前言：這篇文章是我在機翻的基礎(chǔ)上修改的，如有詞不達意的地方請留言.
Piotr Wozniak博士蛾坯，1999年10月
Piotr Wozniak博士的新文章：間隔重復(fù)的真實歷史
時間管理的本質(zhì)可以用一句話來概括：圍繞優(yōu)先事項組織和執(zhí)行.
斯蒂芬·R·科維光酣，《高效能人士的7個習(xí)慣》
本文介紹了任務(wù)列表(tasklist)的概念，以及如何將其用于時間管理和與工作相關(guān)的壓力管理.
科技帶來的利與弊（Mixed blessings of technology）
The pace of the growth of our civilization seems to neverleave the exponential phase. The more we invent in the area of life-quality improvement,the more we get overwhelmed with the blessings of technology. The Internet has shaken theexperience of communication, yet it added new problems with new acronyms such as Information FatigueSyndrome (IFS) or Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). E-mail has revolutionizedperson-to-person communication on all platforms (business, scientific, personal, etc.),yet many of us just cannot keep up with the regular inflow of dozens of messages eventhough each e-mail might include an importantThank you, business idea orLong-time-no-seegreetings. This article proposes a universal solution to theproblem of handling task overload at work and at home
我們文明的發(fā)展速度似乎從未離開指數(shù)階段脉课【染科技在帶來生活質(zhì)量提高的同時也給我們帶來了許多壓力改览。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)改變了人們的交流體驗缤言，但也給信息疲勞綜合征（IFS）或網(wǎng)絡(luò)成癮癥（IAD）等新的首字母縮寫詞帶來了新的問題。電子郵件已經(jīng)徹底改變了所有平臺（商業(yè)视事、科學(xué)胆萧、個人等）上的人與人之間的交流，但我們中的許多人無法處理每天收到茫茫多的郵件俐东，即使每封電子郵件可能包含一條重要的感謝信跌穗、商業(yè)理念或久違問候語。這篇文章提出了一個通用的解決方案來處理工作和家庭中的任務(wù)過載問題
壓力過大（Overstress）
One of the pivotal issues in stress management is the management of work overload. 10% of the population in the industrial world suffers from overstress (clinically known as insufficient supply of messengers from the biogenic amine and endorphin system). Overstress basically results? from two factors: (1) work overload and (2) change. As for change, even seemingly pleasant change factors add to the stress load: marriage, vacation, fabulous date, new job, etc. Those who are in overstress should look for stability, as opposed to change. One of the best formulas: make your life regular like clockwork! If it becomes boring... well... at least it is not going to be stressful and damaging to your health. There is a simple way of telling if stress and change are welcome in your life: as long as they are detectably pleasurable, they are not likely to be harmful!
壓力管理中的一個關(guān)鍵問題是工作超負荷的管理虏辫。工業(yè)世界10%的人口患有過度壓力（臨床上稱為生物胺和內(nèi)啡肽系統(tǒng)信使供應(yīng)不足）蚌吸。壓力過大主要是由兩個因素造成的：（1）工作負荷過重；（2）變化砌庄。至于變化羹唠，即使看似愉快的變化因素也會增加壓力：婚姻、假期娄昆、美妙的約會佩微、新工作等等。那些壓力過大的人應(yīng)該尋求穩(wěn)定萌焰，而不是改變哺眯。最好的公式之一：讓你的生活像鐘表一樣規(guī)律！雖然它可能會變得無聊扒俯。奶卓。。但是至少不會給你帶來壓力撼玄，也不會損害你的健康夺姑。有一種簡單的方法可以判斷壓力和變化在你的生活中是否受歡迎：只要它們是可察覺的快樂互纯，它們就不太可能有害留潦！
工作量過大（Excessive workload）
After the factors of change, the second important source of overstress comes from excessive workload. Work by itself is not harmful. For those who are perceived as workaholics, heavy workload may even be necessary to retain the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. The harmful factors related to work are: unmet expectations, rapid change, chaotic multitasking, uncertainty, interruptions, etc. Many hours of a well-defined job in full concentration may do more good to your mental state than pure idleness. At the same time even one hour of chaos can wreak havoc on your ability to focus, rest in the night, communicate with your peers, etc. When you get down to work, you subconsciously define a set of expectations for your working day. If these all go to ruin because of factors beyond your control, you end up with unmet expectations and overstress. Here are some examples of factors that ruin your working day expectations:
在變化因素之后，過度壓力的第二個重要來源來自過度的工作量殖卑。工作本身并不有害坊萝。對于那些被視為工作狂的人來說孵稽，為了保持大腦中神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的平衡许起，繁重的工作量甚至是必要的。與工作相關(guān)的有害因素有：未滿足的期望菩鲜、快速的變化园细、混亂的多任務(wù)處理、不確定性接校、干擾等猛频。在一份定義明確的工作中全神貫注地工作很多小時可能比純粹的無所事事對你的精神狀態(tài)有更大的好處。與此同時蛛勉，即使是一個小時的混亂也會對你的注意力集中鹿寻、夜間休息、與同事溝通等能力造成嚴重破壞诽凌。當(dāng)你開始工作時毡熏，你會下意識地為工作日設(shè)定一系列期望。如果這些都因為你無法控制的因素而破產(chǎn)侣诵，你最終會得到未滿足的期望和過度的壓力痢法。以下是一些破壞你工作日預(yù)期的因素：
?your boss enters your room and sends you into a new mission without considering your position in the current task
?your employees come every 20 minutes with new questions and you cannot move ahead
?your mobile phone rings off the hook
?there is a pile of unresponded correspondence on your desk or anunmanageable collection of e-mails in your inbox
?bad news strikes and you have to chart emergency plans
?you are chasing too many hares at the same time and multitasking becomes a chaos
?your calendar runs out of free space for new assignments or you spend more time shifting tasks from day to day than actually doing anything
If any of these points sound familiar, you definitely have a good feel of what contributes to your work-related stress.
