中英對照翻譯+視頻+MP3音頻原文：TED | 人類大腦最特別的地方在哪里

What is so special about the human brain?

TED簡介：（2013）人類的大腦是一個迷——對于我們的身體來說黍衙，它是出奇地大失乾。它的重量和那一個奇形怪狀的密集的大腦皮層消耗了大量的能量滑黔。但是：為什么？神經(jīng)學(xué)家蘇珊娜帶上她的偵探帽卵慰，帶領(lǐng)我們探索這個神秘的大腦。通過制作“大腦湯劑”，她得到了一個驚人的結(jié)論柒室。

演講者：Suzana Herculano-Houzel

片長：13：43

中英文對照翻譯

What is so specialabout the human brain? Why is it that we study other animals instead of themstudying us? What does a human brain have or do that no other brain does? WhenI became interested in these questions about 10 years ago, scientists thoughtthey knew what different brains were made of. Though it was based on verylittle evidence, many scientists thought that all mammalian brains, includingthe human brain, were made in the same way, with a number of neurons that wasalways proportional to the size of the brain.

對于人類的大腦來說蛉抓，什么是最特別的？我們?yōu)槭裁匆芯科渌膭游锾曜纾慷皇撬麄冄芯课覀兿锼停坑袥]有什么是人類大腦可以做的而其他的大腦不能做的？十年前综苔，我對這些問題產(chǎn)生興趣惩系。科學(xué)家認(rèn)為他們知道大腦不同的組成部分如筛，即使那些都是基于一些非常小的證據(jù)堡牡，很多科學(xué)界認(rèn)為所有的哺乳動物的大腦，包括人類的大腦是由同樣的東西組成杨刨，一系列的神經(jīng)元和大腦的大小晤柄，總是成為成正比。

This means that two brains of thesame size, like these two, with a respectable 400 grams, should have similarnumbers of neurons. Now, if neurons are the functional information processingunits of the brain, then the owners of these two brains should have similarcognitive abilities. And yet, one is a chimp, and the other is a cow. Now maybecows have a really rich internal mental life and are so smart that they choosenot to let us realize it, but we eat them.

這個意味著妖胀，兩個同樣大小的大腦芥颈。就看這兩個惠勒，有大概400克，應(yīng)該有同樣數(shù)量的神經(jīng)元爬坑。如果我們說神經(jīng)元是大腦功能信息處理的單位然后纠屋，這些兩個大腦各自的擁有者，應(yīng)該有的相近的認(rèn)知能力盾计。然而售担，其中一個是黑猩猩，和另一種是一頭母攀鸹裕∽迕現(xiàn)在也許牛有很豐富的精神生活，并且很聰明哭尝，他們選擇不會讓我們意識到這一點(diǎn)哥攘，但我們吃他們。

I think most people will agree thatchimps are capable of much more complex, elaborate and flexible behaviors thancows are. So this is a first indication that the "all brains are made thesame way" scenario is not quite right.

我想大多數(shù)人會同意材鹦，相比于牛來說逝淹，黑猩猩具有更加復(fù)雜和細(xì)節(jié)、以及靈活的行為侠姑。所以這是第一個征兆顯示?"所有的大腦的構(gòu)成方式都是一樣的"?不是特別正確的创橄。

But let's playalong. If all brains were made the same way and you were to compare animalswith brains of different sizes, larger brains should always have more neuronsthan smaller brains, and the larger the brain, the more cognitively able itsowner should be. So the largest brain around should also be the mostcognitively able.

