【導(dǎo)讀】印尼的霧霾事出有因。地方政治勢力與商業(yè)利益相勾結(jié)册倒，焚毀森林蚓挤，為棕櫚油種植園鋪路。霧霾鋪天蓋地驻子，政府幾乎無能為力灿意。
Indonesia’s haze
印尼霧霾
Leaders fiddle as Sumatra burns
蘇門答臘著火，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)磨洋工
The fires that cause much of the region’s haze have started early this year
引起霧霾的大火已經(jīng)燒了一段時間了
Mar 22nd 2014 | PEKANBARU AND SINGAPORE | From the print edition
PEKANBARU, the capital of Riau province on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, has been shrouded in an acrid white cloud of smoke so dense that visibility is down to 50 metres (about 160 feet). The air quality is officially described as “dangerous”, and most people are wearing face masks, even indoors. Nearly 50,000 people in Riau have already been treated for respiratory, eye or skin problems. All flights last week were cancelled, and only a few have got through since. The provincial governor has declared a state of emergency. The haze is back, and has arrived earlier this year than usual.
在印尼蘇門答臘島廖內(nèi)省的首府北干巴魯崇呵，白色的刺鼻煙霧覆蓋了整座城市缤剧，可見度下降到了50米（約160英尺）。官方將空氣質(zhì)量定為「危險」域慷，大多數(shù)人戴上了口罩荒辕，或者干脆悶聲宅家。廖內(nèi)省已有近50000人接受了呼吸病犹褒，眼病抵窒，皮膚病的治療。上周所有的航班都已取消叠骑，只有一小部分航班到達(dá)此地李皇。廖內(nèi)省省長宣布了緊急狀態(tài)。2014年的第一場霧霾宙枷，比以往來得更早一些掉房。
Drive to Pekanbaru from the ferries that dock at a north Sumatran port, and you can see what the cause of the problem is: mile upon mile of smouldering or charred land. Much of it is peat-bog, where fires can burn up to two metres underground and take weeks to end. A few minutes in, the inferno stings the eyes and sets off a hacking cough. These fires have been burning for nearly two months. According to Greenpeace, a pressure group, more than 1,000 fires covering at least 12,000 hectares (30,000 acres) of forest and peatland are burning in Riau. And that is just one province among several with fires blazing.
通過蘇門答臘的北部渡口的輪渡，駕車前往北干巴魯慰丛，你就能見到霧霾的罪魁禍?zhǔn)琢耍呵Ю锿恋刈壳簦蛟诿盁煟蛞殉山雇磷绮 ＿@里大多是泥炭沼哪亿，火能燒到地下兩米，數(shù)周才熄睬隶。只要在其中待上幾分鐘，煉獄的火就會刺痛你的眼睛页徐，外加一陣干咳苏潜。大火已經(jīng)燃燒了近2個月。根據(jù)壓力團體綠色和平組織的統(tǒng)計变勇，12000公頃（30000英畝）的森林與泥炭地中有1000多個著火點恤左。有好幾個省的版圖上都有火焰閃動贴唇，廖內(nèi)省只是其中的一個。
For Sumatra, it is an annual environmental trauma. But when the haze drifts across the Strait of Malacca to cover Singapore and Malaysia, it is a regional nightmare, too. Some schools began to close in Malaysia this month; the night air in Singapore smelled of bonfires before rain provided some relief. Last year the haze shattered all air-pollution records in both countries, and diplomatic rows broke out with Indonesia. It will take only a slight change in wind direction for Sumatra’s fires to cause an even bigger haze over the region this year.
這是蘇門答臘每年一度的環(huán)境災(zāi)難飞袋。不過當(dāng)霧霾漫過馬六甲海峽戳气，侵入新加坡與馬來西亞時，這也就成為了地區(qū)性的噩夢巧鸭。本月一些馬來西亞學(xué)校開始停課瓶您；在雨來清洗城市之前，新加坡的夜空聞著像篝火纲仍。去年的霧霾打破了兩國的空氣污染記錄呀袱，并引發(fā)了兩國與印尼的外交爭端。只要風(fēng)向再小變一下郑叠，今天的霧霾就會比去年更厲害夜赵。
Everyone knows why the haze happens, yet it keeps on occurring. That angers Indonesians as much as Singaporeans and Malaysians. The fires are usually started deliberately, often to clear land to make way for palm-oil plantations. Indonesia is the world’s biggest producer of palm oil. Successive governments have passed a mountain of laws and regulations outlawing burning, yet enforcement is so poor that people carry on regardless. On March 16th, when he dropped in on Riau on an emergency visit, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said he was “ashamed” of the situation .
