如果沒有做好吸引聽眾的準(zhǔn)備和設(shè)計(jì)宝泵，為什么要上臺(tái)去演講呢儿奶？最近一段時(shí)間，聽過(guò)許多發(fā)言鳄抒，包括學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)闯捎、學(xué)生課前新聞播報(bào)、導(dǎo)師引領(lǐng)課程講座等等许溅。每一次瓤鼻，我坐在臺(tái)下都在思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題。說(shuō)實(shí)話贤重， 一個(gè)沒有吸引力的演說(shuō)茬祷，即便信息豐富，也會(huì)讓人不愿意聽下去并蝗。

那么怎樣才算是好的演說(shuō)呢牲迫？下面貼一份TED演說(shuō)借卧，最近看到的一篇，就這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)先詳細(xì)地分析一下挂签。以下分析集中在：語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)安排戏售，神態(tài)肢體語(yǔ)言，和觀眾互動(dòng)三個(gè)層面。

演說(shuō)鏈接：建議觀看?

I have a confession to make, but first, I want you to make a little confession to me. In the past year, I want you to just raise your hand

我要坦白一個(gè)事實(shí) （開篇的第一句話很重要，但是最近聽到的演說(shuō)第一句總是各種謙虛和吹捧，實(shí)在是沒必要。）但是首先，我希望你們 能夠?qū)ξ易龀鲆稽c(diǎn)坦白穆咐。 在過(guò)去的一年里拍柒，只要舉手就好（和觀眾互動(dòng)，舉手是一種很好的方式，不要提問(wèn)，提問(wèn)回答起來(lái)不便控制）

if you've experienced relatively little stress. Anyone?

你們是否經(jīng)歷過(guò)相對(duì)較小的壓力。 有人嗎艰毒？

How about a moderate amount of stress?

那么中等量的壓力呢？

Who has experienced a lot of stress? Yeah. Me too.

誰(shuí)又經(jīng)歷過(guò)很多的壓力呢？ 好的狐榔。我也一樣庵楷。

But that is not my confession. My confession is this: I am a health psychologist, and my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. But I fear that something I've been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good, and it has to do with stress. For years I've been telling people, stress makes you sick. It increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease. Basically, I've turned stress into the enemy. But I have changed my mind about stress, and today, I want to change yours.

但是那不是我要坦白的。 我要坦誠(chéng)的是：我是一個(gè)健康心理學(xué)家看疙， 我的任務(wù)是使人們更加的開心和健康搁胆。 但是顾腊，我恐怕過(guò)去十年我一直所教授的 帶來(lái)的壞處要超過(guò)好處吗垮， 這些都與壓力有關(guān)饵沧。 多年以來(lái)锁右，我一直告訴人們，壓力能夠使你們變得脆弱余寥。 壓力能夠增加患上很多疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：從普通感冒到心血管疾病等 到心血管疾病。 事實(shí)上绎狭，我把壓力看作敵人蹦狂。 但是，我已經(jīng)改變了我對(duì)壓力的看法富弦， 而且今天盏缤，我也要改變你們對(duì)壓力的看法。

（這一段的結(jié)構(gòu)很值得學(xué)習(xí)胰挑，結(jié)果盖矫，解釋，下一段要干什么湃望，三個(gè)要素都具備了）

Let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress. This study tracked 30,000 adults in the United States for eight years, and they started by asking people, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?" They also asked, "Do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?" And then they used public death records to find out who died.

讓我以一個(gè)使我重新思考我所有對(duì)壓力看法的 研究開始。（演說(shuō)的時(shí)候，需要注意告訴聽眾每一個(gè)階段要干什么） 這個(gè)研究追蹤了30短蜕，000 個(gè)美國(guó)成年人 8 年缎玫，研究以問(wèn)這些被研究者 “在過(guò)去的一年里，你們經(jīng)歷過(guò)多少的壓力”開始 同時(shí)拘鞋，他們也被問(wèn)到：“ 你們相信 壓力對(duì)你們的健康是有害的嗎？ 之后矢门，研究者使用公眾死亡記錄 來(lái)確定誰(shuí)死亡了盆色。

(Laughter)

(笑）

Okay. Some bad news first. People who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 percent increased risk of dying. But that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health. (Laughter) People who experienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. In fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relatively little stress.

