第一篇
I show this because I wanna tell you a story about two teachers I had. One that I didn't like that much, the other who is a real hero to me.
I had a grade school teacher who taught geography by pulling a map of the world down in front of the blackboard. I had a classmate in the sixth grade who raised his hand and he pointed to the outline of the east coast of South America and he pointed to the west coast of Africa and he asked, “Did they ever fit together?”
And the teacher said, “Of course not. That's the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard.” That student went on to become a drug addict and a ne'er-do-well. The teacher went on to become science advisor in the current administration.
But, you know, the teacher was actually reflecting the conclusion of the scientific establishment of that time. Continents are so big, obviously they don't move. But, actually, as we now know, they did move. They moved apart from one another. But at one time they did, in fact, fit together.
But that assumption was a problem. It reflected the well-known wisdom that what gets us into trouble is not what we don't know; it's what we know for sure that just ain't so. (Mark Twain) This is actually an important point, believe it or not, because there is another such assumption that a lot of people have in their minds right now about global warming that just ain't so. The assumption is something like this. The earth is so big we can't possibly have any lasting harmful impact on the earth's environment. And maybe that was true at one time, but it's not anymore. And one of the reasons it's not true anymore is that the most vulnerable part of the earth's ecological system is the atmosphere. Vulnera-ble because it's so thin.
My friend, the late Carl Sagan, used to say, “If you had a big globe with a coat of varnish on it, the thick-ness of that varnish relative to that globe is pretty much the same as the thickness of the earth's atmos-phere compared to the earth itself.” And it's thin enough that we are capable of changing its composition. That brings up the basic science of global warming. And I'm not gonna spend a lot of time on this because you know it well.
The sun’s radiation comes in in the form of light waves and that heat up the earth. And then some of the radiation that is absorbed and warms the earth is reradiated back into space in the form of infrared radiation. And some of the outgoing infrared radiation is trapped by this layer of atmosphere and held inside the atmosphere. And that's a good thing because it keeps the temperature of the earth within certain boundaries, keeps it relatively constant and livable.
But the problem is this thin layer of atmosphere is being thickened by all of the global warming pollution that's being put up there. And what that does is it thickens this layer of atmosphere, more of the outgoing infrared is trapped. And so the atmosphere heats up worldwide. That's global warming. Now, that's the traditional explanation. Here's what I think is a better explanation.
Global Warming, or: None Like It Hot!
? You're probably wondering why your ice cream went away. Well, Susie, the culprit isn't foreigners. It's global warming. - Global... - Yeah.
Meet Mr. Sunbeam. He comes all the way from the sun to visit earth.
? Hello, earth. Just popping in to brighten your day. And now I'll be on my way. - Not so fast, Sunbeam. We're greenhouse gases. You are going nowhere. - Oh, God, it hurts.
Pretty soon, earth is chock-full of Sunbeams. Their rotting corpses heating our atmosphere.
? How do we get rid of the greenhouse gasses?
? Fortunately, our handsomest politicians came up with a cheap, last-minute way to combat global warming. Ever since 2063, we simply drop a giant ice cube into the ocean every now and then. - Just like Daddy puts in his drink every morning. And then he gets mad.
? Of course, since the greenhouse gases are still building up, it takes more and more ice each time. Thus, solving the problem once and for all. - But...
? Once and for all!
