今天起沼头，我們一起學(xué)習(xí)比特幣領(lǐng)域經(jīng)典的作品Mastering Bitcoin?砸讳，國(guó)內(nèi)譯作《精通比特幣》幕与。這本書的作者是Andreas M. Antonopoulos是國(guó)外比特幣圈一位前輩速兔，這本書被譽(yù)為比特幣最好的技術(shù)參考。
《精通比特幣》的第一版中文版已經(jīng)在國(guó)內(nèi)出版州藕，第二版英文版于2017年7月完成束世，目前沒有中文紙質(zhì)版本。但是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上有網(wǎng)友貢獻(xiàn)出了英文版床玻。以下是相關(guān)鏈接：
書籍主頁：
https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook
英文版鏈接：
https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/book.asciidoc
中文版鏈接:
https://bitcoinbook.info/wp-content/translations/cmn/book.pdf
我會(huì)選擇英文版作為我們的學(xué)習(xí)主材料，針對(duì)這些英文材料沉帮，梳理出邏輯锈死，并寫出我的理解。由于已經(jīng)有現(xiàn)成的中文版譯本穆壕，因此我不會(huì)對(duì)英文逐句翻譯待牵；對(duì)于一些比較簡(jiǎn)單的部分，我會(huì)擇機(jī)省略喇勋。但是對(duì)其中的部分英文用法缨该，我會(huì)給出解釋。我期待能達(dá)到的效果是川背，既能把比特幣給學(xué)了贰拿，順便把英語的表達(dá)積累蛤袒。作為讀者，建議你先閱讀英文膨更，嘗試自己搞明白妙真，再看我的文字；如果英文理解有困難荚守，那就自行參考一下譯本珍德。不要只看中文，不看英文矗漾，這樣你會(huì)看不懂的锈候。
好，下面我從前言開始梳理：
0.前言
前言地址參見https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/preface.asciidoc
由于前言有許多說明性的文字敞贡，我僅從中摘錄部分論述晴及。
Writing the Bitcoin Book
I first stumbled upon bitcoin in mid-2011. My immediate reaction was more or less "Pfft! Nerd money!" and?I ignored it for another six months, failing to grasp its importance. This is a reaction that I have seen repeated among many of the smartest people I know, which gives me some consolation.?The second time I came across bitcoin, in a mailing list discussion, I decided to read the whitepaper written by Satoshi Nakamoto to study the authoritative source and see what it was all about. I still remember the moment I finished reading those nine pages, when I realized that bitcoin was not simply a digital currency,but a network of trust that could also provide the basis for so much more than just currencies.?The realization that "this isn’t money, it’s a decentralized trust network," started me on a four-month journey to devour every scrap of information about bitcoin I could find. I became obsessed and enthralled,?spending 12 or more hours each day glued to a screen, reading, writing, coding, and learning as much as I could.?I emerged from this state of fugue, more than 20 pounds lighter from lack of consistent meals, determined to dedicate myself to working on bitcoin.