首先是一些壞的消息， 那些在過(guò)去的一年經(jīng)歷較多壓力的人們 死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了43%颅和。 但是這只是針對(duì)那些 相信壓力對(duì)健康有害的人們傅事。 (笑) 而那些經(jīng)歷較多壓力 但是并不認(rèn)為壓力對(duì)身體有害的人們 并不容易死亡缕允。 實(shí)際上峡扩，他們的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在 這個(gè)研究的所有測(cè)試者，包括那些經(jīng)歷相對(duì)較少壓力的人們中 是最低的障本。

Now the researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths, 182,000 Americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you. (Laughter) That is over 20,000 deaths a year. Now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the United States last year, killing more people than skin cancer, HIV/AIDS and homicide.

目前教届，研究者們估計(jì)在過(guò)去他們追蹤死亡的8 年當(dāng)中， 追蹤死亡的8年當(dāng)中驾霜， 有182案训，000 個(gè)美國(guó)人過(guò)早的死亡了， 但是并不是因?yàn)閴毫Ψ嗖冢且驗(yàn)橄嘈?壓力對(duì)他們的健康是有害的强霎。（笑） 這表明，每年會(huì)有超過(guò)20蓉冈，000的死亡者城舞。 目前轩触，如果這一估計(jì)數(shù)字正確的話， 將會(huì)使相信壓力對(duì)身體有害這一觀念 成為過(guò)去一年中 美國(guó)第十五大死亡因素家夺， 多于皮膚癌脱柱， 艾滋病和被謀殺的死亡人數(shù)。

(Laughter)

(笑)

You can see why this study freaked me out. Here I've been spending so much energy telling people stress is bad for your health.

這些你們知道為什么這一研究使我抓狂了吧拉馋。?（到這里榨为，形成了一個(gè)繞環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰煌茴。）過(guò)去随闺，我一直花費(fèi)大量的經(jīng)歷告訴人們 壓力有害于你們的健康。

So this study got me wondering: Can changing how you think about stress make you healthier? And here the science says yes. When you change your mind about stress, you can change your body's response to stress.

因此蔓腐，這一研究使我覺得疑惑（用問(wèn)題作為引導(dǎo)板壮，來(lái)推進(jìn)自己的演說(shuō)是最好的方式）： 是否改變對(duì)壓力的態(tài)度 能夠使人們更健康？科學(xué)告訴我們確實(shí)如此合住。 當(dāng)你改變你對(duì)壓力的觀念 你便能改變你身體對(duì)于壓力的反應(yīng)绰精。

Now to explain how this works, I want you all to pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out. It's called the social stress test. You come into the laboratory, and you're told you have to give a five-minute impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of expert evaluators sitting right in front of you, and to make sure you feel the pressure, there are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this. And the evaluators have been trained to give you discouraging, non-verbal feedback like this.

現(xiàn)在，我來(lái)解釋一下這一原理透葛， 我希望你們都假設(shè)自己參與 一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)使你們感覺到壓力的研究中笨使。?（設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)，又一個(gè)很好的互動(dòng)方法）這一研究叫做社會(huì)壓力測(cè)試僚害。 你們進(jìn)入一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室硫椰， 被告訴你必須對(duì)著坐在你面前的專家評(píng)委 做一個(gè)五分鐘的 事先無(wú)準(zhǔn)備的關(guān)于你性格弱點(diǎn)的演講， 同時(shí)為了確保你感受到壓力 會(huì)有明亮的燈光和攝像機(jī)打在你的臉上萨蚕， 就像這樣靶草。 而這些評(píng)委，則事先訓(xùn)練好 給予你消極的非語(yǔ)言上的反饋岳遥，就像這樣奕翔。（表演是增強(qiáng)變現(xiàn)力的最好方式，夸張的形態(tài)加上肢體語(yǔ)言浩蓉，不夸張就不要輕易表現(xiàn)派继。）

(Laughter)

(笑)

Now that you're sufficiently demoralized, time for part two: a math test. And unbeknownst to you, the experimenter has been trained to harass you during it. Now we're going to all do this together. It's going to be fun. For me.

現(xiàn)在，你已經(jīng)足夠的失落捻艳， 然后進(jìn)入到第二部分：數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)驗(yàn)驾窟。 令你措手不及的是 實(shí)驗(yàn)人員在這個(gè)過(guò)程中不斷的打擾你。 現(xiàn)在讓我們一起來(lái)做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)认轨。 這將很有意思绅络。 對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)。

Okay. I want you all to count backwards from 996 in increments of seven. You're going to do this out loud as fast as you can, starting with 996. Go! Audience: (Counting) Go faster. Faster please. You're going too slow. Stop. Stop, stop, stop.

