In this Guide we address the full spectrum of spatial analysis and associated modeling techniques that are provided within currently available and widely used geographic information systems (GIS) and associated software. Collectively such techniques and tools are often now described as geospatial analysis, although we use the more common form, spatial analysis, in most of our discussions.
本指南面面俱到的講述了空間分析和相關(guān)的建模技術(shù)，這些技術(shù)被廣泛的應(yīng)用于當(dāng)前的GIS系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)的軟件中乾忱〖フ洌總體來(lái)講這些技術(shù)和工具經(jīng)常被稱(chēng)之為地理空間分析，但大多數(shù)時(shí)候窄瘟，我們都簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)其為空間分析衷佃。
The term ‘GIS’ is widely attributed to Roger Tomlinson and colleagues, who used it in 1963 to describe their activities in building a digital natural resource inventory system for Canada (Tomlinson 1967, 1970). The history of the field has been charted in an edited volume by Foresman (1998) containing contributions by many of its early protagonists. A timeline of many of the formative influences upon the field up to the year 2000 is available via: http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/gistimeline/; and is provided by Longley et al. (2010). Useful background information may be found at the GIS History Project website (NCGIA): http://www.ncgia.buffalo.edu/gishist/. Each of these sources makes the unassailable point that the success of GIS as an area of activity has fundamentally been driven by the success of its applications in solving real world problems. Many applications are illustrated in Longley et al. (Chapter 2, “A gallery of applications”). In a similar vein the web site for this Guide provides companion material focusing on applications. Amongst these are a series of sector?specific case studies drawing on recent work in and around London (UK), together with a number of international case studies.
‘GIS’這個(gè)詞匯來(lái)源于Roger Tomlinson和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們?cè)谧鲆粋€(gè)加拿大的數(shù)字自然資源系統(tǒng)時(shí)用這個(gè)詞匯來(lái)描述相關(guān)內(nèi)容蹄葱。Foresman這個(gè)人把GIS的歷史做成了一個(gè)可編輯的圖表氏义，包含了一些早期的先驅(qū)事跡。[原文中的幾個(gè)網(wǎng)址都打不開(kāi)了图云。觅赊。。]琼稻。從這些歷史事件中看出吮螺，GIS技術(shù)成功地解決了一些現(xiàn)實(shí)的世界性問(wèn)題，從而也驅(qū)動(dòng)了GIS的發(fā)展帕翻。文章中的第二章節(jié)介紹了大量的應(yīng)用案例鸠补。[后面的幾個(gè)鏈接都失效了。嘀掸。紫岩。]
In order to cover such a wide range of topics, this Guide has been divided into a number of main sections or chapters. These are then further subdivided, in part to identify distinct topics as closely as possible, facilitating the creation of a web site from the text of the Guide. Hyperlinks embedded within the document enable users of the web and PDF versions of this document to navigate around the Guide and to external sources of information, data, software, maps, and reading materials.
本書(shū)為了涵蓋這么多的主題內(nèi)容，分成了一系列的主要部分和章節(jié)睬塌。然后進(jìn)一步細(xì)分成不同的子類(lèi)主題泉蝌。web版和PDF版中的鏈接關(guān)聯(lián)了很多有用的資源：擴(kuò)展閱讀信息歇万、數(shù)據(jù)、軟件勋陪、地圖和其他一些相關(guān)資料贪磺。
Chapter 2 provides an introduction to spatial thinking, recently described by some as “spatial literacy”, and addresses the central issues and problems associated with spatial data that need to be considered in any analytical exercise. In practice, real-world applications are likely to be governed by the organizational practices and procedures that prevail with respect to particular places. Not only are there wide differences in the volume and remit of data that the public sector collects about population characteristics in different parts of the world, but there are differences in the ways in which data are collected, assembled and disseminated (e.g. general purpose censuses versus statistical modeling of social surveys, property registers and tax payments). There are also differences in the ways in which different data holdings can legally be merged and the purposes for which data may be used — particularly with regard to health and law enforcement data. Finally, there are geographical differences in the cost of geographically referenced data. Some organizations, such as the US Geological Survey, are bound by statute to limit charges for data to sundry costs such as media used for delivering data while others, such as most national mapping organizations in Europe, are required to exact much heavier charges in order to recoup much or all of the cost of data creation. Analysts may already be aware of these contextual considerations through local knowledge, and other considerations may become apparent through browsing metadata catalogs. GIS applications must by definition be sensitive to context, since they represent unique locations on the Earth’s surface.
