Day 1
Vocabulary：
This?idea was first stated?explicitly?in Newton’s Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, and is known as?Newton’s?first?law.
1.explicitly：
Fully and clearly expressed;leaving nothing
implied:explicit approval勤讽；Fully developed or formulated:has an explicit idea of what to say in the
paper.逐工；Forthright and unreserved in
expression:They were explicit in their criticism.秕硝；Readily observable:an explicit sign of trouble；Describing or portraying nudity or sexual activity ingraphic detail.
synonyms:accuratecertainclearcorrectdefinitedefinitiveexactobviouspositiveprecisestraightforward
eg：He was quite explicit as to what he expected us to do for him.
2.Newton’s first law:whenever a body isnot acted on by any force, it will keep on moving in a straight line at thesame speed.In aninertial
reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues tomove at a constantvelocity, unless acted upon by aforce
3. What happens to a body when a force does act on itis given byNewton’s second law. This states that the bodywill accelerate, or change its speed, at a rate that is proportional to theforce.
4．Newton’s second law:In an?inertial reference frame, the vectorsumoftheforcesFon an object is equal to themassm?of that object multiplied by theaccelerationaof the object: F=ma.
The acceleration is also smaller the greater themass(or quantity ofmatter) of the body.物體的加速度跟物體所受的合外力成正比，跟物體的質(zhì)量成反比茫蛹，加速度的方向跟合外力的方向相同芦圾。
5．Mass：a shape or
three-dimensional volume that has or gives the illusion of having weight,
density, and bulk
If the law were that the gravitationalattraction of a star went down faster or increased more rapidly with distance,the orbits of the planets would not beelliptical,they would eitherspiralintothe sun or escape from the sun
6.elliptical：a plane curve such that the sums of the distances of each point in its
periphery from two fixed points, the foci, are equal.；tending to be ambiguous,
cryptic, or obscure尿贫；(of speech or writing) expressed with
extreme or excessive economy; relieved of irrelevant matter
Eg：The same goes for theellipticalmachine hunger strike, which also
comes off as tonally deficient, to say the least.
7.spiral:n.Geometry.a plane curve generated by a point moving around a
fixed point while constantly receding from or approaching it; a helix;a single
circle or ring of a spiral or helical curve or object;adj:running
continuously around a fixed point or center while constantly receding from or
approaching it; coiling in a single plane;V:to take a spiral form or course;to advance or increase
steadily; rise
Eg:In practice, we have
mechanisms such as warranties which can halt thespiral.
When the famousDr. Johnson was told of Berkeley’s opinion, he cried, “Irefuteit thus!” andstubbed his toeon a large stone.
8.refute：to prove to be false or erroneous, as an opinion or
charge.
to prove (a person) to be in error.
Eg：To be sure, Mitt Romney's unpopularity mightrefutethis theory, but even so, Bartlett is
talking about something important here
9.stubone’stoe：to strike accidentallyagainst a projecting object
Istubbed my toe against the step.
Shorter wavelengths are known as microwaves (afew centimeters) orinfrared(morethan a ten-thousandth of a centimeter)
10.infrared
noun
1.the part of the invisible spectrum that iscontiguous to theredend of the visible spectrum and that comprises electromagnetic radiation ofwavelengths from 800 nm to 1 mm.
adjective
2.noting or pertaining to the infrared or itscomponent rays:
infrared radiation.
It was therefore suggested that there was asubstance called the "ether"that was present everywhere, even in"empty" space
11.ether:Chemistry, Pharmacology.a colorless, highly volatile, flammable liquid, C4H10O,
having an aromatic odor and sweet, burning taste, derived from ethyl alcohol by
the action of sulfuric acid: used as a solvent and, formerly, as an inhalant
anesthetic.
以太：由希臘學(xué)者提出，認(rèn)為是光傳播的介質(zhì)
Between 1887 and 1905 there were severalattempts, most notably by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, to explain theresult of the Michelson-Morley experiment in terms of objectscontractingand clocks slowingdown when they moved through the ether
12.contract:an agreement between two or more parties for the doing or not doing of
something specified; to wrinkle; to draw together or into smallercompass; draw the parts of together; to incur, as a liability orobligation
The
publisher contracted the artwork.
In effect, themeter is defined to be the distance traveled by light in
0.000000003335640952 second, as measured by acesiumclock.