?你的老板進入你的房間，讓你進入一個新的任務(wù)窝趣，而不考慮你在當(dāng)前任務(wù)中的位置
?你的員工每隔20分鐘就會有新問題出現(xiàn)疯暑，你無法繼續(xù)前進
?你的手機響了
?你的辦公桌上有一堆未回復(fù)的信件，或者收件箱里有一堆無法管理的電子郵件
?壞消息接踵而至哑舒，你必須制定應(yīng)急計劃
?你在同一時間追逐太多的野兔妇拯，多任務(wù)處理會變得混亂
?你的日歷沒有足夠的空間來分配新任務(wù)，或者你每天花在轉(zhuǎn)移任務(wù)上的時間比實際做任何事情都多
如果其中任何一點聽起來很熟悉越锈，那么你肯定會很清楚是什么導(dǎo)致了你的工作壓力.
There are simple, popular and often effective solutions to most of the above problems:
?discuss with your boss the inefficiencies related to constant change? ? and proposethe rules. Rules are the key to relationships. This refers? ? to your marriage, business contacts and the relationship with your boss or employees
?establish the rules when you can and cannot be interrupted by your employees
?turn on your phone only in designated hours or have your secretary impose a heavy filter on the incoming phone calls (my privately favored solution: give up
?the phone entirely and use e-mail instead)
?prioritize your e-mail and correspondence. Try not to succumb to urgency and deadlines. Reconcile yourself to the fact that some e-mail will just have to wait for its turn longer than the sender would have expected
?accept the possibility of a complete turn-about in your work as a result of uncertainties. Learn to stoically plan anew and reprioritize if change is necessary
?focus and specialize. Doing too many things at the same time is bound? to affect the quality. Learn to delegate jobs to others. You cannot do everything or? verify everything. At some point, hands-on management will limit your chances for expansion
?clearly differentiate between tasks that must land in your calendar (e.g. due to deadlines) and tasks that may be relegated to your prioritized to-do list
以上大多數(shù)問題都有簡單、流行且通常有效的解決方案：
?與上司討論與不斷變化相關(guān)的低效問題丹弱，并提出規(guī)則躲胳。規(guī)則是關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵坯苹。這指的是你的婚姻恐仑、商業(yè)聯(lián)系以及與老板或員工的關(guān)系
?在員工可以且不能打擾的情況下制定規(guī)則
?只在指定的時間打開手機裳仆，或者讓你的秘書對來電進行嚴格過濾（我個人喜歡的解決方案是：完全放棄手機，改用電子郵件）
?優(yōu)先處理你的電子郵件和信件。盡量不要屈從于緊迫性和最后期限壳猜。讓你自己接受這樣一個事實统扳，即一些電子郵件只需等待輪到它的時間比發(fā)件人預(yù)期的要長
?接受由于不確定性而導(dǎo)致工作完全轉(zhuǎn)變的可能性。學(xué)會堅忍地重新規(guī)劃朱嘴，如果需要改變萍嬉，重新確定優(yōu)先順序
?專注和專業(yè)化。同時做太多事情必然會影響質(zhì)量供屉。學(xué)會將工作委派給他人悼做。你不能做每件事或驗證每件事贿堰。在某個時刻故硅，親自管理會限制你的擴張機會
?明確區(qū)分必須在日歷中完成的任務(wù)（例如吃衅，由于截止日期）和可能被歸入優(yōu)先待辦事項列表的任務(wù)
譯者注「總結(jié)：能不被打擾就盡量不被打擾，如果被打擾就重新制定計劃」
利用to-do清單解決壓力過大問題（Using to-do lists to tackle overstress）
To-do lists can help you overcome some of the mentioned problems:
?with a permission from your boss, set up a to-do list prioritized according to his or her own criteria. If you get a new task, let it flow down the list if? its valuation cannot top the tasks at the top of the list. Discuss it sincerely with the boss
?ask your employees to set up to-do lists and handle their requests? via a to-do list (see below)
?prioritize your e-mail using the to-do list metaphor, etc.