我們不妨繼續(xù)這個比喻，如果所有的大腦由相同的方式組成莽红，你要將大腦大小不同的動物拿來做比較妥畏，大一點(diǎn)的大腦對于小一點(diǎn)的大腦來說，應(yīng)該具有等多的神經(jīng)元安吁，并且越大的大腦醉蚁，它的主人應(yīng)該更有認(rèn)知能力。所以最大的腦應(yīng)該具有最好的認(rèn)知能力鬼店。

And here comes the bad news: Our brain, not the largest onearound. It seems quite vexing. Our brain weighs between 1.2 and 1.5 kilos, butelephant brains weigh between four and five kilos, and whale brains can weighup to nine kilos, which is why scientists used to resort to saying that ourbrain must be special to explain our cognitive abilities. It must be reallyextraordinary, an exception to the rule. Theirs may be bigger, but ours isbetter, and it could be better, for example, in that it seems larger than itshould be, with a much larger cerebral cortex than we should have for the sizeof our bodies.

這里有個壞消息要說：我們的大腦网棍，不是最大的一個「局牵看起來相當(dāng)棘手滥玷。我們的大腦重量1.2 和1.5公斤之間，但大象腦子稱之間四巍棱、五公斤惑畴，鯨魚大腦可重達(dá)9公斤，這就是為什么科學(xué)家們用來訴諸說我們的大腦肯定是非常特別地航徙，來解釋我們的認(rèn)知能力如贷。它必須是真的非同尋常，一個例外情況。他們的大腦可能會更大杠袱，但我們的更好尚猿，并且我們的可以變得更加好，例如楣富，?在這似乎比它應(yīng)該更大與很多大大腦皮層比我們應(yīng)該有的對于我們的身體的大小凿掂。

So that would give us extra cortex to do more interesting thingsthan just operating the body. That's because the size of the brain usuallyfollows the size of the body. So the main reason for saying that our brain islarger than it should be actually comes from comparing ourselves to great apes.Gorillas can be two to three times larger than we are, so their brains shouldalso be larger than ours, but instead it's the other way around. Our brain isthree times larger than a gorilla brain.

因此，這樣將會給我們額外皮質(zhì)去做更多有趣的事情菩彬，而不是只主管我的身體缠劝。這是因?yàn)榇竽X的大小通常遵循身體的大小潮梯。所以說這句話的主要原因就是我們的大腦已經(jīng)比它應(yīng)有的大小大出好多了骗灶，其實(shí)是來自于比較我們自己和巨猿。大猩猩可以是比我們大兩到三倍秉馏，因此耙旦，他們的大腦也應(yīng)該比我們的大。但相反萝究，它的大腦比我們的小免都。我們的大腦是比大猩猩腦大三倍。

The human brainalso seems special in the amount of energy that it uses. Although it weighsonly two percent of the body, it alone uses 25 percent of all the energy thatyour body requires to run per day. That's 500 calories out of a total of 2,000calories, just to keep your brain working.

人類的大腦似乎也很特別在于它使用的能源的量帆竹。雖然它的重量只有全身的2%绕娘，但是它單獨(dú)使用你身體每天所需能量的25%，2000卡路里里面的500卡路里栽连，僅僅只是為了讓你的大腦的工作险领。

So the human brainis larger than it should be, it uses much more energy than it should, so it'sspecial. And this is where the story started to bother me. In biology, we lookfor rules that apply to all animals and to life in general, so why should therules of evolution apply to everybody else but not to us?

所以，人類的大腦已經(jīng)比應(yīng)有的大小大出很多了秒紧，它消耗了更加多的能量绢陌，對于他應(yīng)該消耗的來說所以它很特殊。這是這個故事開始讓我感到疑惑熔恢。在生物學(xué)中脐湾，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)則，一般情況下叙淌，適用于所有的動物和生活秤掌，那么為什么進(jìn)化的規(guī)則應(yīng)用到了其他生物，但不是我們鹰霍？

Maybe the problem waswith the basic assumption that all brains are made in the same way. Maybe twobrains of a similar size can actually be made of very different numbers ofneurons. Maybe a very large brain does not necessarily have more neurons than amore modest-sized brain. Maybe the human brain actually has the most neurons ofany brain, regardless of its size, especially in the cerebral cortex. So thisto me became the important question to answer: how many neurons does the humanbrain have, and how does that compare to other animals?