這段有幾個(gè)信息點(diǎn)值得注意：
(1)?作者在第一次接觸比特幣的時(shí)候，并沒有太在意嫡锌，忽略了六個(gè)月的時(shí)間虑稼；第二次是在郵件討論中遇到比特幣，這時(shí)才開始讀中本聰?shù)陌灼ㄟ@份白皮書的解析我們已經(jīng)寫完了势木，參見《比特幣白皮書解析 | 從零開始區(qū)塊鏈》）蛛倦。作者想必是懊悔的，但是后面他發(fā)現(xiàn)其他很多聰明人啦桌，在第一次遇到比特幣溯壶，也是這樣的反應(yīng)，卻給了他一些安慰甫男。不過作者還是幸運(yùn)的且改，有的人每一次都說要讀，但是最后仍然是不了了之板驳，一拖十幾年又跛，甚至一輩子就過去了∪糁危看一下你的待辦清單慨蓝，有多少事情是你一直想做但是卻沒有做的呢？
(2)?作者在研究完白皮書以后端幼，意識(shí)到這不僅僅是電子貨幣礼烈，而是一種信任的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這不只是可以為貨幣打下基礎(chǔ)婆跑，還可以是很多事情的基礎(chǔ)此熬。在意識(shí)到這個(gè)問題以后，作者沉迷學(xué)習(xí)四個(gè)月，每天研究12個(gè)小時(shí)犀忱，盯著電腦募谎，閱讀、編碼峡碉、寫作近哟，之后瘦了20磅（18斤）。注意這里的became obsessed and enthralled鲫寄，glued to a screen吉执，emerged from this state of fugue都是很好的表達(dá)，英語寫作可以借鑒地来。
(3)?這里要學(xué)習(xí)的是作者的精神戳玫。從描述上看，作者是內(nèi)驅(qū)力很強(qiáng)的一個(gè)人未斑。做一件事情咕宿，不是因?yàn)閯e人給你打了雞血，而是你自己通過學(xué)習(xí)蜡秽，發(fā)現(xiàn)一件事情的極端重要意義府阀，從而自主產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力，不惜一切代價(jià)精進(jìn)芽突。這是區(qū)分人與人成就的重要原因试浙。我記得，李笑來老師在講他最初接觸到比特幣的時(shí)候寞蚌，也有類似的場(chǎng)景片斷田巴。其實(shí)在任何領(lǐng)域，要有一定的成績(jī)挟秤，都要有這樣一種“釘釘子”精神壹哺，完成自己的原始知識(shí)資本積累。
(4)?在十九大報(bào)告中有這樣一句話艘刚，“增強(qiáng)狠抓落實(shí)本領(lǐng)管宵，堅(jiān)持說實(shí)話、謀實(shí)事昔脯、出實(shí)招啄糙、求實(shí)效，把雷厲風(fēng)行和久久為功有機(jī)結(jié)合起來云稚，勇于攻堅(jiān)克難，以釘釘子精神做實(shí)做細(xì)做好各項(xiàng)工作沈堡【渤拢”
Two years later, after creating a number of small startups to explore various bitcoin-related services and products, I decided that it was time to write my first book.Bitcoin was the topic that had driven me into a frenzy of creativity and consumed my thoughts; it was the most exciting technology I had encountered since the internet.It was now time to share my passion about this amazing technology with a broader audience.
這里作者深情并茂地說：“比特幣讓我創(chuàng)意勃發(fā)，讓我殫精竭慮；就互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出來以來鲸拥，我遇到的最激動(dòng)人心的技術(shù)”拐格。那就讓我們跟著這位瘦下來20磅的作者，開始精通比特幣的旅程吧刑赶。
剩下的部分作者講了一些書面向的讀者捏浊，封面的隱喻以及閱讀指南，請(qǐng)大家自行閱讀撞叨。
https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/preface.asciidoc
1.簡(jiǎn)介
這一部分基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容由于在比特幣白皮書的解析部分已經(jīng)有所討論金踪，所以行文會(huì)比較簡(jiǎn)略。原文地址在
https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch01.asciidoc牵敷。
What Is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin is a collection of concepts and technologies that form the basis of a digital money ecosystem.?Units of currency called bitcoin are used to store and transmit value among participants in the bitcoin network. Bitcoin users communicate with each other using the bitcoin protocol primarily via the internet, although other transport networks can also be used. The bitcoin protocol stack, available as open source software, can be run on a wide range of computing devices, including laptops and smartphones, making the technology easily accessible.
比特幣是一套概念與技術(shù)胡岔，形成的電子現(xiàn)金生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。在解析比特幣白皮書的文章中枷餐，我們已經(jīng)對(duì)電子現(xiàn)金需要有的基本特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行過分析靶瘸。
Users can transfer bitcoin over the network to do just about anything that can be done with conventional currencies, including buy and sell goods, send money to people or organizations, or extend credit. Bitcoin can be purchased, sold, and exchanged for other currencies at specialized currency exchanges.Bitcoin in a sense is the perfect form of money for the internet because it is fast, secure, and borderless.