我展示這個是因為我想告訴你一個關(guān)于我的兩個老師的故事废亭。一個是我不太喜歡的，另一個是我真正的英雄茧吊。
我有一個小學(xué)老師鲁驶，他在黑板前把世界地圖拉下來教地理。我六年級有個同學(xué)舉起手來赎线，他指著南美洲東海岸的輪廓廷没，他指著非洲西海岸，問道：“他們曾經(jīng)在一起嗎垂寥？”“
老師說：“當(dāng)然不是颠黎。“這是我聽過的最荒謬的事情滞项∠凉椋”那個學(xué)生接著變成了一個癮君子，一個做不好的人文判。這位教師后來成為現(xiàn)任政府的科學(xué)顧問过椎。
但是，你知道戏仓，老師實際上反映了那個時代科學(xué)建立的結(jié)論疚宇。大陸是如此之大，顯然它們不會移動赏殃。但是敷待，事實上，正如我們現(xiàn)在所知道的仁热，它們確實移動了榜揖。他們彼此分開。但有一次抗蠢，事實上举哟，他們是合二為一的。
但這個假設(shè)是個問題迅矛。它反映了一種眾所周知的智慧：讓我們陷入困境的不是我們不知道的妨猩，而是我們確實知道的，但事實并非如此诬乞。（馬克吐溫）這實際上是一個重要的觀點册赛，信不信由你钠导，因為有另一種假設(shè)，即許多人現(xiàn)在都在考慮全球變暖森瘪，但事實并非如此牡属。假設(shè)是這樣的。地球如此之大扼睬，我們不可能對地球環(huán)境產(chǎn)生任何持久的有害影響逮栅。也許這曾經(jīng)是真的，但現(xiàn)在不是了窗宇。其中一個原因是地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中最脆弱的部分是大氣措伐。脆弱是因為它很薄。
我的朋友卡爾·薩根（Carl Sagan）過去常說：“如果你有一個大地球军俊，上面有一層清漆侥加，那么相對于這個地球的清漆的厚度與地球大氣圈相對于地球本身的厚度幾乎相同》喙”而且它足夠薄担败，我們能夠改變它的構(gòu)成。這就提出了全球變暖的基本科學(xué)镰官。我不會花很多時間在這上面提前，因為你很清楚。
太陽的輻射以光波的形式出現(xiàn)泳唠，加熱了地球狈网。然后，一些被吸收并加熱地球的輻射以紅外輻射的形式重新輻射回太空笨腥。一些發(fā)出的紅外輻射被這層大氣俘獲并被保存在大氣中拓哺。這是一件好事，因為它使地球的溫度保持在一定的范圍內(nèi)脖母，保持相對恒定拓售，并且適宜居住。
但問題是镶奉，由于全球變暖造成的污染，這一薄層大氣正在變厚崭放。它的作用是使這層大氣變厚哨苛，更多的紅外輻射被捕獲。所以全球的大氣層都在升溫币砂。這就是全球變暖建峭。這是傳統(tǒng)的解釋。這是我認(rèn)為更好的解釋决摧。
全球變暖亿蒸，或：沒有人喜歡它熱凑兰！
?你可能想知道你的冰淇淋為什么會消失。嗯边锁，蘇西姑食，罪魁禍?zhǔn)撞皇峭鈬恕＿@是全球變暖茅坛。-全球…-是的音半。
認(rèn)識Sunbeam先生。他一路從太陽來到地球贡蓖。
?你好曹鸠，地球。只是突然出現(xiàn)來照亮你的一天〕馄蹋現(xiàn)在我要上路了彻桃。-別那么快，陽光晾蜘。我們是溫室氣體邻眷。你哪兒也不去。哦笙纤，天哪耗溜，疼。
很快省容，地球上就充滿了陽光抖拴。他們腐爛的尸體加熱了我們的空氣。
?我們?nèi)绾蜗郎厥覛怏w腥椒？
?幸運的是阿宅，我們最英俊的政治家想出了一個廉價的、最后時刻的方法來應(yīng)對全球變暖笼蛛。從2063年開始洒放，我們只是時不時地往海里扔一個巨大的冰塊。-就像爸爸每天早上放飲料一樣滨砍。然后他就發(fā)瘋了往湿。
?當(dāng)然，由于溫室氣體仍在積聚惋戏，每次都需要越來越多的冰领追。因此，一次性解決問題响逢。-但是…
問題與答案
- Q: Why was the charts drawn by Professor Roger Revelle is a line up and down?
A: Because most of the land mass is north which has many plants and can let the plants breathe in carbon dioxide when the Northen Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. - Q: What does the analogy of Mr.Sunbeam and the greenhouse gases indicate?
A: It shows that the thicker layer of atmosphere can make more of the outgoing infrared is trapped and as a result the global warming is coming. - Q: What opinion does the cartoon explain?
A: It tells us about the main causes of global warming vividly and show that a lot of troubles will be brought by the global warming. - Q: Why is the picture which taken by the Apollo 17 the only picture of the Earth from space that we have?