也許這個問題是一個基礎(chǔ)的假設(shè)所有的大腦都是由相同的方式組成闻鉴。也許兩個大小相似的大腦實(shí)際上可以由數(shù)目不同的神經(jīng)元組成。也許是一個非常大的大腦不一定需要具有更多的神經(jīng)元對于一個更具規(guī)模適度的大腦衅谷。也許椒拗，相比于其他大腦來說，人類的大腦具有最多的神經(jīng)元，無論其規(guī)模大小蚀苛，尤其是在大腦皮質(zhì)中在验。所以這對我來說成為了，對于這個答案來說最重要的問題：人類大腦有多少神經(jīng)元和其他動物比較起來怎樣堵未？

Now, you may haveheard or read somewhere that we have 100 billion neurons, so 10 years ago, Iasked my colleagues if they knew where this number came from. But nobody did.I've been digging through the literature for the original reference for thatnumber, and I could never find it. It seems that nobody had actually evercounted the number of neurons in the human brain, or in any other brain forthat matter.

現(xiàn)在腋舌，您可能會聽到或讀到過我們有1000億個神經(jīng)元。10年前渗蟹，我就問我的同事們块饺，他們是否知道這個數(shù)字是從哪里來的，但沒人知道雌芽。我通過深入細(xì)致的研究文獻(xiàn)試圖找出該數(shù)字的原始參考授艰，但我找不到它。這似乎其實(shí)沒有人去真正的數(shù)過人類大腦里面的神經(jīng)元數(shù)量世落，或者其他任何的大腦里面神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量淮腾。

So I came up withmy own way to count cells in the brain, and it essentially consists ofdissolving that brain into soup. It works like this: You take a brain, or partsof that brain, and you dissolve it in detergent, which destroys the cellmembranes but keeps the cell nuclei intact, so you end up with a suspension offree nuclei that looks like this, like a clear soup.This soup contains all thenuclei that once were a mouse brain.

所以我想出了我自己的方式來統(tǒng)計(jì)大腦里面的細(xì)胞，它最重要的一個步驟是那大腦溶解在試劑里屉佳。它的工作方式：你帶一個大腦或部分的大腦谷朝，讓它溶化在洗滌劑里，洗滌劑會破壞細(xì)胞膜但保持細(xì)胞核不變武花，所以你最終會看到細(xì)胞核懸浮圆凰，看起來像這樣，像一碗清湯体箕。這湯包含所有細(xì)胞核专钉，曾經(jīng)是一個老鼠的大腦。

Now, the beauty of a soup is that becauseit is soup, you can agitate it and make those nuclei be distributed homogeneouslyin the liquid, so that now by looking under the microscope at just four or fivesamples of this homogeneous solution, you can count nuclei, and therefore tellhow many cells that brain had.It's simple, it's straightforward, and it'sreally fast.So we've used that method to count neurons in dozens of differentspecies so far, and it turns out that all brains are not made the same way.

現(xiàn)在干旁，這個液體的魅力在于因?yàn)樗且后w驶沼，可以搖晃它，并使這些細(xì)胞核在液體中均勻分布争群。所以回怜，現(xiàn)在通過在顯微鏡下觀察只需四個或五個這種細(xì)胞核均勻分布的樣本，你可以數(shù)數(shù)原子核换薄，并能夠知道有多少腦細(xì)胞了玉雾。這樣很簡單，非常直接轻要，并且复旬，這樣的速度也很快。所以我們使用了這種方法來計(jì)數(shù)神經(jīng)元冲泥，目前為止計(jì)數(shù)了幾十個不同的物種驹碍，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)壁涎，所有的大腦是由不同的方式組成的。

Take rodents and primates, for instance: In larger rodent brains, the averagesize of the neuron increases, so the brain inflates very rapidly and gains sizemuch faster than it gains neurons. But primate brains gain neurons without theaverage neuron becoming any larger, which is a very economical way to addneurons to your brain. The result is that a primate brain will always have moreneurons than a rodent brain of the same size, and the larger the brain, thelarger this difference will be.

