12-14 & 15

CR總結(jié)3 （最后75題

每25題的錯誤率就從7題到最后的11題。

雖然被虐得很慘铅乡，不過收獲還是很大的继谚。認(rèn)清楚了很多單詞以及用法不再是我們中文思維里面以為的。算是修正了自己原來錯誤的看法阵幸。但還處于比較模糊的階段花履。還需要再多經(jīng)歷些題目或者事情來加固新的認(rèn)知。

686

Economist: The price of tap water in our region should be raised drastically. Supplies in local freshwater reservoirs have been declining for years because water is being used faster than it can be replenished. Since the price of tap water has been low, few users have bothered to adopt even easy conservation measures.

The sections in boldface play which of the following roles in the economist's argument?

B) The first is an observation for which the second provides an explanation; the second is the main conclusion but not the only conclusion.

C) The first is a premise supporting the argument's main conclusion; so is the second.

這個就屬于前面提到的第五種類型的題目挚赊，判斷argument的結(jié)構(gòu)诡壁。第一句實(shí)際上就去吃呼吁大家行動：水價(jià)應(yīng)該提高。原因是供量下降嚴(yán)重荠割，因?yàn)閂用>V產(chǎn)妹卿，V用大又因?yàn)閮r(jià)格低，大家都不省著點(diǎn)用蔑鹦。這個鏈條就感覺是供量下降是第一層原因夺克，然后水價(jià)低是更深層的原因。

這個最后歸因于水價(jià)低嚎朽，所以提高水價(jià)懊直，我本來理解為這兩個都算是結(jié)論。只是呼吁行動是總結(jié)論火鼻，本質(zhì)原因水價(jià)低算是初步結(jié)論支持最后結(jié)論的室囊。

但OG上解釋說這水價(jià)低雕崩，也只能算成argument里的premise，而且是基于觀察的premise融撞，或者說causal claims盼铁。

694

City council member: Demand for electricity has been increasing by 1.5 percent a year, and there simply is no more space to build additional power plants to meet future demand increases. We must, therefore, begin to curtail usage, which is why I propose passing ordinances requiring energy-conservation measures in all city departments.

The city council member's proposal assumes which of the following?

E) The city department that successfully conserve energy will set a good example for residential and industrial consumers of electricity.

A) Existing power plants do not have the capacity to handle all of the projected increase in demand for electricity.

這個就是典型的找assumption的題。結(jié)論是shi政單位省電尝偎，premise是用電需求上升饶火，沒地建電廠，只能想法省電致扯。（艸腦子打結(jié)了

這里的leap是肤寝，要想證明這個結(jié)論是對的，那么作者默認(rèn)的成立的假設(shè)是抖僵，不省電就以后不夠電用鲤看，也就是沒有別的辦法再供更多的電了。所以是默認(rèn)現(xiàn)有電廠無法滿足未來的需要耍群。

但我還是忍不住翻了attack了premise义桂，如果單位們不起好頭，那么就達(dá)不到最終省電的目的蹈垢。但是這個已經(jīng)和結(jié)論無關(guān)了慷吊？(是的，回過頭來看曹抬，其實(shí)是自己對assumption還是有誤解溉瓶。也是犯了中文思維里最常見的argument的錯誤，總是攻擊人家本來就以為對的事情谤民，那就肯定會鬧得不愉快堰酿。要攻擊的只能是人家的推理。推導(dǎo)的那個過程赖临。

704

For the period from the eighth century through the eleventh century, the shifting boundaries between Kingdom F and Kingdom G have not been well charted. Although a certain village in a border region between the two kingdoms usually belonged to Kingdom G, ninth-century artifacts found in the village were in the typical Kingdom F style of that time. It is unclear whether the village was actually a part of Kingdom F in the ninth century or whether it was a part of Kingdom G but had merely adopted Kingdom F's artistic styles under Kingdom F's cultural influence.

Which of the following would, if found in ninth-century sites in the village, best help in determining whether the village was a part of Kingdom F or Kingdom G in the ninth century?

C) Knives and other utensils made from metal typical of ninth-century mining sites in Kingdom F.