A: Because the sun was directly behind the spacecraft at that time. The Earth is fully lit up and not partly in darkness. - Q: Why did the grade school teacher think that the two land cannot fit together?
A: They thought Continents are so big, obviously they don’t move. - Q: Why is there a lot of people thought that global warming that just ain’t so?
A: They thought the Earth is so big. We can’t possibly have any lasting harmful impact on the Earth’s environment. - Q: Why did your professor choose the middle of the Pacific to send these weather balloons up?
A: Because it was the area that was most remote. - Q: Why was it a wonderful time for you when you were a college student?
A: Because, like a lot of young people, I came into contact with intellectual ferment, ideas that I'd never considered in my wildest dreams before. - Q: Why is there a particular problem in the Himalayas?
A: Because 40% of all the people in the world get their drinking water from rivers and spring systems that are fed more than half by the melt water coming off the glaciers. - Q: According to the lecture, what is the atmosphere like to the earth?
A: Varnish to globe - Q: According to the lecture, why did I think that some of the outgoing infrared radiation is trapped by this layer of atmosphere and held inside the atmosphere which is a good thing?
A: It is keeps the temperature of the Earth within certain boundaries, keeps it relatively constant and livable. - Q: Who was the first man propose measuring carbon dioxide?
A: Roger Revelle
第二篇
If you haven't ordered yet, I generally find the rigatoni with the spicy tomato sauce goes best with diseases of the small intestine.
如果你還沒有點菜绒窑，我通常發(fā)現(xiàn)帶有辣番茄就醬的肋狀通心粉和小腸疾病最相配。
00:24
So, sorry -- it just feels like I should be doing stand-up up here because of the setting. No, what I want to do is take you back to 1854 in London for the next few minutes, and tell the story -- in brief -- of this outbreak, which in many ways, I think, helped create the world that we live in today, and particularly the kind of city that we live in today. This period in 1854, in the middle part of the 19th century, in London's history, is incredibly interesting for a number of reasons. But I think the most important one is that London was this city of 2.5 million people, and it was the largest city on the face of the planet at that point. But it was also the largest city that had ever been built.
對不起——只是因為這里的環(huán)境我感覺我應(yīng)該來個脫口秀舔亭。不些膨，我想做的是在下面的幾分鐘蟀俊，帶你們回到1854年的倫敦。 并且講個故事—— 簡單地說——關(guān)于一個瘟疫的爆發(fā)订雾。這個瘟疫肢预，從很多方面來講，我認(rèn)為葬燎，幫助創(chuàng)造了我們今天生存的世界误甚， 特別是我們現(xiàn)在居住的城市的樣子。 1854年這個時期谱净，19世紀(jì)的中期窑邦， 在倫敦的歷史上是很不可思議的有趣的。原因有很多壕探。 但是我認(rèn)為最重要的一個原因是 倫敦是個擁有兩百五十萬人口的城市冈钦， 它是那時候這個星球上最大的一個城市。 但是李请，它也是所有曾經(jīng)建筑的城市中最大的瞧筛。
01:07
And so the Victorians were trying to live through and simultaneously invent a whole new scale of living: this scale of living that we, you know, now call "metropolitan living." And it was in many ways, at this point in the mid-1850s, a complete disaster. They were basically a city living with a modern kind of industrial metropolis with an Elizabethan public infrastructure. So people, for instance, just to gross you out for a second, had cesspools of human waste in their basement. Like, a foot to two feet deep. And they would just kind of throw the buckets down there and hope that it would somehow go away, and of course it never really would go away. And all of this stuff, basically, had accumulated to the point where the city was incredibly offensive to just walk around in.
