【導(dǎo)讀】寡頭是蘇聯(lián)解體后，俄羅斯混亂的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的特殊產(chǎn)物姻檀。而別列佐夫斯基，更是寡頭中曾一時(shí)間叱咤風(fēng)云的典型涝滴。近日他被發(fā)現(xiàn)死于倫敦寓所的浴室中绣版，死因至今不明。這位傳奇人物的人生竟如此終結(jié)歼疮，使人感慨杂抽。
Boris Berezovsky
鮑里斯·別列佐夫斯基
The archetypal oligarch
寡頭代表
A still unexplained end to a dramatic life
戲劇般人生的謎樣終結(jié)
Mar 30th 2013 | MOSCOW |From the print edition
The Kremlin will need to find someone else to demonise
（別氏死后）克里姆林宮可就需要去妖魔化另一位了
IN A Russian film, “The Oligarch”, the alter ego of Boris Berezovsky escapes death and returns to Moscow in a cavalcade of limousines with flashing lights, looking for more adventures. The life of the real Berezovsky, a renegade oligarch exiled to Britain, ended on March 23rd on a bathroom floor of his house in Ascot. He was said to be depressed, financially ruined—and desperate to return to Russia.
在俄國(guó)電影《寡頭》中，鮑里斯·別列佐夫斯基的化身先是死里逃生韩脏，而后于鎂光燈的閃耀中缩麸，乘著一隊(duì)豪華轎車(chē)回到莫斯科，開(kāi)始新的冒險(xiǎn)赡矢。而現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中杭朱，客居英國(guó)的流亡寡頭別列佐夫斯基，卻于三月二十三日吹散，在阿斯科特家中浴室的地板上弧械，結(jié)束了自己的一生。據(jù)說(shuō)空民，在人生的最后時(shí)光中刃唐，他陷入消沉，財(cái)務(wù)破產(chǎn)界轩，且近乎絕望地渴望回到俄國(guó)画饥。
“There is nothing I want more than to return to Russia…I lost the meaning…I am 67-years-old and I don’t know what to do next,” he told a journalist from the Russian-language edition of Forbes, an American publication, a day earlier. According to the Kremlin, Mr Berezovsky had recently written a repentant letter to Vladimir Putin, whom he had helped to become president 13 years ago and who had kicked him out immediately afterwards.
”除了回到俄國(guó)，我再無(wú)別的念頭......我的人生已經(jīng)失去意義......我已經(jīng)67歲了浊猾，不知道該再去做什么了荒澡。“在去世前一天与殃，接受美國(guó)雜志《福布斯》俄文版的專(zhuān)訪時(shí)单山，他如是說(shuō)。據(jù)克里姆林宮稱(chēng)幅疼，別列佐夫斯基近日向弗拉基米爾·普金致信表示悔改米奸，而普金，正是十三年前于他扶持下成為總統(tǒng)爽篷，而后立馬把他踢走的那一位悴晰。
The cause of his death is unclear. A bodyguard who discovered Mr Berezovsky said the bathroom door was locked from the inside. There was no sign of struggle or forced entry into the house, the police said. The post-mortem examination showed the cause of death was “consistent with hanging”. Apparently a scarf was found next to Mr Berezovsky’s body. Whatever the cause, this was a dramatic end to the dramatic life of one of the most colourful figures in modern Russian history.
他的死因至今不明。發(fā)現(xiàn)別列佐夫斯基的保鏢稱(chēng)當(dāng)時(shí)浴室門(mén)從內(nèi)反鎖逐工。而警方則稱(chēng)沒(méi)有打斗或強(qiáng)行入室的痕跡铡溪。尸檢表明死亡原因是“持續(xù)受纏繞”。在別列佐夫斯基的尸體旁發(fā)現(xiàn)一條圍巾泪喊。而不管死因究竟為何棕硫，這都是一位俄國(guó)現(xiàn)代歷史中富有色彩人物之傳奇人生的戲劇式終結(jié)。
It was a life that Mr Berezovsky had constructed himself, scheming, calculating and miscalculating. A mathematician by background, Mr Berezovsky specialised in the theory of decision-making and in optimisation, using maths to model how choices are made. He applied those models to his life, and even to the country, as though it were a chessboard on which he moved the main pieces. He fancied himself as the chief manipulator of Russian politics: not the country’s most prominent politician, but the puppet-master of the politicians. He cherished his image as the ultimate oligarch. He cultivated the myths about his influence and power and exploited them to obtain real power, money and influence. A man of demonic energy, he was ubiquitous.
