Reading

TPO 1

Groundwater

【單詞】

saturate：vt. 滲透

meteoric：adj. 流星的，大氣的

soak into：浸泡申鱼，浸透

precipitation：n. （化學(xué)）沉淀

emerge：vi. 浮現(xiàn)

incredible：adj. 難以置信的

unconsolidated：adj. 疏松的 ? ? ? consolidate：v. 鞏固

gravel：n. 碎石

coarse：adj. 粗俗的

sediment：n. 沉淀物

sheet：n. 薄片 ? ? ice sheets：冰層

pebble：n. 卵石

lade：vt. 裝載阴颖，裝（船）活喊；vi. （用勺子）舀出，裝貨 ? ? ? be laden with：負(fù)載著

glacial：adj. 冰的

outwash：n. 冰水沉積

deposit：vt. 放置

fanwise：adv. 呈扇葉展開地量愧；adj. 呈扇葉展開的

slope：n. 斜坡

overlie：vt. 覆在……上面

pore：n. 孔

porous：adj. 多孔滲水的

porosity：n. 多孔性

permeability：n. 浸透性

grain：n. 顆粒，谷物

plug：v. 塞帅矗，插 ? ? be plugged with

cement：vt. 鞏固 ? ? cementing：黏固的

percolate：vi. 過濾?

crystalline：adj. 透明的

basalt：n. 玄武巖

solidified：adj. 固化的偎肃，凝固的

volcanic：adj. 火山的

lava：n. 熔巖

cavity：n. 腔

crevice：n. 裂縫

cling：v. 黏緊 ? ?cling to：依附

【長難句】

1.Ordinary?meteoric?water is water that has?soaked?into the ground from the surface, from?precipitation?(rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

2.The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose,?unconsolidated?sand and?gravel.

3.They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of?coarse?sediment?once flowed.

4.For example, as the great ice?sheets?that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.

5.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden?river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto?relatively?flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out?fanwise, depositing the?sediment?in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped?slope.?

6.Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the?deposited?sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

7.In?lowland?country almost any spot on the ground may?overlie?what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s?upper?surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with?groundwater.

8.This is because the gaps among the original?grains?are often not totally?plugged?with?cementing?chemicals; also, parts of the original?grains?may become dissolved by?percolating?groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.?

9.But note that?porosity?is not the same as?permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual?cavities?and the?crevices?linking them.

10.It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would?drain?instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.?The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot,?drain?away.?

【錯(cuò)題】

4.According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?

A. Inside pieces of sand and gravel

B. On top of beds of rock

C. In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil

D. In spaces between pieces of sediment

【參考原文】

The necessary space is there, however, in many forms.?The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny?pebbles—of loose,?unconsolidated?sand and?gravel.?Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common.?They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of?coarse?sediment?once flowed.?For example, as the great ice?sheets?that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.?The water was always?laden?with?pebbles,?gravel, and sand, known as?glacial?outwash, that was?deposited?as the flow slowed down.

【總結(jié)】

答案應(yīng)該是在這些砂礫碎石的碎片之間：

A選項(xiàng)，在一片片砂礫碎石的里面浑此；

D選項(xiàng)累颂，在沉淀物中間的空隙里，正確

在高度概括的時(shí)候會更換相同意思的詞凛俱，所以需要詞匯量的提高

13.Look at the four squares?[■]?that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?.

【參考原文】

Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated?sedimentor rock will?drain?from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.?[■]But some will remain,?clinging?to all solid surfaces. [■]It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would?drain?instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.?[■]The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot,?drainaway.?[■]

【解析】

"待插入句說多少流走多少剩下是什么決定的紊馏，所以之前必須得說一部分流走了一部分剩下了，原文最后一句才說到這個(gè)蒲犬，所以D是答案朱监。貌似B選項(xiàng)之前也說了流走和剩下，但B之后有個(gè)it is held there原叮，這個(gè)it指的是前文的留下來的水赫编，所以與上文過渡緊密巡蘸，不能插入句子。"

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.

A.Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.

B.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.

C.The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.

D.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.

E.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.

F.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.