以嚙齒類動物和靈長類動物為例：在大一些的嚙齒類動物大腦里志秃，神經(jīng)元的平均尺寸在增加怔球，所以，大腦非常迅速地膨脹浮还，尺寸增長比獲得神經(jīng)元更加快竟坛。但靈長類動物的大腦得到神經(jīng)元而不需要神經(jīng)元平均尺寸增大，這是一種非常經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法在你大腦里添加神經(jīng)元钧舌，結(jié)果是靈長類動物的大腦和嚙齒動物相同大小的腦相比担汤，總有更多的神經(jīng)元和大腦越大。這種差異性將越來越大洼冻。

Well, what about our brain then? We found thatwe have, on average, 86 billion neurons, 16 billion of which are in the cerebralcortex, and if you consider that the cerebral cortex is the seat of functionslike awareness and logical and abstract reasoning, and that 16 billion is themost neurons that any cortex has, I think this is the simplest explanation forour remarkable cognitive abilities.

那么崭歧，我們的大腦又是如何呢？我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們平均有860億個神經(jīng)元碘赖。其中有160億個存在于大腦皮質(zhì)里驾荣，而且如果你認(rèn)為大腦皮質(zhì)是下列功能的基礎(chǔ)，意識普泡、邏輯和抽象推理，那么审编，這160億個神經(jīng)元對大腦皮質(zhì)來說是最重要的撼班。我想這是最簡單的說明對于我們卓越的認(rèn)知能力。

But just as important is what the 86billion neurons mean. Because we found that the relationship between the sizeof the brain and its number of neurons could be described mathematically, wecould calculate what a human brain would look like if it was made like a rodentbrain. So, a rodent brain with 86 billion neurons would weigh 36 kilos. That'snot possible. A brain that huge would be crushed by its own weight, and thisimpossible brain would go in the body of 89 tons. I don't think it looks likeus.

但垒酬，就和860億神經(jīng)元的意義一樣重要砰嘁，因?yàn)槲覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)了大腦的大小和其神經(jīng)元數(shù)目之間的關(guān)聯(lián)是可以用數(shù)學(xué)模型來計(jì)算的我們可以計(jì)算出人類大腦。如果被作成像是一個嚙齒類動物的大腦會如何勘究。所以矮湘，有著860億神經(jīng)元的嚙齒類動物大腦將重36公斤。那是不可能的口糕。巨大的大腦將會被它自己本身的重量所擠壓缅阳，這個不可能的大腦將會適用于?一個89噸的身體 。我不認(rèn)為它看起來跟我們一樣景描。

So this brings usto a very important conclusion already, which is that we are not rodents. Thehuman brain is not a large rat brain. Compared to a rat, we might seem special,yes, but that's not a fair comparison to make, given that we know that we arenot rodents.We are primates, so the correct comparison is to other primates.

因此十办，這已經(jīng)帶給我們的一個非常重要的結(jié)論，我們不是嚙齒類動物超棺。人類的大腦不是一個大老鼠的大腦向族。和一只老鼠相比，我們看起來可能特別些棠绘，是的件相，但這樣的比較不公平再扭，我們知道我們不是嚙齒類動物。我們是靈長類動物夜矗，因此和其他的靈長類動物做正確的比較霍衫。

And there, if you do the math, you find that a generic primate with 86 billionneurons would have a brain of about 1.2 kilos, which seems just right, in a bodyof some 66 kilos, which in my case is exactly right, which brings us to a veryunsurprising but still incredibly important conclusion: I am a primate. And allof you are primates.

這里還有，如果你自己來算一下侯养，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)一般的的靈長類動物有著860億神經(jīng)元敦跌，將會有一個約1.2公斤的大腦，這似乎剛剛好逛揩，在大約66 公斤身體中柠傍，在我的研究是完全正確的。我們對此一點(diǎn)兒也不驚訝辩稽，但這仍是令人難以置信的重要結(jié)論：我是靈長類動物惧笛。而且，你們?nèi)慷际庆`長類動物逞泄。

And so was Darwin.I love to think that Darwin would have really appreciated this. His brain, likeours, was made in the image of other primate brains.