E) Numerous teeth from the ninth century with a chemical signature typical only of teeth from people who had grown up in the heart of Kingdom F.

8世紀(jì)到11世紀(jì)期間，某個在國界上的村子可能在9世紀(jì)的時(shí)候?qū)儆贔國灾锯，因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)了9世紀(jì)的F過特色藝術(shù)作品兢榨。哪個證據(jù)可以證明村子就是屬于F國的？

不成立的話顺饮，結(jié)論就錯的吵聪。OG這里體現(xiàn)為原來F國市中心的人口的牙齒可以證明這一點(diǎn)。

706

Infotek, a computer manufacturer in Katrovia, has just introduced a new personal computer model that sells for significantly less than any other model. Market research shows, however, that very few Katrovian households without personal computers would buy a computer, regardless of its price. Therefore, introducing the new model is unlikely to increase the number of computers in Katrovian homes.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

E) Most personal computers purchased in Katrovia are intended for home use.

C) Katrovians in households that already have computers are unlikely to purchase the new Infotek model as an additional computer for home use.

結(jié)論：新個人電腦不會增加某國的家庭電腦數(shù)量兼雄。premise：沒有個人電腦的家庭不會買電腦吟逝，不管有多便宜。而且這個新的電腦賣得比其他model便宜赦肋。

如果不是家用块攒，那結(jié)論會被削弱励稳。但這種和assumption又什么區(qū)別？

709

Transportation expenses accounted for a large portion of the total dollar amount spent on trips for pleasure by residents of the United States in 1997, and about half of the total dollar amount spent on transportation was for airfare. However, the large majority of United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997 did not travel by airplane but used other means of transportation.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true about United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997?

C) Per mile traveled, those who traveled by airplane tended to spend more on transportation to their destination than did those who used other means of transportation.

A) Achieving political compromises is not all that is necessary for the proper functioning of a government.

交通費(fèi)用占到了大家出去玩的很大比例囱井。交通費(fèi)里有一半都是坐飛機(jī)驹尼。但是大部分人都選擇不坐飛機(jī)出去玩。

這說明不坐飛機(jī)的大家出去玩花的比坐飛機(jī)的要少庞呕。

712

When there is less rainfall than normal, the water level of Australian rivers falls and the rivers flow more slowly. Because algae whose habitat is river water grow best in slow-moving water, the amount of algae per unit of water generally increases when there has been little rain. By contrast, however, following a period of extreme drought, algae levels are low even in very slow-moving river water.

Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the contrast described above?

A) During periods of extreme drought, the populations of some of the species that feed on algae tend to fall.

D) Australian rivers dry up completely for short intervals in periods of extreme drought.

啊新翎，理解錯了，以為是天敵的數(shù)量增加導(dǎo)致algae的數(shù)量減少住练。但人家說的是天敵數(shù)量也減少地啰。所以是天敵數(shù)量少是algae少了之后的后果。不是algae少的原因讲逛。這題不應(yīng)該亏吝。

716

The difference in average annual income in favor of employees who have college degrees, compared with those who do not have such degrees, doubled between 1980 and 1990. Some analysts have hypothesized that increased competition between employers for employees with college degrees drove up for income for such employees.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanation described above?

越來越多大學(xué)生找不到工作，證明increased competition是錯的妆绞。

717

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

According to the last pre-election poll in Whippleton, most voters believe that the three problems the government needs to address, in order of importance, are pollution, crime, and unemployment. Yet in the election, candidates from parties perceived as strongly against pollution were defeated, while those elected were all from parties with a history of opposing legislation designed to reduce pollution. These results should not be taken to indicate that the poll was inaccurate, however, since ____________.

選的結(jié)果不是假的顺呕。那證明最后投票的人和調(diào)查的人不是同一撥。而且票的人沒有參與調(diào)查括饶。

我本來是選的E

但正確答案是D

D) all the candidates who were elected were perceived as being stronger against both crime and unemployment than the candidates who were defeated.