所以維多利亞女王時代的人差不多是邊過日子， 邊創(chuàng)造著一種全新的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)导盅。 這種生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)较幌，你知道，我們現(xiàn)在稱之為都市生活白翻。 從很多方面來講乍炉，在19世紀(jì)50年代中期這個時間里，它是一個十足的災(zāi)難 那時的城市生活基本上是一個現(xiàn)代的化的工業(yè)大都市 但是僅有伊麗莎白時期的古老的公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施滤馍。 因此人們岛琼，舉個例子來說，僅僅讓你作嘔一下子巢株，在他們的地下室槐瑞，有人類排泄物的化糞池，大約阁苞，一兩英尺深并且他們可能只是扔一個水桶在那里 并希望它以某種方式地消失困檩， 當(dāng)然，它將永遠(yuǎn)不會消失那槽。 而且窗看，所有這些臟東西，基本上倦炒，都已經(jīng)到達(dá)一個程度 就是這個城市，只是走走就非常令人討厭软瞎。
01:58
It was an amazingly smelly city. Not just because of the cesspools, but also the sheer number of livestock in the city would shock people. Not just the horses, but people had cows in their attics that they would use for milk, that they would hoist up there and keep them in the attic until literally their milk ran out and they died, and then they would drag them off to the bone boilers down the street. So, you would just walk around London at this point and just be overwhelmed with this stench. And what ended up happening is that an entire emerging public health system became convinced that it was the smell that was killing everybody, that was creating these diseases that would wipe through the city every three or four years. And cholera was really the great killer of this period.
它是一個非常臭的城市逢唤，不僅僅是因為那些化糞池拉讯， 而且這個城市里大量的家畜也會震驚人們。 不僅僅是馬鳖藕，而且人們在屋頂上有他們用于牛奶的牛魔慷， 他們可能會將那些牛升起來放到屋頂上 直到他們的牛奶確實的干涸，然后他們死亡著恩， 接著院尔，他們會將他們拖到街上的骨頭鍋爐里。 因此喉誊，你將在這個時期邀摆，僅僅在倫敦市里走走 就會被這種惡臭所壓倒。 最后發(fā)生的是當(dāng)時新興的公共健康系統(tǒng)認(rèn)為 惡臭正在不斷的殺害每一個人伍茄， 惡臭正在創(chuàng)造著那些每三年或四年就會發(fā)生的疾病 掃遍這個城市栋盹。 而且，霍亂真的是這個時期最強(qiáng)大的殺手敷矫。
02:42
It arrived in London in 1832, and every four or five years another epidemic would take 10,000, 20,000 people in London and throughout the U.K. And so the authorities became convinced that this smell was this problem. We had to get rid of the smell. And so, in fact, they concocted a couple of early, you know, founding public-health interventions in the system of the city, one of which was called the "Nuisances Act," which they got everybody as far as they could to empty out their cesspools and just pour all that waste into the river. Because if we get it out of the streets, it'll smell much better, and -- oh right, we drink from the river. So what ended up happening, actually, is they ended up increasing the outbreaks of cholera because, as we now know, cholera is actually in the water. It's a waterborne disease, not something that's in the air. It's not something you smell or inhale; it's something you ingest.
它在1832出現(xiàn)在英國例获，然后每四年或五年發(fā)生一次。 每次流行都在倫敦造成一萬到兩萬人死亡曹仗， 并波及到整個英國榨汤。 因此，政府確信這個惡臭就是問題的根源怎茫。 我們必須擺脫這個惡臭收壕。 因此，事實上遭居，他們建立了一些早先的啼器，你知道 在城市系統(tǒng)里，成立公共衛(wèi)生干預(yù)措施 那些措施中的一個被成為”滋擾法“ 就是他們盡量讓每個人 把他們的花糞池清得越空越好俱萍，將所有的排泄屋傾倒到河里端壳。 因為如果我們將它從街上弄走，城市應(yīng)該就聞起來好多了枪蘑， 噢损谦，對了，我們飲用河里的水岳颇。 因此照捡，結(jié)局，事實上 是他們最后增加了霍亂的爆發(fā)话侧。 因為栗精，就像我們現(xiàn)在知道的，霍亂其實就在水里。 它是一個由水?dāng)y帶傳播的悲立。而不是通過空氣鹿寨。 它不是你聞進(jìn)去或呼吸進(jìn)去的東西，它是你咽下去的東西薪夕。
03:37
And so one of the founding moments of public health in the 19th century effectively poisoned the water supply of London much more effectively than any modern day bioterrorist could have ever dreamed of doing. So this was the state of London in 1854, and in the middle of all this carnage and offensive conditions, and in the midst of all this scientific confusion about what was actually killing people, it was a very talented classic 19th century multi-disciplinarian named John Snow, who was a local doctor in Soho in London, who had been arguing for about four or five years that cholera was, in fact, a waterborne disease, and had basically convinced nobody of this. The public health authorities had largely ignored what he had to say. And he'd made the case in a number of papers and done a number of studies, but nothing had really stuck. And part of -- what's so interesting about this story to me is that in some ways, it's a great case study in how cultural change happens, how a good idea eventually comes to win out over much worse ideas. And Snow labored for a long time with this great insight that everybody ignored.
