2-b-1

Local climate changes can impact on a number of factors, including air pollution, that have been shown to in?uence both the development and attacks of allergic respiratory diseases, and they thus represent an important consideration for the allergist. Migration in-volves exposure（接觸） to a new set of pollutants and allergens and changes in housing conditions, diet and accessibility to medical services, all of which are likely to affect migrants’ health. This review provides an update on climate change, migration, and allergy and discusses factors for consid-eration when making recommendations for local allergy service provision, and for assessing an individual patient’s environmental exposures（影響）.

allergic respiratory diseases:過敏性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病
allergist：過敏醫(yī)師  同根詞allergen  allergy

當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蜃兓軌蛴绊懙桨諝馕廴驹趦?nèi)的很多因素，這些因素表明影響過敏性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的形成和發(fā)作径荔，因此氣候變化受到過敏尨圉科醫(yī)師的格外關(guān)注。移民勢必會接觸一系列新的污染物和過敏原鹦马，會改變居住環(huán)境忆肾，飲食和醫(yī)療服務(wù)的便捷性，這些都有可能影響移民者的健康旭从。這篇文章提供了氣候變化,遷移和過敏的最新研究场仲，并討論了為地域性過敏服務(wù)提供建議時，評估環(huán)境對個體患者影響時摹闽，需要考慮的因素褐健。

2-b-2

Migration studies provide useful information on the role of environmental factors, including climate changes on the development of atopy and asthma. Migration involves exposure to a new set of pollutants and allergens and changes in housing conditions, diet and accessibility to medical services, all of which are likely to affect migrants' health. Atopy and asthma are more prevalent in developed and industrialized countries as compared with undeveloped and less affluent countries, and the affect of migration is age and time-dependent: early age and longer time spent in the new environment increase the likelihood of developing allergenic symptoms such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or eczema. Migrants should, therefore, be aware of the potential for developing allergies, asthma, or both.

atopy 遺傳性過敏
asthma 哮喘
pollutants 污染物
allergens 過敏原

移民研究提供了有關(guān)環(huán)境因素作用的有用信息蚜迅，包括氣候變化對患遺傳性過敏和哮喘的影響俊抵。移民可能接觸到全新的污染物、過敏原以及住房條件刹帕、飲食和醫(yī)療服務(wù)方面的變化，所有這些都可能影響到移民的健康偷溺。相對比那些不發(fā)達(dá)的國家，遺傳性過敏和哮喘在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)化國家更為普遍侦另；遷移則取決于年齡和時間：在新環(huán)境中處的時間越早尉共、越長，感染過敏癥的可能性就越大殿托，包括哮喘杠河、鼻炎或濕疹。因此唾戚，移民應(yīng)該注意潛在的可能患上的過敏和哮喘待诅。

2-b-3(未整理)

The key determinants of greenhouse gas emissions are energy production, transportation, agriculture, food production and waste management, and attempts at mitigating climate change will need to address each of these. However, while there is some uncertainty about predicting future meteorological trends, whatever interventions may be put in place to ameliorate climate change, it is likely that the world will experience more hot days, fewer frost days, and more periods of heavy rain and consequent flooding. Paradoxically it is likely that there will be more periods of drought.

emission [?'m??(?)n]:n.發(fā)射卑雁，散發(fā)，排放
meteorological [,mi?t??r?'l?d??k?l]:adj.氣象测蹲，氣候
intervention [?nt?'ven?(?)n]:n.干涉扣甲，干預(yù)
be put in place to:被安置在，用來
ameliorate[?'mi?l??re?t]:vt.改善琉挖，緩解
consequent ['k?ns?kw(?)nt]:adj.隨之發(fā)生的示辈，作為結(jié)果的
paradoxically [,p?r?'d?ksik?li]:adv.自相矛盾地，反常地

溫室氣體排放的關(guān)鍵決定因素是能源生產(chǎn)矾麻，交通運輸芭梯，農(nóng)業(yè)粥帚，食品生產(chǎn)和廢物管理限次，要想緩解氣候變化需要努力解決這些問題。 然而费尽，雖然在預(yù)測未來氣象趨勢中存在一些不確定性羊始，但可以采取任何干預(yù)措施來緩解氣候變化，世界可能會經(jīng)歷更多的炎熱天氣突委，更少的霜凍天數(shù)以及更多的暴雨期和隨之而來的洪水匀油。 反常的是，可能會有更多的干旱時期敌蚜。

2-b-4

Studies on plant responses to elevated CO2 concentrations indicate that plants exhibit enhanced photosynthesis and reproductive effects and produce more pollen. An earlier start and peak of the pollen season is more pronounced in species that start flowering early in the year. Futhermore, plants flower earlier in urban areas than in the corresponding rural areas with earlier pollination of about 2-4 days. Meteorological factors(temperature, wind speed, humidity, thunderstorms, and so forth)along with their climatic regimes(warm or cold anomalies and dry or wet periods, and so forth), can affect both biologic and chemical components of this interaction. In addition, by inducing airway inflammation, air pollution overcomes the mucosal barrier, leading to the priming of allergen-induced responses. Climate changes might induce negative effects on respiratory allergic diseases favoring the increased length and severity of the pollen season, the higher occurrence of heavy precipitation events and the increasing frequency of urban air pollution episodes.