比特幣在某種程度上，是現(xiàn)金互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的最佳形式毛肋，因?yàn)榭煸惯洹踩o界润匙。
Unlike traditional currencies, bitcoin are entirely virtual. There are no physical coins or even digital coins per se. The coins are implied in transactions that transfer value from sender to recipient.Users of bitcoin own keys that allow them to prove ownership of bitcoin in the bitcoin network.With these keys they can sign transactions to unlock the value and spend it by transferring it to a new owner. Keys are often stored in a digital wallet on each user’s computer or smartphone. Possession of the key that can sign a transaction is the only prerequisite to spending bitcoin, putting the control entirely in the hands of each user.
比特幣通過密鑰的方式來證明所有權(quán)诗眨。如果你掌握了密鑰，你就掌握了對(duì)應(yīng)的貨幣趁桃。
Bitcoin is a distributed, peer-to-peer system. As such there is no "central" server or point of control. Bitcoin are created through a process called "mining," which involves competing to find solutions to a mathematical problem while processing bitcoin transactions. Any participant in the bitcoin network (i.e., anyone using a device running the full bitcoin protocol stack) may operate as a miner, using their computer’s processing power to verify and record transactions. Every 10 minutes, on average, a bitcoin miner is able to validate the transactions of the past 10 minutes and is rewarded with brand new bitcoin.Essentially, bitcoin mining decentralizes the currency-issuance and clearing functions of a central bank and replaces the need for any central bank.
比特幣的挖礦機(jī)制辽话，將中央銀行的貨幣發(fā)行與清算工作去中心化，從而不需要任何中央銀行卫病。
The bitcoin protocol includes built-in algorithms that regulate the mining function across the network.The difficulty of the processing task that miners must perform is adjusted dynamically so that, on average, someone succeeds every 10 minutes regardless of how many miners (and how much processing) are competing at any moment. The protocol also halves the rate at which new bitcoin are created every 4 years, and limits the total number of bitcoin that will be created to a fixed total just below 21 million coins. The result is that the number of bitcoin in circulation closely follows an easily predictable curve that approaches 21 million by the year 2140. Due to bitcoin’s diminishing rate of issuance, over the long term, the bitcoin currency is deflationary. Furthermore,bitcoin cannot be inflated by "printing" new money above and beyond the expected issuance rate.
?
比特幣有內(nèi)置的算法用于調(diào)控挖礦速度油啤，以保證每10分鐘挖到一次。比特幣總數(shù)是2100萬枚蟀苛，預(yù)計(jì)到2140年全部挖出益咬。比特幣是通縮型貨幣，無法通過“印鈔”的方式帜平，增發(fā)貨幣幽告。
Behind the scenes, bitcoin is also the name of the protocol, a peer-to-peer network, and a distributed computing innovation. The bitcoin currency is really only the first application of this invention.Bitcoin represents the culmination of decades of research in cryptography and distributed systems and includes four key innovations brought together in a unique and powerful combination.?Bitcoin consists of:
A decentralized peer-to-peer network (the bitcoin protocol)
A public transaction ledger (the blockchain)
A set of rules for independent transaction validation and currency issuance (consensus rules)
A mechanism for reaching global decentralized consensus on the valid blockchain (Proof-of-Work algorithm)
比特幣代表了過去幾十年密碼學(xué)研究和分布式系統(tǒng)的研究頂點(diǎn)，包括以下四個(gè)方面的創(chuàng)新：
(1) ?分布式的點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)
(2)?一套公眾賬簿系統(tǒng)
(3)?一套交易驗(yàn)證和發(fā)幣的規(guī)則
(4)?一套在區(qū)塊鏈上達(dá)到共識(shí)的機(jī)制
As a developer, I see bitcoin as akin to the internet of money, a network for propagating value and securing the ownership of digital assets via distributed computation.?There’s a lot more to bitcoin than first meets the eye.