利用待辦事項清單解決壓力過大問題（使用待辦事項清單解決壓力過大問題）
待辦事項清單可以幫助您克服上述一些問題：
?在得到上司許可的情況下，根據(jù)他或她自己的標(biāo)準制定一份優(yōu)先順序的待辦事項清單猪贪。如果你得到一個新任務(wù)西傀，如果它的估值不能超過列表頂部的任務(wù)，就讓它在列表中向下流動饺鹃。和老板真誠地討論一下
?要求員工建立待辦事項清單，并通過待辦事項清單處理他們的請求（見下文）
?使用“待辦事項列表”等比喻伟端，為電子郵件排定優(yōu)先級责蝠。
One inherent quality of to-do lists though is their constanttendency to grow longer beyond the limits of manageability. Only those who do not careabout time-management do not know the problem of to-do list overgrowth. All the othershave their own solution to handling to-do lists (if your original own solution is notlisted here, pleaselet us know). Here aresome typical examples:
?psychologists who specialize in stress management propose:cut the bottom of your to-do listor regularly sift through it and eliminate 50% of items
?one of the greatest Polish experts on molecular mechanisms of memory,? ? Prof. Lech Kaczmarek, surprised me once with his original solution:I do not keep? notes and I do not have an appointment calendar. Whatever I forget, it could not have been important enough. Indeed, natural forgetting mechanisms may act as a good way? ? to thin out the to-do list; however, this solution probably isn't suitable for everyone.? ? Its main? ? shortcoming: problems with stress management. Many of you would probably keep worrying? ? than an important appointment, deadline or promise would not be met (with untold? ? consequences)
?many people use stick-it notes on their desk and try to get rid of them as soon as possible. This approach will not work for people with dozens of ideas and multiple contacts. Ultimately they will do dozens unimportant things just to make sure their desk is clean of the notes. The trick is to keep a record of all ideas but work only on those that are most likely to be profitable (see later)
?the use of personal information managers (PIMs) is becoming more and? more popular. All ideas can be jotted down or scheduled for execution on a given day.? However, with passing time, there is an increasing volume of notes, tasks and appointments, and you may waste an increasing proportion of your time on browsing your to-do? lists and rescheduling appointments. You do not need to be a procrastinator to find yourself shifting tasks from day to day again and again (dozens and perhaps even hundred times)! Shifting a task may cumulatively take more time than actually executing it in the first place!
然而肴敛，待辦事項清單的一個固有特性是砸狞，它們能夠持續(xù)增長刀森，超出可管理性的限制。只有那些不在乎時間管理的人才不知道待辦事項清單過度增長的問題榜晦。所有其他人都有自己的解決方案來處理待辦事項列表（如果您原來的解決方案沒有在這里列出芽隆，請告訴我們）牙躺。以下是一些典型的例子：
?專門研究壓力管理的心理學(xué)家建議：削減待辦事項清單的底部吨掌，或者定期篩選，刪除50%的項目
?波蘭最偉大的記憶分子機制專家之一萊赫·卡茲馬雷克教授曾用他的原始解決方案讓我大吃一驚：我不記筆記秋茫，也沒有預(yù)約日歷肛著。不管我忘記了什么刀脏，它都不可能足夠重要耀态。事實上金麸，自然遺忘機制可能是減少待辦事項清單的好方法；然而棚瘟，這種解決方案可能并不適合所有人。它的主要缺點是：壓力管理方面的問題迷雪。你們中的許多人可能會一直擔(dān)心一個重要的約會章咧、最后期限或承諾無法實現(xiàn)（后果不言而喻）
?許多人在辦公桌上貼便條，并試圖盡快把它們?nèi)拥簟＿@種方法不適用于有幾十個想法和多個聯(lián)系人的人程剥。最終，他們會做幾十件不重要的事情昙沦，只是為了確保他們的辦公桌上沒有筆記。訣竅是記錄所有想法普办，但只對那些最有可能盈利的想法進行操作（見下文）
?個人信息管理器（PIM）的使用越來越普遍徘钥。所有的想法都可以記錄下來衔蹲，或者安排在某一天執(zhí)行。然而呈础，隨著時間的推移舆驶，筆記、任務(wù)和約會的數(shù)量越來越多而钞，你可能會在瀏覽待辦事項列表和重新安排約會上浪費越來越多的時間。你不需要成為一個拖延者网缝，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己每天都在一次又一次地（幾十次，甚至幾百次）轉(zhuǎn)移任務(wù)蝇狼！轉(zhuǎn)移一項任務(wù)可能累積起來比一開始實際執(zhí)行它需要更多的時間纽哥！
任務(wù)列表解決了工作量過大的問題！（Tasklists solve the problem of excessive workload!）
The rational approach to handling to-do lists is this:
?if the value of the task is less than the value of the time needed for its execution, forget the task
?if executing a task takes less time than writing it down, execute it or forget it
?otherwise, write down the task
?whenever possible avoid tasks that require scheduling or tasks that? ? are limited by deadlines. This is often not possible but it usually makes your life and? ? planning much easier. Avoiding deadlines is often a matter of lifestyle, not necessity.? ? Check if you are not getting overly dependent on or even submissive to others. Learn? ? to saynoand avoid promises (except:I will put it on my to-do list and do it when its time comes). Check if (unwanted) promises do not make most of your? ? deadlines!