達(dá)爾文也是患整。我認(rèn)為達(dá)爾文會很欣賞這個研究結(jié)論。他的大腦喷众，像我們一樣各谚，和其它靈長類動物的大腦一樣。

So the human brainmay be remarkable, yes, but it is not special in its number of neurons. It isjust a large primate brain. I think that's a very humbling and sobering thoughtthat should remind us of our place in nature.

所以到千，人類的大腦可能是顯著的昌渤，是的，但它特別之處不在于其神經(jīng)元的數(shù)目憔四。它只是一個大的靈長類動物的大腦膀息。我想這是個非常謙卑和發(fā)人深省的思考提醒了我們在自然界的位置。

Why does it costso much energy, then? Well, other people have figured out how much energy thehuman brain and that of other species costs, and now that we knew how manyneurons each brain was made of, we could do the math. And it turns out thatboth human and other brains cost about the same, an average of six calories perbillion neurons per day. So the total energetic cost of a brain is a simple,linear function of its number of neurons, and it turns out that the human braincosts just as much energy as you would expect.

為什么我們的大腦消耗這么大的能量了赵，然后呢潜支？有些人已經(jīng)想通了，人類的大腦能消耗多少能量和其他物種的大腦消耗多少能量柿汛。而現(xiàn)在冗酿，我們知道每個大腦中有多少神經(jīng)元，我們可以算一算苛茂。結(jié)果是人類和其他物種的大腦消耗相同的能量已烤，平均每日，每十億個神經(jīng)元消耗六個卡路里的熱量妓羊。所以一個大腦全部精力的消耗是簡單的胯究，線性函數(shù)可計(jì)算其神經(jīng)元的數(shù)目。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)躁绸，人類的大腦消耗的能量就跟你預(yù)期的一樣裕循。

So the reason why the humanbrain costs so much energy is simply because it has a huge number of neurons,and because we are primates with many more neurons for a given body size thanany other animal, the relative cost of our brain is large, but just becausewe're primates, not because we're special.

所以臣嚣，為什么人類的大腦消耗如此多的能量的原因容易理解，因?yàn)樗写罅康纳窠?jīng)元剥哑，還有硅则，因?yàn)槲覀兪庆`長類動物在一個特定大小的身體里，人類比任何其他的動物株婴，有著更多的神經(jīng)元怎虫，我們的大腦的相對消耗量是很大的，但只是因?yàn)槲覀兪庆`長類動物困介，不是因?yàn)槲覀兪翘貏e的大审。

Last question,then: how did we come by this remarkable number of neurons, and in particular,if great apes are larger than we are, why don't they have a larger brain thanwe do, with more neurons? When we realized how much expensive it is to have alot of neurons in the brain, I figured, maybe there's a simple reason. Theyjust can't afford the energy for both a large body and a large number ofneurons.

最后一個問題，我們?yōu)槭裁从袛?shù)量巨大的神經(jīng)元座哩，特別是徒扶，如果巨猿比我們更大，那為什么他們沒有一個有著更多神經(jīng)細(xì)胞根穷，比我們還大的大腦呢姜骡？當(dāng)我們意識到這個有多珍貴，在大腦中有大量的神經(jīng)元屿良，我想圈澈，可能有一個簡單的原因。他們只是不能負(fù)擔(dān)一個大型的身體以及多量的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞共存所需的能量管引。

So we did the math. We calculated on the one hand how much energy aprimate gets per day from eating raw foods, and on the other hand, how muchenergy a body of a certain size costs and how much energy a brain of a certain numberof neurons costs, and we looked for the combinations of body size and number ofbrain neurons that a primate could afford if it ate a certain number of hoursper day.