這是別列佐夫斯基自己親手塑造的人生——使計(jì)袒啼，算計(jì)以及失算哈扮。擁有數(shù)學(xué)家背景的別列佐夫斯基專(zhuān)于決策理論與求最優(yōu)解，利用數(shù)學(xué)模型演繹決策過(guò)程蚓再。而他在他的個(gè)人的生活滑肉，甚至是整個(gè)國(guó)家套進(jìn)了這些模型，就像在棋盤(pán)上擺弄棋子一樣摘仅。他自以為俄國(guó)政治的操縱者：不做這個(gè)國(guó)家里最著名的政治家靶庙，而是做操縱政治這臺(tái)木偶戲的主人。他以自己超級(jí)寡頭的形象為豪娃属。他解開(kāi)了關(guān)于權(quán)勢(shì)的謎題六荒，并依此去攥取真實(shí)的權(quán)力，財(cái)富膳犹，勢(shì)力恬吕。近乎擁有魔力的他，無(wú)處不在须床。
As an archetypal oligarch, he provided rich material to writers and film-makers. By the time he left Russia in 2000, the line between the real man and the mythological character had become blurred. Mr Berezovsky did not protest, and even borrowed part of the name of his film character for his British passport. His image as a supreme fixer made it easy for the Kremlin to demonise him; and thus his death has deprived Russia’s leadership of its most useful enemy.
作為典型的寡頭铐料，他提供給了作家與電影人豐富的素材。到他于2000年離開(kāi)俄國(guó)前豺旬，那條他作為現(xiàn)實(shí)人物與神話人物的界限已經(jīng)消解钠惩。對(duì)此別列佐夫斯基沒(méi)有任何反對(duì)，甚至在他的英國(guó)護(hù)照上借用了以他為原型的電影人物的名字族阅。他的形象是克里姆林宮妖魔化他本人的最好道具篓跛，所以他的死也使俄國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人損失了一位最有用的敵人。
Mr Berezovsky epitomised the 1990s with all the opportunities, ruthlessness, colour and individualism of those years. He thrived on uncertainty and crisis, surviving several assassination attempts, and expanded his influence. He took advantage of the chaos that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union and the inadequacies of the market economy. Unlike other Russian oligarchs who wished to own their assets and be able to pass them on, Mr Berezovsky did not formally own much of what he controlled. He operated not through share registers, but through people he appointed as managers of his key enterprises.
別列佐夫斯基象征著九十年代的一切機(jī)遇坦刀，殘酷愧沟，多彩蔬咬，自利。他在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與危機(jī)中起家沐寺，從數(shù)次暗殺中逃生林艘，并逐漸擴(kuò)張他的影響力。他從蘇聯(lián)解體后的混亂秩序以及不完備的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中謀利混坞。而不像別的希望擁有并傳承資產(chǎn)俄國(guó)寡頭狐援，別列佐夫斯基并不形式上地?fù)碛兴刂频囊磺小Ｋ⒉煌ㄟ^(guò)股東名冊(cè)究孕，而是通過(guò)他所任命為他的關(guān)鍵企業(yè)的經(jīng)理的人來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)事業(yè)啥酱。
Mr Berezovsky saw money not as a goal in itself, but as a by-product of his main activity: scheming and playing politics. The process was as pleasing to him as the result. Like an alchemist, he turned personal connections into money and money into influence. Having made his first fortune by selling cars, he got to know the future son-in-law of Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s first president after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and thus entered the circles of power. Mr Berezovsky paid for the publication of Yeltsin’s memoirs and regularly delivered the royalties from sales in other countries—whether real or not, nobody knew.
別列佐夫斯基不把金錢(qián)本身看做目的，這只是他的主要活動(dòng)厨诸，算計(jì)與玩弄權(quán)術(shù)的副產(chǎn)品镶殷。這個(gè)過(guò)程便是目的，使他滿足泳猬。作為一名寡頭批钠，他將人脈化成金錢(qián)，金錢(qián)化成勢(shì)力得封。在賣(mài)汽車(chē)而賺取第一桶金的過(guò)程中埋心，他結(jié)識(shí)了他未來(lái)的女婿，蘇聯(lián)解體后俄國(guó)的第一任總統(tǒng)忙上，鮑里斯·葉利欽拷呆，并藉此打入權(quán)力圈。別列佐夫斯基付錢(qián)讓葉利欽出版自傳疫粥，并經(jīng)常將銷(xiāo)售所得版稅轉(zhuǎn)移到別的國(guó)家——不管這是真是假茬斧，反正當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)人知道。
He persuaded Yeltsin and his family to hand him effective control over Channel One, Russia’s main television channel, promising to turn it to their service. He then convinced the Kremlin to sell him and his partners Sibneft, an oil company, at a knock-down price, in order to finance Channel One, which he used as a blunt and effective tool of propaganda. “I never saw the media as business, but as a powerful instrument in a political struggle,” he said in one television interview. He also deployed Channel One in his wars with business competitors.