?if the task must be executed on a given day or at a given hour, or if? the task must be executed before a certain deadline, write it down in your personal? information manager in the appropriate time slot
?if the value of the task does not depend on its timing, put it on a prioritized to-do list
?prioritize your to-do list by using the value/time criterion? ? or its equivalent. Later in this text I will use the term tasklist:A? ? tasklist is a to-do list prioritized using the value/time criterion
處理待辦事項清單的合理方法如下：
?如果任務(wù)的值小于執(zhí)行任務(wù)所需的時間值，請忘記該任務(wù)
?如果執(zhí)行一項任務(wù)比寫下這個任務(wù)花費的時間少味廊，那么就執(zhí)行它或者忘記它
?否則，寫下任務(wù)
?盡可能避免需要安排的任務(wù)或受截止日期限制的任務(wù)瓤荔。這通常是不可能的橘荠，但它通常會讓你的生活和計劃變得更容易。避免截止日期通常是生活方式的問題撬呢，而不是必要性荷愕。檢查你是否過度依賴甚至順從他人。學(xué)會說不饶号，避免承諾（除非：我會把它放在我的待辦事項清單上狰闪，到時候再去做）。檢查一下（不想要的）承諾是否不能讓你在截止日期前完成磺浙！
?如果任務(wù)必須在給定的日期或時間執(zhí)行，或者任務(wù)必須在特定的截止日期之前執(zhí)行，請在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r間段將其記錄在您的個人信息管理器中
?如果任務(wù)的價值不取決于它的時間安排，那么把它放在一個有優(yōu)先順序的待辦事項列表上
?使用價值/時間標(biāo)準或其等效標(biāo)準富腊，為你的待辦事項列表排定優(yōu)先級。在本文后面的部分彤断，我將使用術(shù)語tasklist：tasklist是使用值/時間標(biāo)準優(yōu)先排序的待辦事項列表
The value/time criterion is universal and should generally be applied to maximizing the efficiency of your actions across the board.After all, whatever your hierarchy of value, you definitely want to generate maximum value per unit time. From an investor's perspective you might ask:Why not use the profit
criterion, i.e. Revenue - Cost or equivalent?
Imagine then that you have $100 to invest and you got two tasks: one will make you buy a software package at $100 and resell it at $105. Another one will make you buy a battery at $1 and resell it at $2. Using the profit criterion, you would start from buying the software package. After all that gives you $5 as opposed to $1 in case of batteries. However, with your $100 you can buy 100 batteries and end up with $100 profit.In other words, you cannot use profit as the sorting criterion. You would rather use profit/investment criterion which would put batteries (profit/investment=1) well ahead of the software package where:profit/investment =(revenue-cost)/cost= (105-100)/100 = 0.05.
You will immediately notice that apart from the cost of batteries you should also include other costs such as the cost of your precious time! You will also notice that the value/time criterion is another way of expressing value/investment criterion (or profit/investment,etc.). Note that these are all simply different interpretations of the same thing:investment efficiency
價值/時間標(biāo)準是通用的一屋，通常應(yīng)用于最大限度地提高整體行動的效率诽嘉。畢竟酥筝，不管你的價值等級是什么嘿歌，你肯定想在單位時間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生最大的價值。從投資者的角度來看鸳君，你可能會問：為什么不使用利潤
標(biāo)準看铆，即收入-成本或同等標(biāo)準嚎京？
想象一下嗡贺，你有100美元要投資，你有兩個任務(wù)：一個是讓你以100美元購買一個軟件包鞍帝，然后以105美元轉(zhuǎn)售诫睬。另一個會讓你以1美元的價格購買電池，然后以2美元的價格轉(zhuǎn)售帕涌。使用利潤標(biāo)準摄凡，你可以從購買軟件包開始。畢竟蚓曼，電池的價格是5美元亲澡，而不是1美元。然而纫版，用你的100美元床绪，你可以購買100塊電池，最終獲得100美元的利潤其弊。換句話說会涎，你不能用利潤作為排序標(biāo)準。您更愿意使用利潤/投資標(biāo)準瑞凑，這將使電池（利潤/投資=1）遠遠領(lǐng)先于軟件包末秃，其中：利潤/投資=（收入成本）/成本=（105-100）/100=0.05。
你會立即注意到籽御，除了電池的成本练慕，你還應(yīng)該包括其他成本，比如寶貴時間的成本技掏！您還會注意到铃将，價值/時間標(biāo)準是表達價值/投資標(biāo)準（或利潤/投資等）的另一種方式。請注意哑梳，這些只是對同一事物的不同解釋：投資效率
任務(wù)清單是壓力管理的工具嗎劲阎？（Are tasklists a tool of stress-management?）
If you use tasklists, you do not have to worry about your to-dolists growing beyond a thousand items! Using a rationally prioritized to-do list isanother way of admitting:You cannot do everything what others would want you to do!You cannot do everything what you yourself would want to do! Just do your best!
For many, the tasklist concept will not be appealing because of their simple lack of ability to accurately estimate the following: the value of one's time, the duration of tasks, the value generated by the successful completion of a task,etc. Without accurate valuation, tasklists will turn into quasi-randomly sorted to-do lists. In such cases, application of a tasklist might still be recommended due to the following:
?the sorting order will partly reduce the stress related to the need? of browsing an unmanageable list of things to do
?the ability to assess the value of tasks and their duration develops? gradually with time and the benefits coming from the use of a tasklist will grow with? every passing day
如果你使用任務(wù)列表，你就不必擔(dān)心你的任務(wù)列表會超過1000項鸠真！使用合理優(yōu)先的待辦事項清單是另一種承認的方式：你不能做別人希望你做的事情悯仙！你不能做你自己想做的一切龄毡！盡力而為！
對許多人來說锡垄，任務(wù)清單的概念不會有吸引力沦零，因為它們簡單地缺乏準確估計以下內(nèi)容的能力：一個人的時間價值、任務(wù)持續(xù)時間货岭、成功完成任務(wù)所產(chǎn)生的價值等路操。如果沒有準確的評估，任務(wù)清單將變成準隨機排序的待辦事項清單千贯。在這種情況下屯仗，由于以下原因，仍然建議應(yīng)用任務(wù)列表：
?排序順序?qū)⒃谝欢ǔ潭壬蠝p輕瀏覽無法管理的待辦事項列表的壓力
?評估任務(wù)價值及其持續(xù)時間的能力隨著時間的推移而逐漸發(fā)展搔谴，使用任務(wù)清單帶來的好處將與日俱增
Those who do apply tasklists experience the following advantages:
?end of worry about not doing important things! If they are not done, even if they seem important, they are not done because of a simple impossibility!