啊是我誤會了accurate的意思株茶。我以為題目要的是已經(jīng)正確反映民意了，但是投票不是完全根據(jù)民眾認(rèn)為什么最重要選的图焰。而是有其他民眾認(rèn)為很重要的因素影響了他們最后的投票結(jié)果启盛。如果是我選的E還是屬于英語中不accurate反映民意的范疇。中英文對accurate的理解差異技羔。英文中不僅是不作假僵闯，還是真實(shí)心意。拒絕投票就不等于真實(shí)心意了藤滥。

721

As a construction material, bamboo is as strong as steel and sturdier than concrete. Moreover, in tropical areas bamboo is a much less expensive construction material than either steel or concrete and is always readily available. In tropical areas, therefore, building with bamboo makes better economic sense than building with steel or concrete, except where land values are high.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the exception noted above?

這個是我自己沒有理解multistory的意思鳖粟。唯一能解釋竹子不適合在地段貴的地方用來蓋房的解釋就是，竹子不適合用來蓋多層樓拙绊。E選項(xiàng)說長竹子的地方越來越貴向图，只能把竹子砍掉了，這個也沒有正面回答為什么不能用竹子來蓋樓标沪。

725

Proponents of the recently introduced tax on sales of new luxury boats had argued that a tax of this sort would be an equitable way to increase government revenue because the admittedly heavy tax burden would fall only on wealthy people and neither they nor anyone else would suffer any economic hardship. In fact, however, 20 percent of the workers employed by manufacturers of luxury boats have lost their jobs as a direct result of this tax.

The information given, if true, most strongly supports which of the following?

加豪華游輪稅可以增加財(cái)政收入榄攀，因?yàn)橹粫绊懜蝗恕５嵌惣恿酥?0%的工人失去了工作金句。

這題不太像CR了檩赢，更像是閱讀理解。和argument無關(guān)违寞。新稅可以增加收入的前提是所得大于所失贞瞒。

726

In Wareland last year, 16 percent of licensed drivers under 21 and 11 percent of drivers ages 21-24 were in serious accidents. By contrast, only 3 percent of licensed drivers 65 and older were involved in serious accidents. These figures clearly show that the greater experience and developed habits of caution possessed by drivers in the 65-and-older group make them far safer behind the wheel than the younger drivers are.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

前面數(shù)據(jù)表明65歲的司機(jī)因?yàn)榻?jīng)驗(yàn)豐富和習(xí)慣好偶房，所以開車會更安全。

assumptions是開車一樣多憔狞。

唉我去蝴悉，第二遍做一下就看出來A是對的，氣死我瘾敢。

734

The kinds of hand and wrist injuries that result from the extended use of a computer while maintaining an incorrect posture are common among schoolchildren in Hartville. Computers are important to the school curriculum there, so instead of reducing the amount their students use computers, teachers plan to bring about a sharp reduction in the number of these injuries by carefully monitoring their students' posture when using computers in the classroom.

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to assess the likelihood that the teachers' plan will be successful?

學(xué)校里的孩子因?yàn)檫^度使用電腦不正確的姿勢導(dǎo)致了手腕損傷拍冠。這個現(xiàn)象很常見。但電腦又必不可少簇抵。所以與其減少使用電腦的時(shí)間庆杜，不如老師在課上監(jiān)控并糾正姿勢，這樣希望能減少損傷碟摆。

B) Whether hand and wrist injuries not caused by computer use are common among schoolchildren in Hartville.

不是因?yàn)檫^度使用電腦引起的手腕損傷不在我們的討論主題里晃财。所以不選（哎我一下沒轉(zhuǎn)過彎來，以為如果常見的話典蜕，那么采用監(jiān)控的方式也不見得真的能減少損傷數(shù)量断盛。又犯了常見的中式思維錯誤。聲東擊西愉舔。偷換主題钢猛。

736

Many people suffer from an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several winemakers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these winemakers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

有種物質(zhì)人會過敏。這種物質(zhì)會被用來當(dāng)酒的防腐劑轩缤。那喜歡喝酒的人可以去找不放這種防腐劑的酒來喝就沒事了命迈。

leap是，其他放入的防腐劑不會引起過敏火的，或者酒里的其他物質(zhì)不會引起過敏壶愤。這兩個感覺都是對的啊。但是應(yīng)該選前者馏鹤。后者不是assumptions征椒。因?yàn)樗辉谖覀冞@個premis和conclusion的loop里面。即使后者是對的湃累，也不一定能保證conclusion是對的勃救。

我的想法是錯的。

A) These winemakers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergic substances to their wine.

D) Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.

E) Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these winemakers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.

喝了不放的就沒事脱茉。結(jié)論是這個剪芥。所以不能歪樓垄开，去質(zhì)疑可能酒里有除了sulfite還有會致過敏的物質(zhì)琴许。這個是跑題。不是要質(zhì)疑沒事溉躲。落點(diǎn)不是在沒事榜田。而是整個結(jié)論益兄，不放的就沒事。所以唯一能攻擊的點(diǎn)是箭券，不放就沒有這種物質(zhì)嗎净捅？而不是再加戲去質(zhì)疑其他的防腐劑可能也會過敏。

這個題真的又打破了我我原來對assumptions的誤解辩块。

740

Studies in the restaurant show that the tips left by customers who pay their bills in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists' interpretation of the studies?

A) The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.

D) In general, restaurants who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.

E) The percentage of restaurant bills paid with a given brand of credit card increases when that credit card's logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is presented.

賬單帶信用卡的logo會讓顧客付更多的小費(fèi)蛔六。

看OG看得懷疑人生。

題目的點(diǎn)在心理學(xué)家的解讀是出現(xiàn)logo能讓人變得更大方废亭，因?yàn)楸惶嵝蚜俗约河懈叩闹Ц赌芰隆Ｋ灾埸c(diǎn)在于被提醒上？豆村？液兽？

好吧。A用的詞是undermine掌动，也就是沒有credit card的人如果也因?yàn)榭吹竭@個logo付了更多的消費(fèi)的話四啰，那么就證明和心理學(xué)家的猜測沒有什么關(guān)系。因?yàn)椴辉谟谟行庞每ǖ娜讼肫饋碜约焊叩闹Ц赌芰Υ只帧ndermine這個詞可以看出來英文思維中對結(jié)論的否定程度是比中問更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)以及程度上更絕對的柑晒。

E選項(xiàng)說的是某種信用卡的使用頻率上升了，但是并不能直接證明和顧客被提醒要大方有關(guān)适滓。這繞的有點(diǎn)敦迄。

742

Country X's recent stock-trading scandal should not diminish investors' confidence in the country's stock market. For one thing, the discovery of the scandal confirms that Country X has a strong regulatory system, as the following considerations show. In any stock market, some fraudulent activity is inevitable. If a stock market is well regulated, any significant stock-trading fraud in it will very likely be discovered. This deters potential perpetrators and facilitates improvement in regulatory processes.

In the argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the following roles?

E) It is a compound statement containing both the argument's main conclusion and an assumption used to support that conclusion.

第二次做知道選B了。

E錯在assumption本來就是不會state出來的凭迹。而且唯一的conclusion也只是第一句話而已罚屋。

745

Although the discount stores in Goreville's central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long. In the five years since the opening of Colson's, a non-discout department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson's.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

只要spendless開張，其他折扣店都得倒閉嗅绸。但騰出來的地不會空太久脾猛。因?yàn)镃olson也是。開了之后5年周邊的店都競爭不過他而倒了鱼鸠。這題靠的是兩者的similarity猛拴，所以選項(xiàng)里找出一個不similar的例子就好了。

746

Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash. In order to reduce the amount of residual ash, Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year's total, the city of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year's number.

Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?

煙減半蚀狰，垃圾要回收愉昆，不能全部拿去燒。前提是麻蹋，回收后的垃圾產(chǎn)生的煙沒有回收前的多。

747

Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet's veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer’s products are of high quality.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the veterinarians' reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme?

A) Most of the veterinarians to whom the free promotional materials were offered were already selling the manufacturer's pet-care products to their clients.

C) The manufacturer's products, unlike most equally good competing products sold by veterinarians, are also available at pet stores and in supermarkets.