人人都知道為啥會產(chǎn)生霧霾，但一年一年還是有霧霾乡革。這讓印尼人新加坡人馬來西亞人都很惱怒寇僧。大火一般是有意點燃的，目的是為了清理土地沸版，為棕櫚油種植園騰出空間嘁傀。印尼是全球最大的棕櫚油生產(chǎn)國。一屆又一屆的政府通過了一堆堆的法律與規(guī)則來禁止焚燒推穷，但由于執(zhí)行力度太差心包，人們基本視若無睹。3月16日總統(tǒng)蘇西洛·班邦·尤多約諾緊急造訪了廖內(nèi)省馒铃，并表示他為此感到「慚愧」蟹腾。
One recent fire illustrates many of the problems. Between Pekanbaru and the east coast is Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu, a huge UNESCO-listed peatland and forest reserve that is home to the Sumatran tiger, among other species. It has been invaded by over 2,000 people from north Sumatra who are clearing the land by burning about 3,000 hectares. Local village heads are suspected of selling plots of land to the newcomers, aided and abetted by a local military officer previously convicted of illegal logging in western Sumatra.
最近的一場火說明了其中的很多問題。 北干巴魯與東海岸間是Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu生物圈保護區(qū)区宇，是聯(lián)合國教科文組織登記在列的泥炭地與森林保護區(qū)娃殖，也是蘇門答臘虎的棲息地。有北蘇門答臘的2000多人入侵此地议谷，點了有3000公頃的火炉爆，清理土地。有人懷疑當(dāng)?shù)卮迕耦^頭把地塊賣給了新來的卧晓，而一位被判在西蘇門答臘非法砍伐的當(dāng)?shù)剀姽倏赡苁悄缓蠛谑帧?/p>
That points to the habitual collusion between the authorities and those illegally clearing land, both of whom profit from the lucrative palm-oil business. In response to this case, the head of the army in Riau, Prihadi Agus Irianto, has said that it is time for the armed forces to acknowledge that officers are involved in illegal logging and burning. On March 12th a former governor of Riau, Rusli Zainal, was found guilty of graft, including issuing logging licences that resulted in forest destruction. He was sentenced to 14 years in prison.
這一切都表明芬首，官方與非法清理土地行為間有密不可分的聯(lián)系，棕櫚油生產(chǎn)能讓他們發(fā)財逼裆。作為對此事的回應(yīng)郁稍，廖內(nèi)省軍方首領(lǐng)Prihadi Agus Irianto表示，是時候要讓武裝部隊承認(rèn)有官員參與進了非法砍伐與縱火胜宇。3月12日廖內(nèi)省的前任省長Rusli Zainal被判犯有貪污罪耀怜，他私自簽發(fā)伐木執(zhí)照恢着，并導(dǎo)致了森林的毀壞。他被判有期徒刑14年财破。
Yet, as some Indonesian politicians are keen to point out, the problem is not all down to official corruption. About half of the fires burn on plantations owned by big palm-oil and logging corporations. By law, they are supposed to be responsible for preventing and putting out fires on their concessions, but the regulations are seldom enforced. This year, using satellite imagery, Greenpeace claims to have found fires on land owned by 36 pulp-and-paper companies and 15 palm-oil companies. Many of these are local subsidiaries of Malaysian and Singaporean giants.
不過掰派，正如印尼政治家經(jīng)常指出的那樣，問題不能全歸咎于官員腐敗左痢。從事棕櫚油生產(chǎn)與采伐的大集團放了其中一半的火靡羡。從法律上說，他們應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)防火滅火抖锥，但監(jiān)管很少真正到位亿眠。今年，綠色和平組織聲稱通過衛(wèi)星圖像發(fā)現(xiàn)磅废，有36家造紙公司與15家棕櫚油公司在其所擁有的土地上有著火點纳像。其中許多是馬來西亞與新加坡巨頭下屬的子公司。
Yet proving a deliberate intent to start the fires has always been hard. The case against one company, Adei Plantation and Industry, a subsidiary of Kuala Lumpur Kepong, listed in Malaysia, is being watched closely. The firm was one of eight accused last year of starting fires, and now—a first in Riau—a local manager and a director have been brought to trial. If found guilty, they face up to ten years in jail and the company could lose its permit.
但要證實縱火有故意目的拯勉，總是困難的事竟趾。馬來西亞注冊的Kuala Lumpur Kepong下屬子公司Adei Plantation and Industry的案子正受到密切關(guān)注。這家公司是去年被控縱火的八家公司之一宫峦，也是廖內(nèi)省內(nèi)首家地方經(jīng)理與主管接受審判的公司岔帽。如果他們被判有罪，那至多會有十年徒刑导绷，而公司也會失去執(zhí)照犀勒。
The director of a local NGO, Muslim Rasyid of the Network for Riau Forest Rescue, argues that this is a landmark trial, and that if the company is punished, it could act as a deterrent to others. Perhaps, but first the trial has to reach its conclusion. Proceedings have been delayed. The judge, who is based in Jakarta, the capital, could not attend the courtroom last week because planes could not land in the haze.
本地非政府組織Network for Riau Forest Rescue的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)穆斯林Rasyid表示這是一次里程碑式的審判，如果這家公司因此受罰妥曲，那將會震懾其他公司贾费。或許如此檐盟，但審判首先得有結(jié)果褂萧。審判進程已然被拖延。首都雅加達(dá)的那位法官上周沒能出席葵萎，因為飛機沒法在霧霾中著陸导犹。
From the print edition: Asia