?end of worry about others asking you why you do not do what they? asked you do to! Present your tasklist and your valuations. As an act of courtesy, you can? even increase the valuation of a task in question. If this won't push the task to the top, you will just no do it! Period!
?easiness of revaluation and reprioritizing. If things change, find a? task on a list, change its valuation or timing and sort the list anew
Tasklists are an excellent stress-management tool! Ifyou disagree or simply believe tasklists are a waste of time, drop me a line. I will gladly comment upon youropinion or even add your comments to the bottom of this web page.
應(yīng)用任務(wù)清單的人有以下優(yōu)勢：
?不要再擔(dān)心沒有做重要的事情了祭钉！如果他們沒有完成，即使他們看起來很重要己沛，他們沒有完成慌核，也不必焦慮因為那是你不可能做到的！
?別擔(dān)心別人問你為什么不按他們的要求做申尼！展示你的任務(wù)清單和評估垮卓。作為一種禮貌行為，你甚至可以提高相關(guān)任務(wù)的價值师幕。如果這不能把任務(wù)推到最頂端粟按，你就不能去做它！就這么定了霹粥！
?易于重新估價和調(diào)整優(yōu)先順序灭将。如果情況發(fā)生變化，在列表中找到一項任務(wù)后控，改變其估值或時間庙曙，并重新排序列表
任務(wù)清單是一個很好的壓力管理工具！如果你不同意或只是認為任務(wù)清單是浪費時間，給我寫信吧。我很樂意對你的意見發(fā)表評論蛉幸，甚至將你的評論添加到本網(wǎng)頁的底部。
您可以使用什么任務(wù)列表管理器砂蔽？（What tasklist manager can you use?）
Regrettably, I cannot recommend any PIM that would make it possible to sort to-do lists using the value/time criterion. I do not know one! If you do,please let me know [since publishing this article many of you recommended:Above&Beyond,which is said to provide best priority handling]
However, the good news is that ... our speed-learning software SuperMemomakes it easy to prioritize tasklists and sort them using the value/time criteria!
The reason for which tasklists have crept into SuperMemo is that they are a foundation concept for implementing the so-called reading lists. A reading list is a tasklist in which each task is an article to read.SuperMemo 99 for Windows uses reading lists to make it possible for students to easily convert knowledge available in electronic articles into knowledge that can effectively be remembered. Tasklist management is an underlying concept for reading list management, and appears to be a valuable implementation side effect that will help you use SuperMemo for handling your tasklist! In other words, you can now use SuperMemo in time-management and stress-management!
I have used tasklists for nearly a decade, and find the implementation introduced to SuperMemo an excellent boost to the program's functionality. I could only wish similar mechanisms were added to Microsoft's Outlook and other applications of this type. Although I consider MS Outlook 2000 a very good application,the availability of three priority levels on the list of tasks renders this option entirely useless from my perspective!
遺憾的是，我不能推薦任何能夠使用值/時間標(biāo)準對待辦事項列表進行排序的PIM署惯。我一個都不認識左驾！如果有，請讓我知道[因為發(fā)表了這篇文章，你們中的許多人都推薦：Above&Beyond诡右，據(jù)說它提供了最佳優(yōu)先級處理]
然而安岂，好消息是。稻爬。。我們的快速學(xué)習(xí)軟件SuperMemo可以輕松地對任務(wù)列表進行優(yōu)先級排序蜕依，并使用價值/時間標(biāo)準對其進行排序桅锄！
任務(wù)列表已經(jīng)滲透到超級備忘錄中的原因是它們是實現(xiàn)所謂的閱讀列表的基礎(chǔ)概念。閱讀列表是一個任務(wù)列表样眠，其中每個任務(wù)都是一篇要閱讀的文章友瘤。SuperMemo 99 for Windows使用閱讀列表，使學(xué)生能夠輕松地將電子文章中的知識轉(zhuǎn)換為可以有效記憶的知識檐束。任務(wù)列表管理是閱讀列表管理的一個基本概念辫秧，它似乎是一個有價值的實現(xiàn)副作用，將幫助您使用SuperMemo來處理任務(wù)列表被丧！換句話說盟戏，你現(xiàn)在可以在時間管理和壓力管理中使用SuperMemo了！
我已經(jīng)使用任務(wù)列表近十年了甥桂，發(fā)現(xiàn)SuperMemo引入的實現(xiàn)對程序的功能有極好的提升柿究。我只希望微軟的Outlook和其他這類應(yīng)用程序也能加入類似的機制。雖然我認為MS Outlook 2000是一個非常好的應(yīng)用程序黄选，但是在任務(wù)列表中三個優(yōu)先級的可用性使得這個選項從我的角度來看完全沒有用蝇摸！
添加+忘記+執(zhí)行（Add + Forget + Execute）
With tasklists in SuperMemo, you never have to worry that youwill miss an important idea or that storing the idea in your PIM will excessively burden your attention and waste your precious time (browsing, shifting, etc.). Tasklists help you take the only rational and psychologically sound approach to handling to-do lists:Add,
forget and execute.