所以我們算過一方面士败，我們計(jì)算著一個靈長類動物每一天獲取多少能量，借由吃生的食物褥伴，另一方面，有多少能量在一個特定大小的身體中消耗和有多少能量在含有特定數(shù)量神經(jīng)元的大腦中消耗漾狼，然后我們找到一個結(jié)合重慢，身體尺寸和大腦神經(jīng)元數(shù)目靈長類動物能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起，如果它每天花一定數(shù)量的時間在吃上面逊躁。

And what we foundis that because neurons are so expensive, there is a tradeoff between body sizeand number of neurons. So a primate that eats eight hours per day can afford atmost 53 billion neurons, but then its body cannot be any bigger than 25 kilos.To weigh any more than that, it has to give up neurons. So it's either a largebody or a large number of neurons. When you eat like a primate, you can'tafford both.

然后似踱，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)到因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)細(xì)胞太珍貴了，有一個權(quán)衡出先在身體大小和神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量之間稽煤。所以核芽，一個靈長類動物每天吃八個小時能夠負(fù)擔(dān)最多530億神經(jīng)元，但是酵熙，它的身體不能超過25公斤轧简。任何比這更重的重量它必須放棄一些神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。所以匾二，它不是一個龐大身體就是一個大數(shù)量的神經(jīng)元哮独。當(dāng)你吃的像靈長類動物時拳芙，你不能負(fù)擔(dān)任何一方。

One way out ofthis metabolic limitation would be to spend even more hours per day eating, butthat gets dangerous, and past a certain point, it's just not possible. Gorillasand orangutans, for instance, afford about 30 billion neurons by spending eightand a half hours per day eating, and that seems to be about as much as they cando. Nine hours of feeding per day seems to be the practical limit for aprimate.

一個方法超出此種代謝限制是每一天花更多的時間在吃飯上面皮璧，但是舟扎，這樣是很危險(xiǎn)的，某種程度上悴务，它是不可能發(fā)生的睹限。大猩猩和紅毛猩猩，例如讯檐，能夠負(fù)擔(dān)約300億個神經(jīng)元羡疗，它們每天花八個半小時吃飯，這似乎是它們所能做的一切裂垦。9個小時的每日飼喂是靈長類動物的實(shí)際限制顺囊。

What about us?With our 86 billion neurons and 60 to 70 kilos of body mass, we should have tospend over nine hours per day every single day feeding, which is just notfeasible. If we ate like a primate, we should not be here.

那我們呢？根據(jù)我們的860億神經(jīng)元和60到70公斤的體重蕉拢，我們應(yīng)該要花超過九個小時在吃飯上這是不可行的特碳。如果我們像靈長類動物一樣吃，我們不應(yīng)該在這里晕换。

How did we get here,then? Well, if our brain costs just as much energy as it should, and if wecan't spend every waking hour of the day feeding, then the only alternative,really, is to somehow get more energy out of the same foods. And remarkably,that matches exactly what our ancestors are believed to have invented one and ahalf million years ago, when they invented cooking.

我們怎么在這里呢午乓？好吧，如果我們的大腦消耗的能量跟他應(yīng)該所消耗的一致闸准，并且如果我們不能把每天醒著的時間都花在吃飯上益愈，然后這個唯一的選擇，真的夷家，是以某種方式從相同的食品上獲取更多的能量蒸其。引人注目的是，這和我們的祖先早已發(fā)現(xiàn)的完全匹配库快，在一百五十萬年前摸袁，他們發(fā)明了烹飪。

To cook is to use fire topre-digest foods outside of your body. Cooked foods are softer, so they'reeasier to chew and to turn completely into mush in your mouth, so that allowsthem to be completely digested and absorbed in your gut, which makes them yieldmuch more energy in much less time. So cooking frees time for us to do muchmore interesting things with our day and with our neurons than just thinkingabout food, looking for food, and gobbling down food all day long.