比特幣就像金錢的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)裆甩，可以通過分布式的計(jì)算方式冗锁，傳播價(jià)值，保障電子資產(chǎn)所有權(quán)嗤栓。
In this chapter we’ll get started by explaining some of the main concepts and terms, getting the necessary software, and using bitcoin for simple transactions. In following chapters we’ll start unwrapping the layers of technology that make bitcoin possible and examine the inner workings of the bitcoin network and protocol.
Digital Currencies Before Bitcoin
The emergence of viable digital money is closely linked to developments in cryptography. This is not surprising when one considers the fundamental challenges involved withusing bits to represent value?that can be exchanged for goods and services. Three basic questions for anyone accepting digital money are:
Can I trust that the money is authentic and not counterfeit?
Can I trust that the digital money can only be spent once (known as the “double-spend” problem)?
Can I be sure that no one else can claim this money belongs to them and not me?
Issuers of paper money are constantly battling the counterfeiting problem by using increasingly sophisticated papers and printing technology. Physical money addresses the double-spend issue easily because the same paper note cannot be in two places at once. Of course, conventional money is also often stored and transmitted digitally. In these cases, the counterfeiting and double-spend issues are handled by clearing all electronic transactions through central authorities that have a global view of the currency in circulation. For digital money, which cannot take advantage of esoteric inks or holographic strips, cryptography provides the basis for trusting the legitimacy of a user’s claim to value. Specifically, cryptographic digital signatures enable a user to sign a digital asset or transaction proving the ownership of that asset. With the appropriate architecture, digital signatures also can be used to address the double-spend issue.
這里講的是傳統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)金安全與電子現(xiàn)金安全的異同冻河，與我們前一篇文章中談到的信息要點(diǎn)類似箍邮，參見《比特幣白皮書解析?|?從零開始區(qū)塊鏈》。這一部分英語我就不展開介紹叨叙，但是可以分享一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)思路：如果你對(duì)一件事情本身就很了解锭弊，或者你對(duì)這件事情的了解，是通過母語或者其他語言習(xí)得擂错，那你用英語或者你需要學(xué)習(xí)的語言味滞，再去讀關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的討論，你的語言學(xué)習(xí)吸收效率會(huì)很高钮呀。
When cryptography started becoming more broadly available and understood in the late 1980s, many researchers began tryingto use cryptography to build digital currencies.?These early digital currency projects issued digital money, usually backed by a national currency or precious metal such as gold.
Although these earlier digital currencies worked, they were centralized and, as a result,were easy to attack by governments and hackers. Early digital currencies used a central clearinghouse to settle all transactions at regular intervals, just like a traditional banking system. Unfortunately, in most cases these nascent digital currencies were targeted by worried governments and eventually litigated out of existence. Some failed in spectacular crashes when the parent company liquidated abruptly. To be robust against intervention by antagonists, whether legitimate governments or criminal elements, a decentralized digital currency was needed to avoid a single point of attack. Bitcoin is such a system, decentralized by design, and free of any central authority or point of control that can be attacked or corrupted.
這一部分在我以前的文章里面也提到過剑鞍，中心化的問題就是單點(diǎn)容易受到攻擊，但是比特幣采用了去中心化的方式行楞，通過數(shù)字簽名來實(shí)現(xiàn)驗(yàn)證和所有權(quán)攒暇。
History of Bitcoin
Bitcoin was invented in 2008 with the publication of a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,"[1] written under the alias of Satoshi Nakamoto (see [satoshi_whitepaper]). Nakamoto combined several prior inventions such as b-money and HashCash to create a completely decentralized electronic cash system that does not rely on a central authority for currency issuance or settlement and validation of transactions. The key innovation was to use a distributed computation system (called a "Proof-of-Work" algorithm) to conduct a global "election" every 10 minutes, allowing the decentralized network to arrive at consensus about the state of transactions. This elegantly solves the issue of double-spend where a single currency unit can be spent twice. Previously, the double-spend problem was a weakness of digital currency and was addressed by clearing all transactions through a central clearinghouse.