The Origins of Theater

【單詞】

speculation：n. 思索

primarily：adv. 主要地擂送，首要地

anthropologist：n. 人類學(xué)家

envision：vt. 設(shè)想悦荒，想象 ? ?envision ... as：將……看做

ritual：adj. 儀式上的

rite：n. 儀式

perceive：vt. 察覺 → 將……理解為

well-being：n. 幸福

attribute：v. 歸屬，歸于嘹吨；n. 屬性 ? ?attribute ... to：將……歸屬給

desirable：adj. 令人滿意的 ? ? ? ?undesirable：adj. 不令人滿意的搬味，不受歡迎的

occurrence：n. 發(fā)生

refine：vt. 精煉

formalize：vt. 使形式化，使正式

representative：n. 代表

mythical：adj. 神話的

sophisticated：adj. 復(fù)雜的蟀拷，老于世故的

causal：adj. 有因果關(guān)系的身腻，有原因的

conception：n. 懷孕，受孕匹厘；構(gòu)思嘀趟，構(gòu)想；概念愈诚，觀念她按；想法

condition：n. 條件

prosperity：n. 繁榮

feat：n. 功績

elaborate：v. 詳盡闡述

narrator：n. 講述者

pantomime：n. 手勢，啞劇

pantomimic：adj. 啞劇的

rhythmical：adj. 節(jié)奏的

gymnastic：adj. 體操的

impersonation：n. 扮演

evolve：v. 進(jìn)化 ? ? evolve out of：從……進(jìn)化而來

virtuocity：n. 美術(shù)興趣炕柔，審美能力酌泰，鑒賞能力

antecedent：n. 經(jīng)歷，祖先匕累；adj. 在先的

theorize：v. 使理論化

cease：v. 停止陵刹，停息

Aristotle：亞里士多德

encounter：v. 遭遇

objectify：vt. 使具體化，使客觀化欢嘿，體現(xiàn)

whereby：adv. 憑借

penchant：n. 嗜好衰琐，傾向

autonomous：adj. 自治的，獨(dú)立自主的

detachment：n. 分離

deviation：n. 偏離炼蹦，背離

norm：n. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

retain：vt. 保留羡宙，保持

【長難句】

1.In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely?primarily?on?speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw.

2.During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and?well-being.

3.Having little understanding of natural causes, it?attributes?both?desirable?and?undesirable?occurrences?to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.

4.Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats,?refines?and?formalizes?those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

5.Frequently the myths include?representatives?of those supernatural forces that the?rites?celebrate or hope to influence.?

6.Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other?feat) is?elaborated?through the narrator’s?pantomime?and?impersonation?and?eventuallythrough each role being?assumed?by a different person.

7.One necessary?conditionseems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems.?For example, one sign of this?condition?is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient?detachmentto view some?deviations?from social?norms?as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.?

8.Another?condition?that contributes to the development of?autonomous?theater is the?emergence?of the?aestheticsense.?For example, some early societies?ceased?to consider certain rites essential to their?well-being?and abandoned them, nevertheless, they?retained?as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

【錯(cuò)題】

3.According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater

A. are mainly hypothetical

B. are well supported by factual evidence

C. have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists

D. were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development

【解析】

以origins of theater為關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段第一句，one must rely primarily on speculation掐隐，主要靠推測狗热，也就是A，主要是推論的虑省。不認(rèn)識hypothetical的話之后有解釋說沒有事實(shí)證據(jù)匿刮，所以也能說明是推論的. B 與原文反了。 C 與原文有出入探颈。原文說：The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists 說至少有一個(gè)理論得到人類學(xué)家廣泛認(rèn)同熟丸。 D 原文沒有提到。

4.According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?

A. To establish a positive connection between the members of the society

B. To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply

C. To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies

D. To increase the society’s prosperity

【解析】

"ceremonial action做關(guān)鍵詞定位至全段最后一句：說人們是感覺到了他們的儀式性的活動和他們所期望的那種結(jié)果之間的聯(lián)系之后他們才做這些事情的膝擂。前一句說：他們把無論好壞的結(jié)果都?xì)w因于超自然的力量虑啤，他們做這些事情是為了贏得超自然力量的眷顧隙弛，所以D為了整個(gè)社會的繁榮是正確答案。

7.According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

A. Emphasizing theater as entertainment

B. Developing a new understanding of why events occur

C. Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters

D. Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition

【解析】

以abandon rites做關(guān)鍵詞定位至全段倒數(shù)第三句狞山，有個(gè)as a result全闷，說明之前的句子是導(dǎo)致人們放棄這種儀式的原因，也正是問題的答案萍启。隨著人們越來越智慧总珠，他們對超自然的能力的認(rèn)識，還有超自然能力和他們所期待的結(jié)果之間的因果關(guān)系會變化勘纯，也就是很多人不再認(rèn)為是超自然的能力在左右他們局服，所以B有了新的認(rèn)識是正確答案。 A entertainment概念在本段最后才提到驳遵。 C sophisticated 概念在前句提到淫奔，原文As a person becomes more sophisticated，是說人變得復(fù)雜了堤结，而不是復(fù)雜的代表神秘角色的方式唆迁。 D 原文完全沒有提到。