Add: You can add as many tasks as you wish without adding to your mental burden or chipping away at your time
Forget: Upon adding a task, you can forget about its existence without worrying that it would never come back (if only it is important enough)
Execute: Execute tasks on your tasklist starting with those of the highest priority. You can execute only a single task in a given time slot, keep the remaining thousand tasks untouched on the list, and still be sure that you have done your best!
To simplify your valuations, you might opt for designating the same amount of time to each of your tasklists per day (or at least per week). For example, youshould set on spending no more than 90 minutes on e-mail, 70 minutes on your reading list,40 minutes on your minor tasks tasklist, etc. This will help you find the right proportions between various areas of your activity and adjust them in case long-term results do not meet you expectations in a given field
使用SuperMemo中的任務(wù)列表，你永遠不必擔(dān)心你會錯過一個重要的想法办陷，或者將想法存儲在PIM中會過度增加你的注意力貌夕，浪費你寶貴的時間（瀏覽、轉(zhuǎn)移等）民镜。任務(wù)清單幫助你采取唯一理性且心理上合理的方法來處理待辦事項清單：添加啡专，
忘記并執(zhí)行。
補充：你可以隨心所欲地增加任務(wù)制圈，而不會增加你的精神負擔(dān)或減少你的時間
忘記：在添加任務(wù)時植旧，你可以忘記它的存在，而不用擔(dān)心它永遠不會回來（只要它足夠重要）
執(zhí)行：從優(yōu)先級最高的任務(wù)列表開始執(zhí)行任務(wù)离唐。在給定的時間段內(nèi)病附，你只能執(zhí)行一項任務(wù)，保持列表中剩余的1000項任務(wù)不變亥鬓，同時確保你已經(jīng)盡了最大努力完沪！
為了簡化評估，您可以選擇每天（或至少每周）為每個任務(wù)列表指定相同的時間。例如覆积，你應(yīng)該在電子郵件上花費不超過90分鐘听皿，在閱讀清單上花費不超過70分鐘，在次要任務(wù)清單上花費不超過40分鐘宽档，等等尉姨。這將幫助你在活動的各個領(lǐng)域中找到正確的比例，并在長期結(jié)果達不到你在某個領(lǐng)域的期望時進行調(diào)整
任務(wù)列表示例（Tasklist examples）
If, for example, you would like to regularly expand yourencyclopedic knowledge about facts you encounter in the news, on the net or in conversation with other people, you might create a tasklist that looks as presented below. You might then spend 10-20 minutes of your day with a CD-ROM encyclopedia looking individual entries up and importing them to your reading list. Creating such a tasklist as below would help you avoid rushing through individual entries without sufficient in-depth analysis while still being sure that you start off from most important positions.Task is the name of the entry or concept you want to understand better.Value is the dollar value you put on getting the new knowledge.Time is the time it will take to locate and read the entry in your encyclopedia or on the Internet (or other sources).Priority tells you how much value are you generating per hour of your knowledge hunt:
例如吗冤，如果你想定期擴展你在新聞又厉、網(wǎng)絡(luò)或與他人對話中遇到的事實的百科全書式知識，你可以創(chuàng)建一個任務(wù)列表椎瘟，如下所示覆致。然后，你可能每天花10-20分鐘在CD-ROM百科全書上查找各個條目肺蔚，并將它們導(dǎo)入閱讀列表煌妈。創(chuàng)建如下這樣一個任務(wù)列表將幫助你避免在沒有充分深入分析的情況下匆忙完成單個條目，同時確保你從最重要的職位開始宣羊。Task是您希望更好地理解的條目或概念的名稱璧诵。價值是你為獲得新知識而付出的金錢價值。時間是指在百科全書或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)（或其他來源）上查找和閱讀條目所需的時間仇冯。優(yōu)先級告訴你每小時的知識搜尋會產(chǎn)生多少價值：
譯者注：表格由上而下排列為
Descartes笛卡爾
Newton牛頓
History of computers計算機史
Saddam Hussein薩達姆·侯賽因
Tahiti塔希提島（南太平洋的大島）
Prophet Muhammad先知默罕默德
Logical positivists邏輯實證主義者
History of education教育史
B.F.Skinner斯金納
PLO巴勒斯坦解放組織
Franciscans方濟會
Mikhail Gorbachev米哈伊爾·戈爾巴喬夫
Quantum Mechanics量子力學(xué)
Reign of Terror恐怖統(tǒng)治
spina bifida脊柱裂
Orthodox Christianity東正教
Tschaikovsky柴可夫斯基
Idi Amin阿明
If you would like to rationalize your spending, you might create a shopping list based on the expected daily savings in your time.Item is the item to buy.Savings is your expected daily time you would save as a result of purchasing the item. For example, if you subscribe to Scientific Discoveries channel you might end up spending 20 minutes per day on watching Science News and get back 28 minutes through your enhanced knowledge, which would result in a net gain of 8minutes (those estimations might be highly subjective but ... they provide a rational underpinnings of your shopping list).Price is the price of a given product.Priority tells you how many minutes per day you would actually save per dollar of your spending.