所以脚草，19世紀(jì)公共健康系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)立， 有效地污染了倫敦的供應(yīng)水原献，比 任何現(xiàn)代生物恐怖分子夢想做的更有效馏慨。 這就是倫敦在1854年的狀況， 在這種屠殺和進(jìn)攻的時期姑隅， 和這種科學(xué)認(rèn)識上的混亂之中写隶， 這樣的狀況事實上是在屠殺人們。 那時有一個名叫斯諾的人粤策，他是個非常有才華的19世紀(jì)的傳統(tǒng)的多規(guī)律學(xué)者樟澜， 他是倫敦蘇荷的一個地方醫(yī)生， 他一直爭論了四五年叮盘。 他認(rèn)為霍亂秩贰，實際上，是一個種水性疾病柔吼， 而且毒费，基本上沒有一個人相信他。 公共健康機(jī)關(guān)完全忽略了他的話愈魏。而且觅玻，他把他的想法寫成了很多論文，還做了很多研究培漏， 但是溪厘，沒有一個真正被保存下來的。 另外牌柄，關(guān)于他的故事畸悬，我非常感興趣的一部分 是 ，從某些方面來講珊佣，這是個非常重要的案例來研究文化的進(jìn)展是如何發(fā)生的蹋宦。 一個好的想法是如何最終戰(zhàn)勝那些不好的想法的。 斯洛為這個被每一個人忽略的偉大觀點辛勞了很長一段時間咒锻。
04:47
And then on one day, August 28th of 1854, a young child, a five-month-old girl whose first name we don't know, we know her only as Baby Lewis, somehow contracted cholera, came down with cholera at 40 Broad Street. You can't really see it in this map, but this is the map that becomes the central focus in the second half of my book. It's in the middle of Soho, in this working class neighborhood, this little girl becomes sick and it turns out that the cesspool, that they still continue to have, despite the Nuisances Act, bordered on an extremely popular water pump, local watering hole that was well known for the best water in all of Soho, that all the residents from Soho and the surrounding neighborhoods would go to.
然后冷冗，有一天，1854年8月28日惑艇， 一個小孩蒿辙，一個5個月大的小女孩，我們不知道她姓什么， 我們只知道她叫寶貝劉易斯须板，不知如何染上了霍亂碰镜。 這樣霍亂來到了40大街。 在這個地圖上习瑰，你無法真正看到這個地方，但是秽荤，就是這個地圖 成為我的書的后半部分的中心內(nèi)容甜奄。 它位于蘇荷的中部，工人階級居住的地方窃款。 這個小女孩病了课兄。 而那里有一個化糞池，他們不管滋擾法晨继，依然保持著的化糞池烟阐， 瀕臨一個非常受歡迎的水泵， 這個水泵被認(rèn)為是整個蘇荷最好的水源紊扬。 所有的蘇荷居民蜒茄，還有周圍的居民都會去。
05:32
And so this little girl inadvertently ended up contaminating the water in this popular pump, and one of the most terrifying outbreaks in the history of England erupted about two or three days later. Literally, 10 percent of the neighborhood died in seven days, and much more would have died if people hadn't fled after the initial outbreak kicked in. So it was this incredibly terrifying event. You had these scenes of entire families dying over the course of 48 hours of cholera, alone in their one-room apartments, in their little flats. Just an extraordinary, terrifying scene. Snow lived near there, heard about the outbreak, and in this amazing act of courage went directly into the belly of the beast because he thought an outbreak that concentrated could actually potentially end up convincing people that, in fact, the real menace of cholera was in the water supply and not in the air. He suspected an outbreak that concentrated would probably involve a single point source. One single thing that everybody was going to because it didn't have the traditional slower path of infections that you might expect.