【總結(jié)】

不要看到有原文單詞就選竞穷，更可能是陷阱唐责；托福的答案更多的是換一種說法

Timberline Vegetation on Mountains

【單詞】

tundra：n. 苔原

shrub：n. 灌木

herb：n. 香草

timberline：n. 樹帶界線 ? ? ?upper/lower timberline 上/下行樹帶界線

steppe：n. 西伯利亞一帶沒有樹木的大草原

tropics：n. 熱帶地區(qū)

deciduous：adj. 每年落葉的

broadleaf：n. 闊葉樹

birch：n. 樺木

twisted：adj. 扭曲的，變態(tài)的

deformed：adj. 畸形的 ? ?deform：v. 變形

latitude：n. 緯度

ridge：n. 山脊

whereas：conj. 然而

duration：n. 持續(xù)時(shí)間

prone：adj. 有……傾向

frost：n. 嚴(yán)寒

cessation：n. 停止瘾带，中止鼠哥，中斷

smother：vt. 使窒息

avalanche：n. 雪崩

creep：n. 爬行 ? ? snow creep：雪移

seedling：n. 秧苗

elevation：n. 提拔

graze：vt. 放牧，擦傷

ibex：n. 野生山羊看政，阿爾卑斯山上的野山羊

alpine：adj. 高山的 ? ?alpine tundra：高山苔原

adjacent：adj. 鄰近的

fairly：adv. 相當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

low-lying：adj. 低洼的

moss：n. 苔蘚

lichen：n. 青苔

prostrate：adj. 平臥的朴恳；沮喪的，一蹶不振的

snowdrift：n. （被風(fēng)吹成的）雪堆

rigor：n. 嚴(yán)密帽衙，嚴(yán)格

insulation：n. 絕緣菜皂，保溫

equatorial：adj. 赤道上的

prevalent：adj. 流行的

【長難句】

1.In many?semiarid?areas there is also a lower?timberlinewhere the forest passes into?steppe?or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of?moisture.

2.Timberline?trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over?deciduous?trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the?upper?timberline.?

3.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and?upper?latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on?ridges,?whereas?in the?tropics?the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.?

4.Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where?seedlings?cannot establish themselves.

5.Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of?ultraviolet?light with?elevation?may play a role, while?browsing?and?grazinganimals like the?ibex?may be another contributing factor.?

6.Immediately?adjacent?to the?timberline, the?tundra?consists of a?fairly?complete cover of?low-lyingshrubs,?herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and?diversity?of species decrease until there is much bare ground with?occasional?mosses?and?lichens?and some?prostratecushion?plants.?

【錯(cuò)題】

1.The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. gradual

B. complex

C. visible

D. striking

【原文參考】

The transition from forest to treeless?tundra?on a mountain?slope?is often a?dramatic?one.?Within a?vertical?distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low?shrubs,?herbs, and grasses.?This rapid zone of transition is called the?upper?timberline?or tree line.?In many?semiarid?areas there is also a lower?timberlinewhere the forest passes into?steppe?or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of?moisture.

【解析】

"dramatic: 劇烈的，戲劇化的厉萝，就單詞本身能夠想到drama戲劇，所以這個(gè)應(yīng)該是戲劇的形容詞榨崩。A是逐漸的谴垫；B是復(fù)雜的；C是可見的母蛛；D是顯著的翩剪，突出的，驚人的彩郊。根據(jù)詞意前弯，正確答案是D蚪缀。

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.

A.Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.

B.There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.

C.The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.

D.The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.

E.High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.

F.Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures.

【解析】

A選項(xiàng)提到了具體的樹種樺樹，明顯是一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)選項(xiàng)恕出，A選項(xiàng)不選询枚；B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第四段首句，B選項(xiàng)正確浙巫；由第四自然段大意及第四自然段的“Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature”可得C選項(xiàng)正確金蜀；D選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第二段的第三句和第三段的首句，D選項(xiàng)正確的畴；E選項(xiàng)中渊抄，原文沒有將兩者進(jìn)行比較，則E選項(xiàng)不正確丧裁；F選項(xiàng)中护桦，雖然文章倒數(shù)第二自然段提到了緊挨著樹帶界線，苔原上都是矮灌木煎娇、草本植物和牧草二庵，但是，文章中并沒有直接介紹說這些低矮的樹木能夠忍受大風(fēng)和低溫逊桦。