如果你想合理化你的消費腮猖，你可以根據(jù)你每天節(jié)省的時間創(chuàng)建一個購物清單。物品就是要買的物品赞枕。節(jié)省的時間是你購買物品后所能節(jié)省的預(yù)期每日時間澈缺。例如，如果你訂閱了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)頻道炕婶，你可能會每天花20分鐘看科學(xué)新聞姐赡，然后通過增強知識獲得28分鐘的回報，這將導(dǎo)致8分鐘的凈收益（這些估計可能非常主觀柠掂，但……它們?yōu)槟愕馁徫锴鍐翁峁┝撕侠淼幕A(chǔ)）项滑。價格是給定產(chǎn)品的價格。優(yōu)先級告訴你每天每一美元的花費能節(jié)省多少分鐘涯贞。
譯者注「他說的有點繞枪狂，他的意思就是比如說你原先用一個十美元的手動剃須刀每天使用20分鐘，但是現(xiàn)在如果你買一個20美元電動剃須刀5分鐘就能結(jié)束宋渔。諸如此類提高效率的購物很多所以需要通過比較時間/價值來確立優(yōu)先級」
譯者注：由上而下
Item項目
SuperMemo 99
Scientific Discoveries channel科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)頻道
Subscription to PC World訂閱PC世界
Electric shaver電動剃須刀
CD-ROM Dictionary CD-ROM字典
Water filter濾水器
WinCE computer WinCE計算機
Electric balance電子天平
New in-line skates新型直列溜冰鞋
If you are shopping for your favorite music compact discs at CDNow.com, you could rank the music and see how much value you get per dollar:
如果你正在CDNow購買你最喜歡的音樂光盤州疾。com，你可以對音樂進行排名皇拣，看看每一美元能帶來多少價值：
譯者注：全是專輯名不必在意
Most of all, you will want to create tasklists for scheduling your daily tasks, tasks for your employees, tasks that make up your projects, etc.
For example, the implementation list for SuperMemo is over 2000 tasks long.Most of the ideas come from users of SuperMemo but only a small proportion can actually be put into effect due to the limitations of the implementation cycle in terms of resources,time, deadlines, etc. The implementation cycle begins with selecting key features of the new version (e.g. reading lists in SuperMemo 99). Once these are designed and skeletally implemented, further implementation proceeds strictly along the implementation tasklist.Gradually, the 2000-long list of items is being shortened by adding new features to SuperMemo or by moving tasks to the next release (which is a separate tasklist). Once SuperMemo enters beta-testing, all features that are not labeled as bugs are moved to the next version's tasklist. Finally, once all bugs are processed, the current version's tasklist becomes empty, and a new version of SuperMemo is ready for release. The tasklist for the next version includes all new beta-tester and customer propositions as well as the long list of tasks inherited from and not implemented in the previous version.
最重要的是严蓖，你需要創(chuàng)建任務(wù)列表來安排你的日常任務(wù)薄嫡、員工任務(wù)、組成項目的任務(wù)等颗胡。
例如毫深，SuperMemo的實現(xiàn)列表超過2000個任務(wù)。大多數(shù)想法來自SuperMemo的用戶毒姨，但由于實施周期在資源哑蔫、時間、截止日期等方面的限制弧呐，只有一小部分能夠真正付諸實施闸迷。實施周期從選擇新版本的關(guān)鍵功能（例如SuperMemo 99中的閱讀列表）開始。一旦設(shè)計并基本實現(xiàn)了這些功能泉懦，進一步的實現(xiàn)將嚴格按照實現(xiàn)任務(wù)清單進行稿黍。通過向SuperMemo添加新功能或?qū)⑷蝿?wù)轉(zhuǎn)移到下一個版本（這是一個單獨的任務(wù)列表）疹瘦，2000個項目的列表逐漸縮短崩哩。一旦SuperMemo進入beta測試，所有未標(biāo)記為Bug的功能都會被轉(zhuǎn)移到下一個版本的任務(wù)列表中言沐。最后邓嘹，一旦處理完所有bug，當(dāng)前版本的任務(wù)列表將變?yōu)榭障找龋掳姹镜腟uperMemo即將發(fā)布汹押。下一個版本的任務(wù)列表包括所有新的beta tester和客戶建議，以及從上一個版本繼承而來的起便、未在上一個版本中實現(xiàn)的一長串任務(wù)棚贾。
An important example of a tasklist is a tasklist with tasks for your employee (each employee should have his or her own tasklist in your collection). The value of the task can naturally be measured in dollars (or other currency). Selecting the time field is more tricky though. If you value your time highly, you might tend to record only your own time needed to explain the task and supervise its execution or inspect the results. However, this will give preference to highly valued tasks that need little of your attention but may otherwise be long-drawn and wasteful. This will tend to act as a way of getting rid of an employee by giving him or her arduous jobs that may last for hours or days. It will cost you little except for being wasteful in terms of the employee's time. Naturally, you cannot use the time of your employee as the time attribute of the task because the expenditure of your time is unlikely to be negligible. The only rational solution is to combine the times you and your employee will need to execute the task. Obviously you will want to multiply your time by an appropriate value to express the likely case of your caring more about your own time than about the time of your employee. A 10-fold difference in valuation would not be surprising. It is the privilege of a boss to feel important. A more convenient solution would be to convert your time to dollars and your employee's time to dollars and simply add the two dollar numbers.