他說(shuō)服葉利欽與他的家人將俄國(guó)主要的電視頻道第一頻道的控制權(quán)交予他梗逮，承諾將利用它為他們自身服務(wù)项秉。而后他又說(shuō)服克里姆林宮，將Sibneft石油公司以近乎敲詐的價(jià)格買(mǎi)給他和他的搭檔慷彤，并利用石油公司的收入娄蔼，來(lái)為他那僵化但有效的宣傳工具第一頻道輸血〉谆“我從未將媒體看做生意岁诉，這是我政治斗爭(zhēng)中的有力武器“涎。”在一檔電視訪談中他如是說(shuō)涕癣。在與他的商業(yè)伙伴的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，他同樣用上了第一頻道前标。
In 1996 Mr Berezovsky got Russia’s seven oligarchs to rally behind Yeltsin, throwing their financial and media resources into his re-election. A few years later, Mr Berezovsky played a key role in choosing Yeltsin’s successor and used his money and television to propel Mr Putin to the presidency. He publicised his influence so openly that it was, perhaps, inevitable that his protégé would turn against him. Mr Berezovsky was persuaded that emigration would be wise. Having disposed of him, the Kremlin adopted his methods, including the use of television.
1996年別列佐夫斯基伙同七位俄國(guó)寡頭坠韩，將他們的金融與媒體資源投入到支持葉利欽連任的總統(tǒng)換屆選舉中距潘。一些年后，別列佐夫斯基用金錢(qián)與電視宣傳鋪路同眯，在葉利欽的繼任者普金的勝選中扮演了關(guān)鍵角色绽昼。他如此公開(kāi)地傳達(dá)他的勢(shì)力，或許這使得他所保送的那一位將不可避免地背棄他须蜗。別列佐夫斯基被勸說(shuō)去明智地選擇移民。在處理掉他以后目溉，克里姆林宮照用了他的手段明肮，包括那電視宣傳。
As an exile in London, Mr Berezovsky tried to seek revenge, but his belligerence only played into the Kremlin’s hands. His last gamble was a legal suit over a $5 billion claim against a former business partner, Roman Abramovich. A High Court judge in London found Mr Berezovsky “an unimpressive, and inherently unreliable, witness” and ruled against him. The verdict left him with multimillion dollar legal bills—and psychologically crushed.
流落到倫敦的別列佐夫斯基尋求復(fù)仇缭付，但是他的斗爭(zhēng)不過(guò)是被克里姆林宮玩弄于股掌中柿估。最后他在一樁價(jià)值50億美元的官司上孤注一擲，與他曾經(jīng)的生意伙伴羅曼·阿布拉莫維奇對(duì)簿公堂陷猫。倫敦高級(jí)法院的法官認(rèn)定別列佐夫斯基“一位無(wú)聊的秫舌，內(nèi)在不可靠的證人”，并駁回了他的上訴绣檬。這項(xiàng)判決留給他數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元的法律費(fèi)用賬單足陨，并使他心理崩潰。
It was not so much the loss of money that destroyed Mr Berezovsky, but the loss of the game of which he thought himself a master. Like the chess grandmaster Luzhin in Vladimir Nabokov’s “The Defence”, who abandons the game by jumping out of the bathroom window, Mr Berezovsky may have felt he had run out of moves.
并不是金錢(qián)的損失毀滅了別列佐夫斯基娇未，在他自認(rèn)為是主人的游戲中的潰敗墨缘，才真正地毀滅了他。就像弗拉基米爾·納博科夫的電影《防御》中的國(guó)際象棋大師盧金零抬，放棄棋局镊讼，縱身跳出浴室的窗戶，或許別列佐夫斯基覺(jué)得平夜，他已經(jīng)無(wú)路可走蝶棋。
From the print edition: Europe