第二章包含對(duì)空間概念的介紹（有些人稱(chēng)之為“空間意識(shí)”）和針對(duì)空間數(shù)據(jù)處理的核心問(wèn)題探討。實(shí)踐中诅愚，現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)景中的應(yīng)用更側(cè)重于對(duì)特定一些地方的組織和過(guò)程管理寒锚。在世界各地，由公共部門(mén)采集的人口普查數(shù)據(jù)违孝，不僅在數(shù)據(jù)量和數(shù)據(jù)組織上大有不同刹前，而且數(shù)據(jù)的收集、整理和傳輸都各有不同（例如雌桑，社會(huì)人口普查喇喉、產(chǎn)權(quán)登記和稅務(wù)信息都是不同的建模方式）。同樣校坑，在數(shù)據(jù)的共享合并和使用目的上也有不同——特別是健康和執(zhí)法數(shù)據(jù)拣技。再一個(gè)，獲取空間數(shù)據(jù)的成本因地域不同撒踪。一些組織，像美國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局是禁止收取類(lèi)似數(shù)據(jù)傳輸媒介等的各種數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)費(fèi)用大渤，但是大多數(shù)歐洲的國(guó)家測(cè)繪部門(mén)制妄，為了收回?cái)?shù)據(jù)生成成本會(huì)收取高額的數(shù)據(jù)費(fèi)用。數(shù)據(jù)分析師應(yīng)該對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐倪@些情況進(jìn)行了解泵三，甚至可以通過(guò)瀏覽元數(shù)據(jù)去獲取相關(guān)信息耕捞。GIS應(yīng)用必須要能夠適應(yīng)這些數(shù)據(jù)的各種不同與變化，因?yàn)檫@些數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)了地球表面不同位置的信息烫幕。
This initial discussion is followed in Chapter 3 by an examination of the methodological background to GIS analysis. Initially we examine a number of formal methodologies and then apply ideas drawn from these to the specific case of spatial analysis. A process known by its initials, PPDAC (Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusions) is described as a methodological framework that may be applied to a very wide range of spatial analysis problems and projects. We conclude Chapter 3 with a discussion on model-building, with particular reference to the various types of model that can be constructed to address geospatial problems.
第三章首先是探討一些與GIS分析相關(guān)的方法理論俺抽，并將這些方法應(yīng)用于實(shí)際的空間分析案例中。用首字母PPDAC（問(wèn)題较曼，計(jì)劃磷斧，數(shù)據(jù)，分析捷犹，結(jié)論）來(lái)表示能夠用來(lái)解決各種空間分析的問(wèn)題或工程弛饭。第三章還包括對(duì)于建模的討論，構(gòu)建各種類(lèi)型的模型來(lái)解決地理空間問(wèn)題萍歉。
Subsequent Chapters present the various analytical methods supported within widely available software tools. The majority of the methods described in Chapter 4 Building blocks of spatial analysis) and many of those in Chapter 6 (Surface and field analysis) are implemented as standard facilities in modern commercial GIS packages such as ArcGIS, MapInfo, Manifold, TNTMips and Geomedia. Many are also provided in more specialized GIS products such as Idrisi, GRASS, QGIS (with SEXTANTE Plugin) Terraseer and ENVI. Note that GRASS and QGIS (which includes GRASS in its download kit) are OpenSource.
后續(xù)章節(jié)中講述了目前廣泛使用的軟件工具中用到的各種各樣的空間分析方法侣颂。大部分在第4章，在第6章中枪孩，很多方法被現(xiàn)代商業(yè)軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通用模塊憔晒，像ARCGIS,MapInfo,Manifold,TNTMips和Geomedia藻肄。一些方法是通過(guò)一些更專(zhuān)業(yè)化的GIS軟件提供，像Idrisi,GRASS,QGIS,ENVI拒担。特別說(shuō)明的是GRASS和QGIS都是開(kāi)源軟件嘹屯。
In addition we discuss a number of more specialized tools, designed to address the needs of specific sectors or technical problems that are otherwise not well-supported within the core GIS packages at present. Chapter 5, which focuses on statistical methods, and Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 which address Network and Location Analysis, and Geocomputation, are much less commonly supported in GIS packages, but may provide loose- or close-coupling with such systems, depending upon the application area. In all instances we provide detailed examples and commentary on software tools that are readily available.