photosynthesis [,f??t?(?)'s?nθ?s?s]:n.光合作用
pollen ['p?l?n]:n.花粉
pollination  [?p?l??ne??n]:n. [農(nóng)學(xué)] 授粉（作用）
humidity[hj?'m?d?t?]:n. [氣象] 濕度
climatic[kla?'m?t?k]:adj. 氣候的齐媒；氣候上的
regime[re?'?i?m]:n.社會制度纷跛；管理體制;狀況
anomaly [?'n?m(?)l?]:n.異常，反常的事物
airway inflammation:n.[醫(yī)學(xué)]氣道炎癥
mucosal [,mju:'k??'s?l]:adj. 粘膜的
respiratory[r??sp?r?t(?)ri]:adi.呼吸的
allergic[?'l??d??k]:adj.對···過敏的
episode ['ep?s??d]:n. 插曲唬血；一段情節(jié)叮阅；一段時期

植物對二氧化碳濃度升高的反應(yīng)研究表明泣特，植物表現(xiàn)出增強(qiáng)的光合作用和繁殖效應(yīng)，并產(chǎn)生更多的花粉勒叠。花粉季節(jié)的提前開始和高峰在年初開始開花的物種中更為明顯拌汇。此外弊决，城市地區(qū)的植物早于相應(yīng)的農(nóng)村地區(qū)開花，早期授粉約2-4天飘诗。氣象因素（溫度昆稿，風(fēng)速，濕度溉潭，雷暴等）以及它們的氣候狀況（溫暖或寒冷的異常以及干燥或潮濕時期等）都會影響這種相互作用的生物和化學(xué)成分喳瓣。此外，通過誘導(dǎo)氣道炎癥畏陕，空氣污染克服了粘膜屏障蹭秋，導(dǎo)致引發(fā)過敏原誘導(dǎo)的反應(yīng)。氣候變化有利于增加花粉季節(jié)長度和嚴(yán)重程度仁讨，強(qiáng)降水事件的發(fā)生率增加以及城市空氣污染事件發(fā)生頻率的增加洞豁，可能會對呼吸道過敏性疾病有負(fù)面的影響。

2-b-5

Thunderstorms occurring during the pollen season have been observed to induce severe asthma attacks in pollinosis patients. Associations between thunderstorms and asthma morbidity have been identified in multiple locations around the world. The most prominent hypotheses for thunderstorm-related asthma are linked with bioaerosols, and involve the role of rainwater in promoting the release of respirable particulate matter. After hydratation and rupture by osmotic shock during the beginning of a thunderstorm, pollen grains release part of their cytoplasmic content into the atmosphere, including inhalable, allergen-carrying paucimicronic particles such as starch granules and other cytoplasmic components.

induce vt. 誘導(dǎo)刁卜；引起 
prominent adj. 突出的曙咽，顯著的
bioaerosols n. 生物氣膠                 
respirable adj. 可呼吸的，能呼吸的
particulate adj. 微粒的                   
starch granules 淀粉顆粒

人們已經(jīng)觀察到在花粉期出現(xiàn)的雷暴會引起花粉癥患者的嚴(yán)重哮喘發(fā)作孝情。世界多地已經(jīng)證實了雷暴與哮喘發(fā)病率的聯(lián)系。其中最突出的雷暴引起的哮喘假說是與生物氣膠密不可分魁亦，而且該假說還涉及雨水在促進(jìn)可吸入顆粒釋放時的重要作用羔挡。在雷雨開始時，由于滲透性沖擊所引起的水化和破裂作用睬魂，花粉粒會釋放部分細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物到大氣中镀赌，其中包括可吸入的、帶有致敏原的微小顆粒喉钢，比如淀粉顆粒和其它細(xì)胞質(zhì)成分良姆。

2-b-6

A combined approach comprises primary prevention by greenhouse gas mitigation to stabilize the climate, and secondary prevention by clinical intervention to minimize climate change-related increases in asthma and allergic disease. Climate changes in the future may depend on how rapidly and successfully global mitigation and adaptation strategies are deployed. The effect of human intervention and efforts to minimize changes in vegetation and aeroallergen exposure remains to be seen.

mitigation：[?m?t??ge??n] n.減輕玛追；緩解；緩和 
asthma ：[??sm?] n.氣喘痊剖；哮喘
allergic：[??l?:d??k] ①adj.對…過敏的②adj.對…十分反感的，厭惡的
aeroallergen：[e?r???l?d??n] n.高空過敏癥找颓；[醫(yī)]氣源性致敏原
An aeroallergen is any airborne substance, such as pollen or spores, which triggers an allergic reaction.

一套組合性的方案包括第一道預(yù)防措施：對溫室氣體進(jìn)行吸收以用于穩(wěn)定氣候的變化叮贩，第二道預(yù)防措施：臨床上進(jìn)行干預(yù)以最小化氣候變化引起的疾病如哮喘和過敏性疾病的發(fā)病益老。在未來，全球變暖情況可能會取決于全球減緩和適應(yīng)性策略的應(yīng)用有多么地迅速和成功档冬。人類干預(yù)造成的影響以及減少植物和吸入性過敏源暴露程度變化所做的努力的效果還尚待觀察。