要做飯就得使用火在食物進(jìn)入你身體前預(yù)先消化食物义屏。煮熟的食物比較軟靠汁，所以他們更容易嚼爛。在你的嘴里完全粉碎闽铐，這就使他們能夠完全被消化蝶怔，并且被你的腸道所吸收，這使得它們在更少的時間內(nèi)帶來更多能源兄墅。所以烹飪讓我們有更多的時間踢星，去用我們的神經(jīng)元做更多有趣的事情，而不是只想著食物察迟，尋找食物斩狱，并吞噬下食物花去整整一天耳高。

So because ofcooking, what once was a major liability, this large, dangerously expensivebrain with a lot of neurons, could now become a major asset, now that we couldboth afford the energy for a lot of neurons and the time to do interestingthings with them. So I think this explains why the human brain grew to becomeso large so fast in evolution, all of the while remaining just a primate brain.

所以由于烹飪，曾是?一個沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)所踊，這個大泌枪，且極其昂貴的，有著一大堆神經(jīng)元的大腦秕岛，現(xiàn)在能夠成為一項(xiàng)重要資產(chǎn)碌燕，現(xiàn)在，我們可以為給予神經(jīng)元提供能量并且把時間用在去做一些有趣的事情继薛。因此修壕，我認(rèn)為這就解釋了為什么人類的大腦在進(jìn)化過程中增長如此之快，當(dāng)所有剩余的只是一個靈長類動物的大腦遏考。

With this large brain now affordable by cooking, we went rapidly from raw foodsto culture, agriculture, civilization, grocery stores, electricity,refrigerators, all of those things that nowadays allow us to get all the energywe need for the whole day in a single sitting at your favorite fast food joint.So what once was a solution now became the problem, and ironically, we look forthe solution in raw food.

與這么大的大腦現(xiàn)在可以負(fù)擔(dān)地起烹飪慈鸠，我們?nèi)パ杆俚剡M(jìn)步著，從生食到文化灌具、農(nóng)業(yè)青团、文明、雜貨店咖楣、電力督笆、冰箱、所有這些事物∮栈撸現(xiàn)今娃肿，使我們能夠得到我們需要的所有能量一整天所需的所有能量來自于你最喜歡的快餐食品。所以曾是一種解決辦法現(xiàn)在成為了這一問題珠十，諷刺的是料扰，我們在生食中尋找解決方案。

So what is thehuman advantage? What is it that we have that no other animal has? My answer isthat we have the largest number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, and I thinkthat's the simplest explanation for our remarkable cognitive abilities. Andwhat is it that we do that no other animal does, and which I believe wasfundamental to allow us to reach that large, largest number of neurons in thecortex? In two words, we cook. No other animal cooks its food. Only humans do.And I think that's how we got to become human.

那么人類的優(yōu)勢是什么焙蹭？我們有什么東西是其他動物沒有的嗎记罚？我的答案是我們有最大數(shù)量神經(jīng)元存在于大腦皮層中，并且我認(rèn)為這能最簡單地解釋為什么我們有卓越的認(rèn)知能力壳嚎。還有就是我們做了什么是沒有其他動物做的，我認(rèn)為使我們能夠達(dá)到這么多的末早，最多數(shù)量的神經(jīng)元存在于大腦皮質(zhì)中的基本原因是兩個詞烟馅，我們做飯。沒有其他動物烹飪它們的食物然磷。只有人類才做郑趁。而且我認(rèn)為，這就是我們是怎么成為人類的姿搜。

Studying the humanbrain changed the way I think about food. I now look at my kitchen, and I bowto it, and I thank my ancestors for coming up with the invention that probablymade us humans. Thank you very much. (Applause)

研究人類大腦改變我對食物的想法」讶螅現(xiàn)在我看看自己的廚房捆憎，然后我向它鞠躬，然后我謝謝我的祖先想到這個有可能使我們成為人類的發(fā)明梭纹。謝謝躲惰。?（掌聲）曾經(jīng)以為把東西做熟再吃僅僅是因?yàn)槭焓澈贸裕磥硎裁礀|西都不能看得太簡單