T39 ? Forest Fire Suppression
1. approximating - resembling ?
One factor is the direct effect of logging, which often turns a forest into something approximating a huge pile of kindling (wood for burning)
something approximating ?類似于... ??
相當于 resembling = approximating?
2. ?regrettable- unfortunately?
When a fire finally does start in a sapling-choked forest, whether due to lightning or human carelessness or (regrettably often) intentional arson, the dense, tall saplings (young trees) may become a ladder that allows the fire to jump into the crowns of the trees.
很不幸的經(jīng)常發(fā)生 regrettable often?
3.detected- identified 確認
Scholars have detected some 6,000 separate hieroglyphic characters in use over the history of Egyptian writing, but it appears that never more than a thousand were in use during any one period. 本句前半句的大致意思是：學者們探測到有6000左右的文字被用在埃及歷史的書寫中。
4、abound -numerous ?大量的
Cuneiform texts on science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics abound, some offering astoundingly precise data. 本句的大致意思是：科學的、天文學的滋早、藥學的和數(shù)學的楔形文字內容豐富肆氓，有些甚至提供了這些學科上的令人驚訝的準確數(shù)據(jù)呢袱。
5. shuffle 移來移去，改變位置
Egyptologists have noticed that the glyphs that constitute individual words were sometimes shuffled to make the text more pleasing to the eye with little regard for sound or sense. 本句大意是：埃及古物學者注意到由單個文字組成的雕文有時候會被弄亂以讓這些文字看起來更好淫奔，而不管這樣做會不會影響發(fā)音或者意思津畸。
e.g.
to move something such as papers into a different order or into different positions
把〔文件等〕移來移去振定，改變…的順序[位置]
例：
Jack sat nervously shuffling the papers around on his desk.
杰克緊張地坐著，把桌上的文件搬來搬去肉拓。
[+ through ]
例：
Frances shuffled through a pile of magazines.
弗朗西絲把一大堆雜志翻了個遍后频。
6.?perpetuated - continued?
We must perpetuate the system.
我們必須將此制度永久保持。
When you resist the state you’re in, you perpetuate it.
而一旦抵制這種狀態(tài)暖途，你會深陷其間難以自拔徘郭。
And worst of all, they continue to perpetuate the fantasy that Israel will one day be flooded by the descendants of Palestinian refugees.
并且最糟糕的是，他們繼續(xù)念念不忘那個幻想丧肴，即以色列有朝一日會被巴勒斯坦難民的后裔所吞沒。
7. phenomena - ?occurrences ? 發(fā)生的事件
One of the most important phenomena of the later Middle Ages was the growing availability of cheap paper.?
8. contracted - shortened ?收縮的胧后；被縮短的
By about 1150, the Spanish had developed the first mill for making cheap paper (a wordcontractedfrom "papyrus", which became the standard term).
9.?compacted- smaller
緊湊的
At the same time, people were moving to the city, partly because of the enclosure movement; that is, the fencing of common fields and pastures in order to provide more compact, efficient privately held agricultural parcels that would produce more goods and greater profits.
圈地運動 提供更緊縮芋浮，更有效的私人持有的農業(yè)土地