這個還是需要商業(yè)思維在里面但是就不一定合邏輯了芳室。A選項(xiàng)已經(jīng)在賣別的產(chǎn)品了，那就不太可能接受這家的促銷方案堪侯，因?yàn)闀鸶偁幒坑取６鳦選項(xiàng)是擔(dān)心給其他銷售渠道導(dǎo)流伍宦。感覺都對。但是A選項(xiàng)有個意思理解有偏差次洼。就是已經(jīng)在賣的不是別人家的產(chǎn)品收奔。而是自己家的產(chǎn)品。所以有相應(yīng)的促銷方案應(yīng)該是更同意才對滓玖。

748

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodin. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has changed. However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland ahs increased.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

賣的集數(shù)沒變，制作人減少了翩肌，所以只能進(jìn)口禁悠。如果制作時(shí)間也減少了（粗制濫造），就可以不用進(jìn)口了粱坤。

很容易發(fā)散思維發(fā)散錯了瓷产。比如覺得結(jié)論不對，為什么一定是買的V國的株旷。又或者V國必須要生產(chǎn)很多尔邓，B國才有的買。但都和這個conclusion無關(guān)齿尽。這個assumption真的太tricky了灯节。有點(diǎn)難講清楚。

749

Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer's argument?

哎可惜了，第二次做看選項(xiàng)才反應(yīng)過來磷雇。選項(xiàng)意思沒有理解對唯笙。質(zhì)量越好，才能越經(jīng)得起歲月的沖刷崩掘。所以不好的都被淘汰了苞慢。好的才留下來。（這個和作品是一樣的道理

750

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

OG上的解釋是說這只是對現(xiàn)象有另外一種可能性的描述绍赛。不算challenge辑畦，只是another explanation纯出。而后面的加粗部分就是another explanation。還不能理解英文里的challenge是什么時(shí)候才算箩言。

757

With seventeen casinos, Moneyland operates the most casinos in a certain state. Although intent on expanding, it was outmaneuvered by Apex Casinos in negotiations to acquire the Eldorado chain. To complete its acquisition of Eldorado, Apex must sell five casinos to comply with a state law forbidding any owner to operate more than one casino per county.

Since Apex will still be left operating twenty casinos in the state, it will then have the most casinos in the state.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the prediction?

是題目本身沒有看懂分扎。M家有17個casino胧洒，AC家要買E，但要先賣出5個菲饼。AC要成為最大列赎。哪些做法會削弱AC當(dāng)大的可能性。

M是唯一合法的買家饼煞。賣掉的5個只能被M買的話，那AC就不可能當(dāng)大息堂。這個彎轉(zhuǎn)得好多……块促。

A) Apex, Eldorado, and Moneyland are the only organizations licensed to operate casinos in the state.

D) Moneyland already operates casinos in the majority of the state's counties.

如果這是真的話竭翠，那么反而支持AC當(dāng)大的結(jié)論，因?yàn)镸不能再買別縣的casino了渡八。

758

It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. In fact, however, simply talking to other people—that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills —suffices. Evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited?

B) Many medical conditions and treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness also tend to increase that person's social isolation.

D) The study did not itself collect data but analyzed data bearing on the issue from prior studies.

這題只是說social 和mental sharpness有關(guān)呀狼，但是不能證明有因果關(guān)系损离。座椅只要能找到第三個因素就可以weaken了。比如說有些原因會影響mental sharpness貌踏，所以才會不得不引發(fā)social isolation窟勃。

國外的argument永遠(yuǎn)都是不去攻擊你認(rèn)為對的是對的，而是說你的推理是錯的眷昆，所以結(jié)論也是錯的汁咏。為什么國內(nèi)的argument質(zhì)量很低就是這個原因攘滩。

而我忍不住想選D是因?yàn)槲蚁牍羲麄冋摀?jù)的數(shù)據(jù)分析出錯了。但這個沒有落到推理出錯上赖瞒。而且，D講的只是數(shù)據(jù)不是自己收集的吧兔，但不代表分析就一定有錯啊袍嬉。不是自己收集，分析對了也沒毛病。這個無法攻擊泵殴。