任務(wù)列表的一個重要示例是包含員工任務(wù)的任務(wù)列表（每個員工在您的集合中都應(yīng)該有自己的任務(wù)列表）。任務(wù)的價值自然可以用美元（或其他貨幣）來衡量榆综。不過妙痹，選擇時間域更為棘手。如果你高度重視自己的時間鼻疮，你可能傾向于只記錄自己解釋任務(wù)怯伊、監(jiān)督任務(wù)執(zhí)行或檢查結(jié)果所需的時間。然而判沟，這將優(yōu)先考慮那些高度重視的任務(wù)耿芹，這些任務(wù)不需要你太多的關(guān)注，但可能會拖得很長挪哄，浪費時間吧秕。這往往是通過給員工提供可能持續(xù)數(shù)小時或數(shù)天的艱巨工作來擺脫員工的一種方式。除了浪費員工的時間外迹炼，這幾乎不需要花費你什么寇甸。當(dāng)然，您不能將員工的時間用作任務(wù)的時間屬性，因為您的時間花費不太可能可以忽略不計拿霉。唯一合理的解決方案是將您和您的員工執(zhí)行任務(wù)所需的時間結(jié)合起來吟秩。顯然，你會想將你的時間乘以一個合適的值绽淘，以表達你更關(guān)心自己的時間而不是員工的時間的可能情況涵防。估值相差10倍也不足為奇。感到自己很重要是老板的特權(quán)沪铭。一個更方便的解決方案是將您的時間轉(zhuǎn)換為美元壮池，將員工的時間轉(zhuǎn)換為美元，然后簡單地將兩個美元數(shù)字相加杀怠。
?The number of applications of tasklists is endless. You can list things to find on the net, gardening chores, your wife's requests for things to fix in the house, letters to write, books to buy, and many more. You can even keep your own pop-charts as a tasklist (ignoring the time field). Once you develop the ability to quickly evaluate your time and the value of things in your life, you may find tasklists indispensable. With tasklists you will always live in comfort of doing things optimally: at work and privately at home If you have an interesting example of a tasklist, please let me know
任務(wù)列表的應(yīng)用程序數(shù)不勝數(shù)椰憋。你可以在網(wǎng)上列出要找的東西、園藝雜務(wù)赔退、你妻子要求在家里修繕的東西橙依、要寫的信、要買的書等等硕旗。你甚至可以將自己的流行圖表作為任務(wù)列表（忽略時間字段）窗骑。一旦你培養(yǎng)了快速評估時間和生活中事物價值的能力，你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)清單不可或缺漆枚。有了任務(wù)清單创译，你將永遠生活在以最佳方式做事的舒適之中：無論是在工作中還是在家中。如果你有一個有趣的任務(wù)清單示例墙基，請告訴我
You can use SuperMemo 99 for Windows to keep a number of tasklists. For more information see:Tasklist Manager
This is how tasklists look in SuperMemo 99:
你可以使用SuperMemo 99 for Windows來保存許多任務(wù)列表软族。有關(guān)更多信息，請參閱任務(wù)列表管理器
這是SuperMemo 99中任務(wù)列表的外觀：
譯者注：
Resistance in Hemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血桿菌的耐藥性
Click and Mortar 點擊和迫擊炮
Auto-dealers should not ignore the net汽車經(jīng)銷商不應(yīng)該忽視網(wǎng)絡(luò)
Baekeland貝克蘭
Cortisol皮質(zhì)醇
Gamma waves in the brain大腦中的伽馬波
Cancer prevention through diet通過飲食預(yù)防癌癥
Back to the real world回到現(xiàn)實世界
Small secrets to big success大成功的小秘密
Poor customer service on the net網(wǎng)絡(luò)上糟糕的客戶服務(wù)
Prostate前列腺
Cefuroxime-microbiology頭孢呋辛微生物學(xué)
Toxic algae in Lake Washington華盛頓湖有毒藻類
Mormons摩門教徒
Energy shortages能源短缺
Chronic pneumonia慢性肺炎
Socks and sleep襪子和睡眠
GDP growth in the US美國的GDP增長
Quinine奎寧
Software piracy on auctions拍賣中的軟件盜版
Sad attitudes may be unhealthy悲傷的態(tài)度可能是不健康的
Inprise revenues增加收入
Me-too commerce is dead我也是商業(yè)已死
English idioms英語習(xí)語
Dangers of sunscreen防曬霜的危險
Eye correction news眼睛矯正新聞
Kidney stones prevention腎結(jié)石的預(yù)防
To find out more about the science of stress management see:The Medical Basis of Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Sleep Problems, and Drug Use
See also:Tasklist FAQ
要了解更多關(guān)于壓力管理的科學(xué)知識残制，請參閱：壓力立砸、抑郁、焦慮痘拆、睡眠的醫(yī)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)問題和藥物使用
另請參見：任務(wù)列表常見問題解答