在第5、7澎蛛、8章會(huì)討論一些更專(zhuān)業(yè)化的工具抚垄，這些工具用于特定的場(chǎng)景或技術(shù)問(wèn)題，更或者谋逻，是目前不適合集成進(jìn)GIS核心軟件包中呆馁。第8章討論網(wǎng)絡(luò)和空間分析，地理分析毁兆，這些功能一般不直接提供浙滤，但是會(huì)以松耦合或緊耦合的方式關(guān)聯(lián)到系統(tǒng)中，這會(huì)根據(jù)應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景而定气堕。所有的案例都會(huì)提供基于現(xiàn)成軟件的詳細(xì)示例和說(shuō)明纺腊。
As noted above, throughout this Guide examples are drawn from and refer to specific products — these have been selected purely as examples and are not intended as recommendations. Extensive use has also been made of tabulated information, providing abbreviated summaries of techniques and formulas for reasons of both compactness and coverage. These tables are designed to provide a quick reference to the various topics covered and are, therefore, not intended as a substitute for fuller details on the various items covered. We provide limited discussion of novel 2D and 3D mapping facilities, and the support for digital globe formats (e.g. KML and KMZ), which is increasingly being embedded into general-purpose and specialized data analysis toolsets. These developments confirm the trend towards integration of geospatial data and presentation layers into mainstream software systems and services, both terrestrial and planetary (see, for example, the KML images of Mars DEMs at the end of this Guide).
文章中提及的示例和涉及使用到的工具軟件，僅僅是用來(lái)演示示例茎芭，而不是作為一種操作建議揖膜。為了更好的使用，將它們列成表格梅桩，為了讓其緊湊和條理提供了簡(jiǎn)要的技術(shù)說(shuō)明壹粟。這些列表是為了提供更快的索引，而不是說(shuō)將所有相關(guān)的子主題都涵蓋宿百。我們對(duì)較新的2D和3D的繪圖工具和數(shù)字地球數(shù)據(jù)格式的相關(guān)講解不深趁仙，例如谷歌的KML和KMZ格式，被越來(lái)越多的應(yīng)用于通用的和特定的數(shù)據(jù)分析工具垦页。這些發(fā)展變化證明主流系統(tǒng)軟件和服務(wù)的趨勢(shì)在向空間數(shù)據(jù)的集成和可視化展示現(xiàn)方向發(fā)展雀费，包括地球和其他行星（例如，文章中KML影像格式的火星DEM）痊焊。
Just as all datasets and software packages contain errors, known and unknown, so too do all books and websites, and the authors of this Guide expect that there will be errors despite our best efforts to remove these! Some may be genuine errors or misprints, whilst others may reflect our use of specific versions of software packages and their documentation. Inevitably with respect to the latter, new versions of the packages that we have used to illustrate this Guide will have appeared even before publication, so specific examples, illustrations and comments on scope or restrictions may have been superseded. In all cases the user should review the documentation provided with the software version they plan to use, check release notes for changes and known bugs, and look at any relevant online services (e.g. user/developer forums and blogs on the web) for additional materials and insights.
大致意思是書(shū)中難免有錯(cuò)匾效，尤其是相關(guān)軟件示例恩袱，讀者遇到問(wèn)題盡可能多地去查看最新軟件版本的相關(guān)技術(shù)資料，說(shuō)明文檔和版本新特性等。
The web version of this Guide may be accessed via the associated Internet site: http://www.spatialanalysisonline.com. The contents and sample sections of the PDF version may also be accessed from this site. In both cases the information is regularly updated. The Internet is now well established as society’s principal mode of information exchange and most GIS users are accustomed to searching for material that can easily be customized to specific needs. Our objective for such users is to provide an independent, reliable and authoritative first port of call for conceptual, technical, software and applications material that addresses the panoply of new user requirements.
