Surprise is the most refreshing element in nonfiction writing. ..., especially as you conclude your story and send them on their way.
當(dāng)然，nonfiction類作品的結(jié)尾脑又，通常擔(dān)負(fù)了總結(jié)概括暮胧、提煉重點(diǎn)锐借、再次強(qiáng)調(diào)等任務(wù)，其重要程度不言自明叔壤，無(wú)須贅述瞎饲。
我還是來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)故事，其實(shí)很多故事的開(kāi)頭和主架構(gòu)都很不錯(cuò)炼绘，就是結(jié)尾讓人有種不解渴的感覺(jué)嗅战，有點(diǎn)遺憾。而《黎明之前》（一個(gè)國(guó)產(chǎn)諜戰(zhàn)劇俺亮，我一直覺(jué)得它比《潛伏》好看）的結(jié)尾在我心目中堪稱經(jīng)典驮捍。前面的一切謎團(tuán)在結(jié)尾全部解開(kāi)時(shí)，不禁令人在驚嘆中陷入了無(wú)盡地思考脚曾。最后一個(gè)鏡頭中东且，“兄弟”倆分道揚(yáng)鑣的那一時(shí)刻，我的內(nèi)心感動(dòng)而震撼本讥，有種深深地意猶未盡之感珊泳。
二. 字詞
1. leisurely
(1) 原文：They will stick with those writers for the pleasure of wondering where they will emerge as they move in leisurely circles toward the eventual point.
(2) 解釋：relaxed and unhurried
(3) 造句：I read the novel in a leisurely way.
2.?count on
(1) 原文：But I urge you not to count on the reader to stick around.
(2) 字典解釋：
① If you count on something or count upon it, you expect it to happen and include it your plans.
② If you count on someone or count upon them, you rely on them to support you or help you.
(3) 造句：Don't count on others being in your shoes.
3. cajole / coax
(1) 原文：
① It must cajole him with freshness, or novelty, or paradox, or humor, or surprise, or with an unusual idea, or an interesting fact, or a question.
②?Coax the reader a little more; keep him inquisitive.
(2) 字典解釋：
① cajole:?to gradually persuade someone to do something by being nice to them, or making promises to them? ? （以甜言蜜語(yǔ)）哄騙
② coax:?to persuade someone to do something that they do not want to do by talking to them in a kind, gentle, and patient way
(3) 造句：She cajoled / coaxed her son into going to?kindergarten.
4. dwell on / upon sth.
(1) 原文：But don't dwell on the reason.
(2) 字典解釋：to think or talk for too long about something, especially something unpleasant
(3) 造句：Don't dwell on those mistakes you've made.
5. arresting
(1) 原文：The five short sentences send the reader on his way quickly and with an arresting thought to take along.
(2) 解釋：very attractive? ? 引人注意的
(3) 造句：He wears an arresting suit.