這個小女孩最后無意中 污染了這個受歡迎的水泵里的水餐屎。 接著英國歷史上最可怕的瘟疫檀葛， 就在兩三天后爆發(fā)了。 從字面上講腹缩，在七天里屿聋，十分之一的居民都死了。 如果人們沒有在最初幾天逃離藏鹊， 更多的人會死润讥。 所以，是這個難以置信的可怕事件盘寡。 你可以看到整個家庭楚殿， 在48小時里，死于霍亂宴抚。 孤單地死在他們的一間屋的公寓勒魔，或小套間里。 一個非彻角可怕的場面冠绢。 斯洛住在那附近，聽到了這個事件常潮， 極其有勇氣的直接進(jìn)入這個虎口 因為他認(rèn)為這個瘟疫的爆發(fā) 可能能讓人們相信弟胀， 事實上，霍亂其實是真正通過飲用水而不是空氣威脅人們的。 他懷疑這么集中的瘟疫爆發(fā) 可能始于一個單一的點源孵户。 一個每個人去過的一個單一的點萧朝。 因為這次沒有傳統(tǒng)的你能預(yù)料的感染的緩慢途徑。
06:43
And so he went right in there and started interviewing people. He eventually enlisted the help of this amazing other figure, who's kind of the other protagonist of the book -- this guy, Henry Whitehead, who was a local minister, who was not at all a man of science, but was incredibly socially connected; he knew everybody in the neighborhood. And he managed to track down, Whitehead did, many of the cases of people who had drunk water from the pump, or who hadn't drunk water from the pump. And eventually Snow made a map of the outbreak. He found increasingly that people who drank from the pump were getting sick. People who hadn't drunk from the pump were not getting sick. And he thought about representing that as a kind of a table of statistics of people living in different neighborhoods, people who hadn't, you know, percentages of people who hadn't, but eventually he hit upon the idea that what he needed was something that you could see. Something that would take in a sense a higher-level view of all this activity that had been happening in the neighborhood.
因此夏哭，他去了那里检柬，并開始了采訪人們。 他最終得到了這個另外一個驚人的人物的幫助竖配， 他就是這本書的另外一個主角何址。 這個人，亨利白石进胯，是當(dāng)?shù)氐哪翈煟?他完全不相信科學(xué)用爪，但他有非常好的社會關(guān)系。 他知道那里的每一個人胁镐， 所以他設(shè)法調(diào)查了偎血，白石調(diào)查了， 很多人喝了這個水泵里的水的人盯漂， 和那些沒有喝這個水泵里的水的人颇玷。 最后斯洛給這個事件畫了一張圖。 他逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)喝過這個水泵里的水的人在不停的生病宠能。 沒有喝過那個水泵里的水的人沒有生病亚隙。 然后他想到了用一種表 居住在不同街道的人的統(tǒng)計表， 沒有喝的人违崇，你知道的阿弃，沒有喝的人的百分比， 但是最后羞延，他偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個想法 那就是他所需要的是你可以看的渣淳。 從某種意義上可以在更高水平上看到 在這個居民區(qū)到底發(fā)生了什么。
07:34
And so he created this map, which basically ended up representing all the deaths in the neighborhoods as black bars at each address. And you can see in this map, the pump right at the center of it and you can see that one of the residences down the way had about 15 people dead. And the map is actually a little bit bigger. As you get further and further away from the pump, the deaths begin to grow less and less frequent. And so you can see this something poisonous emanating out of this pump that you could see in a glance. And so, with the help of this map, and with the help of more evangelizing that he did over the next few years and that Whitehead did, eventually, actually, the authorities slowly started to come around. It took much longer than sometimes we like to think in this story, but by 1866, when the next big cholera outbreak came to London, the authorities had been convinced -- in part because of this story, in part because of this map -- that in fact the water was the problem.