我希望你們所有人倒數(shù)數(shù)字 從996 開始以7遞減。 你們必須大聲的說(shuō)出來(lái) 盡可能的快恩急，從996開始节视。 開始！ 聽眾（數(shù)數(shù)） 快點(diǎn)假栓⊙靶校快點(diǎn)。 你們太慢了匾荆。 停拌蜘。停，停牙丽，停简卧。 這位男士錯(cuò)了 我們必須從新開始。

That guy made a mistake. We are going to have to start all over again. (Laughter) You're not very good at this, are you? Okay, so you get the idea. Now, if you were actually in this study, you'd probably be a little stressed out. Your heart might be pounding, you might be breathing faster, maybe breaking out into a sweat. And normally, we interpret these physical changes as anxiety or signs that we aren't coping very well with the pressure.

你們并不擅長(zhǎng)于此烤芦，對(duì)吧举娩？ 因此，你們知道那種感覺了吧构罗。 如果你們真的參與到這個(gè)研究當(dāng)中铜涉， 你們應(yīng)該會(huì)有一些壓力。 你的心臟也許會(huì)砰砰直跳遂唧， 你也許會(huì)呼吸加快芙代，也許會(huì)一頭汗水。 正常情況下盖彭，我們會(huì)解釋這種身體的改變 為焦慮 或者我們不能很好應(yīng)對(duì)這種壓力的信號(hào)纹烹。

But what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge? Now that is exactly what participants were told in a study conducted at Harvard University.

但是如果你們把這些看作為 你們身體充滿活力 并準(zhǔn)備好應(yīng)對(duì)這一壓力的信號(hào)又會(huì)怎樣？ 這些話實(shí)際上正是參與者 在哈佛大學(xué)參與這項(xiàng)研究時(shí)所告知的召边。

Before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. That pounding heart is preparing you for action. If you're breathing faster, it's no problem. It's getting more oxygen to your brain. And participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, well, they were less stressed out, less anxious, more confident, but the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed. Now, in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up, and your blood vessels constrict like this.

在他們通過(guò)社會(huì)壓力測(cè)試之前铺呵， 他們被教會(huì)認(rèn)定這些對(duì)于壓力的反應(yīng)是有利的。 砰砰直跳的心臟是在為你的行動(dòng)所做準(zhǔn)備隧熙。 如果你呼吸加快片挂，沒有問(wèn)題。 這將使你的大腦獲得更多的氧氣贱鼻。 那些學(xué)會(huì)將壓力視為 對(duì)他們的表現(xiàn)有幫助的參與者 他們所感受到的壓力大大降低宴卖， 少了一份焦慮滋将，多了一份自信邻悬， 但是對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)更加令人欣喜的發(fā)現(xiàn)是 他們身體對(duì)于壓力的改變。 現(xiàn)在随闽，對(duì)于一定的壓力父丰， 你的心率會(huì)加快， 你的血管像這樣緊縮。 這也是慢性壓力與 心血管疾病有關(guān)的原因之一蛾扇。 持續(xù)在這樣的狀態(tài)下對(duì)身體沒有好處攘烛。

And this is one of the reasons that chronic stress is sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease. It's not really healthy to be in this state all the time. But in the study, when participants viewed their stress response as helpful, their blood vessels stayed relaxed like this. Their heart was still pounding, but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile. It actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and courage. Over a lifetime of stressful experiences, this one biological change could be the difference between a stress-induced heart attack at age 50 and living well into your 90s. And this is really what the new science of stress reveals, that how you think about stress matters.

但是，在這項(xiàng)研究當(dāng)中镀首，當(dāng)參與者 認(rèn)為他們對(duì)于壓力的反應(yīng)有利坟漱， 他們的血管保持松弛，就像這樣更哄。 他們的心臟仍然在砰砰直跳芋齿， 但這種跳躍實(shí)一種更健康的心血管系統(tǒng)活動(dòng)方式。 它實(shí)際上就和你 開心和受到鼓舞時(shí)的跳動(dòng)方式相似成翩。 在你一生經(jīng)歷的壓力性事件中觅捆， 這一生理變化 會(huì)有不同 也許會(huì)是在50歲時(shí)由壓力導(dǎo)致心臟病發(fā)作 或者直到90歲還活的很好。 這就是壓力麻敌，這一新的科學(xué)所要揭示的栅炒， 你怎樣看待壓力性事件。

So my goal as a health psychologist has changed. I no longer want to get rid of your stress. I want to make you better at stress. And we just did a little intervention. If you raised your hand and said you'd had a lot of stress in the last year, we could have saved your life, because hopefully the next time your heart is pounding from stress, you're going to remember this talk and you're going to think to yourself, this is my body helping me rise to this challenge. And when you view stress in that way, your body believes you, and your stress response becomes healthier.

（節(jié)選）