比特幣白皮書我們之前已經(jīng)梳理完了，我讀到這里的時(shí)候子房，內(nèi)心啊哈一笑形用。
The bitcoin network started in 2009, based on a reference implementation published by Nakamoto and since revised by many other programmers. The implementation of the Proof-of-Work algorithm (mining) that provides security and resilience for bitcoin has increased in power exponentially, and now exceeds the combined processing power of the world’s top supercomputers. Bitcoin’s total market value has at times exceeded $135 billion US dollars, depending on the bitcoin-to-dollar exchange rate.The largest transaction processed so far by the network was $400 million US dollars, transmitted instantly and processed for a fee of $1.
這里的數(shù)據(jù)是，比特幣目前最大的一筆交易是4億美金的轉(zhuǎn)賬证杭，手續(xù)費(fèi)1美金田度。不過現(xiàn)在有比這個(gè)更高的交易了。
Satoshi Nakamoto withdrew from the public in April 2011, leaving the responsibility of developing the code and network to a thriving group of volunteers. The identity of the person or people behind bitcoin is still unknown. However, neither Satoshi Nakamoto nor anyone elseexerts individual control over the bitcoin system, which operates based on fully transparent mathematical principles, open source code, and consensus among participants.The invention itself is groundbreaking and has already spawned new science in the fields of distributed computing, economics, and econometrics.
這里說了兩個(gè)重要的信息點(diǎn)：
(1)?比特幣開發(fā)出了以后解愤，即使中本聰也無法控制
(2)?比特幣這項(xiàng)發(fā)明是突破性的镇饺，并且?guī)砹朔植际接?jì)算、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)以及計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的新領(lǐng)域送讲。
A Solution to a Distributed Computing Problem
Satoshi Nakamoto’s invention is also a practical and novel solution to a problem in distributed computing, known as the "Byzantine Generals' Problem." Briefly, the problem consists of trying toagree on a course of action or the state of a system by exchanging information over an unreliable and potentially compromised network.?Satoshi Nakamoto’s solution, which uses the concept of Proof-of-Work to achieve consensus without a central trusted authority, represents a breakthrough in distributed computing and has wide applicability beyond currency. It can be used to achieve consensus on decentralized networks to prove the fairness of elections, lotteries, asset registries, digital notarization, and more.
比特幣用了一種新的方式解決拜占庭問題奸笤，即在一個(gè)不受信任的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下，不同角色如何通過交換信息哼鬓，來對(duì)行動(dòng)或者狀態(tài)達(dá)成一致监右。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個(gè)充滿了不信任的危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境，雖然對(duì)小白來說不是這樣的异希。我以安全行業(yè)的從業(yè)者為例健盒，這個(gè)行業(yè)里很多安全工程師是在虛擬機(jī)里看郵件的，因?yàn)猷]件往往是重要的攻擊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來源称簿，而且對(duì)于安全工程師扣癣，有一種有趣的說法，兩個(gè)人的最高信任就是憨降，你發(fā)了一個(gè)郵件父虑，有一個(gè)附件，我毫不猶豫地點(diǎn)開授药。
要在這樣的不信任的環(huán)境中频轿，構(gòu)建信任垂涯，是密碼學(xué)一直以來研究的課題烁焙。比特幣就是在這個(gè)方向上的一次積極的嘗試航邢。
Bitcoin Uses, Users, and Their Stories
Choosing a Bitcoin Wallet
Getting Your First Bitcoin
接下來的小節(jié)，原書舉了幾個(gè)比特幣的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景骄蝇，以及如何購(gòu)買第一枚比特幣膳殷。該部分內(nèi)容相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，在此就不予以詳述九火∽裕可以閱讀英文鏈接
https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch01.asciidoc#bitcoin-uses-users-and-their-stories
歡迎大家關(guān)注“刻意學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)塊鏈”，我會(huì)把我所有關(guān)于區(qū)塊鏈和比特幣學(xué)習(xí)解析的文章岔激，同步在上面勒极。?