然后他創(chuàng)造了這個地圖伴箩， 這個地圖基本上顯示了在這個地區(qū)所有的死亡人數(shù)入愧。 用黑色的條杠，在每一個地址上嗤谚。 然后在這個地圖你可以看到棺蛛，這個水泵正好在地圖的中間 而且，你還可以看到這下面的一個住處 有15人死亡巩步。 這個地圖實際上比我給你們看的稍微大些旁赊。 隨著你不斷的遠(yuǎn)離這個水泵， 死亡人數(shù)開始逐漸變得越來越少椅野。 因此你可以看到這種有毒東西 污染了這個你可以很容易看到的水泵终畅。 因此籍胯，在這個地圖的幫助下， 在這個更像傳福音的幫助下 他在接下來的幾年里做的研究 還有白石做的离福，最后杖狼，事實上 政府慢慢的開始接受。 這個過程比我們通常以為對這類事情該花的時間要長很多妖爷， 但是到1866年蝶涩，當(dāng)下一個大型的霍亂在倫敦爆發(fā)的時候政府確信了——部分是因為這個故事， 另一部分是因為這個地圖——事實上水是問題的存在絮识。
08:31
And they had already started building the sewers in London, and they immediately went to this outbreak and they told everybody to start boiling their water. And that was the last time that London has seen a cholera outbreak since. So, part of this story, I think -- well, it's a terrifying story, it's a very dark story and it's a story that continues on in many of the developing cities of the world. It's also a story really that is fundamentally optimistic, which is to say that it's possible to solve these problems if we listen to reason, if we listen to the kind of wisdom of these kinds of maps, if we listen to people like Snow and Whitehead, if we listen to the locals who understand what's going on in these kinds of situations. And what it ended up doing is making the idea of large-scale metropolitan living a sustainable one.
他們已經(jīng)開始在倫敦建立下水道子寓， 而且立刻 告訴了每一個人開始把水燒開。 從那以后笋除，那是倫敦最后的一次霍亂爆發(fā)。因此炸裆，這個故事的一部份垃它，我認(rèn)為——當(dāng)然它是一個非常可怕的故事烹看， 它是一個非常黑暗的故事国拇，也是一個 不停發(fā)生在世界上很多發(fā)展城市的故事。 這也是一個從根本上很樂觀的故事惯殊， 也就是說解決那些問題是可能的酱吝， 如果我們聽信來由，如果我們聽信那些地圖的賢明之處土思， 如果我聽信像斯洛和白石一樣的人务热， 如果我們聽信那些當(dāng)?shù)氐亩?在那樣的情形下發(fā)生著什么的人。 最后這個故事引發(fā)了一個概念己儒， 就是大型都市生活應(yīng)該是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的崎岂。
09:15
When people were looking at 10 percent of their neighborhoods dying in the space of seven days, there was a widespread consensus that this couldn't go on, that people weren't meant to live in cities of 2.5 million people. But because of what Snow did, because of this map, because of the whole series of reforms that happened in the wake of this map, we now take for granted that cities have 10 million people, cities like this one are in fact sustainable things. We don't worry that New York City is going to collapse in on itself quite the way that, you know, Rome did, and be 10 percent of its size in 100 years or 200 years. And so that in a way is the ultimate legacy of this map. It's a map of deaths that ended up creating a whole new way of life, the life that we're enjoying here today. Thank you very much.
當(dāng)人們看著十分之一他們的鄰居上的人在 7天的時間里死去的時候， 有一個廣泛的共識闪湾，那就是冲甘，這不能繼續(xù)下去， 人們不應(yīng)該生活在有兩百五十萬人口的城市里途样。 但是江醇，因為斯洛所做的，因為這張地圖何暇， 因為所有這一系列的革命 發(fā)生在這個地圖背后的陶夜， 我們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為擁有100萬的城市很理所當(dāng)然。像這樣的城市實際上是持續(xù)發(fā)展的赖晶。 我們不擔(dān)心紐約會自己崩潰 以那種方式律适，你知道的辐烂，就像羅馬， 在100年或200年里捂贿，成為它原有的大小的十分之一纠修。 這個概念在某種程度上成為這個地圖的根本遺產(chǎn)。 它是一個創(chuàng)造了一種全新的生活方式的死亡地圖厂僧， 我們正在享受的生活方式扣草，非常感謝。