13.cesium:a rare, highly reactive, soft, metallic element of the alkali metalgroup, used chiefly in photoelectric cells.Symbol:Cs;atomic
weight
Maxwell’s equation predicts that the speed of lightshould be the same whatever the speed of the source
14.無論你站在地上踏揣，還是站在飛奔的火車上庆亡，測得的光速都是一樣的。這就是狹義相對論的第二個基本原理：光速不變原理
15.cone:a solid whose surface isgenerated by a line passing through a fixed point and a fixed plane curve notcontaining the point, consisting of two equal sections joined at a vertex;aplane surface resembling the cross section of a solid cone.
16.geodesic:Also,geodesical. pertaining to the geometry of curved surfaces,in whichgeodesic linestake the place of the
straight lines of plane geometry.
17.hilly:full ofhills; having manyhills;hilly
country.;resembling ahill;elevated; steep.
Eg:Aletter-carrier will cover thirty-five miles ofhillyroad as an ordinary day's march, and
more if haste is enjoined.
18.rotate:to cause to turn around an axis or center point;revolve.
to cause to go through a cycle of changes; cause topass or follow in a fixed routine of succession:to rotate farm crops;to replace (a person, troops, etc.) by another or others, usually
according to a schedule or plan.
Eg:The sentries rotated in keeping watch.
19.finite:having bounds or limits; not infinite; measurable.
Mathematics;(of a set of elements) capable of being completelycounted;not infinite or infinitesimal;not zero捞稿；subject to limitations or conditions, as of space,time, circumstances, or the laws of nature:man's finite existence on earth.4.somethingthat is finite.
Eg:Theenvironment is vulnerable,finite, and must at all costs be protected
20.（1）引力紅移：廣義相對論證明又谋，引力勢低的地方固有時間的流逝速度慢。也就是說離天體越近娱局，時間越慢彰亥。這樣，天體表面原子發(fā)出的光周期變長衰齐，由于光速不變任斋，相應(yīng)的頻率變小，在光譜中向紅光方向移動娇斩，稱為引力紅移仁卷。宇宙中有很多致密的天體，可以測量它們發(fā)出的光的頻率犬第，并與地球的相應(yīng)原子發(fā)出的光作比較锦积，發(fā)現(xiàn)紅移量與相對論預(yù)言一致。60年代初歉嗓，人們在地球引力場中利用伽瑪射線的無反沖共振吸收效應(yīng)（穆斯堡爾效應(yīng)）測量了光垂直傳播22丰介。5M產(chǎn)生的紅移，結(jié)果與相對論預(yù)言一致鉴分。
（2）光線偏折：如果按光的波動說哮幢，光在引力場中不應(yīng)該有任何偏折，按半經(jīng)典式的"量子論加牛頓引力論"的混合產(chǎn)物志珍，用普朗克公式E=hv和質(zhì)能公式E=Mc^2求出光子的質(zhì)量译荞，再用牛頓萬有引力定律得到的太陽附近的光的偏折角是0.87秒唤冈，按廣義相對論計算的偏折角是1.75秒霜浴，為上述角度的兩倍。1919年嗽元，一戰(zhàn)剛結(jié)束，英國科學(xué)家愛丁頓派出兩支考察隊喂击，利用日食的機(jī)會觀測剂癌，觀測的結(jié)果約為1.7秒，剛好在相對論實(shí)驗誤差范圍之內(nèi)翰绊。引起誤差的主要原因是太陽大氣對光線的偏折佩谷。最近依靠射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡可以觀測類星體的電波在太陽引力場中的偏折，不必等待日食這種稀有機(jī)會监嗜。精密測量進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了相對論的結(jié)論谐檀。
（3）水星近日點(diǎn)的進(jìn)動：天文觀測記錄了水星近日點(diǎn)每百年移動5600秒，人們考慮了各種因素秤茅，根據(jù)牛頓理論只能解釋其中的5557秒稚补，只剩43秒無法解釋童叠。廣義相對論的計算結(jié)果與萬有引力定律（平方反比定律）有所偏差框喳，這一偏差剛好使水星的近日點(diǎn)每百年移動43秒。
（4）雷達(dá)回波實(shí)驗：從地球向行星發(fā)射雷達(dá)信號厦坛，接收行星反射的信號五垮，測量信號往返的時間，來檢驗空間是否彎曲（檢驗三角形內(nèi)角和）60年代杜秸，美國物理學(xué)家克服重重困難做成了此實(shí)驗放仗，結(jié)果與相對論預(yù)言相符。
Day 2
經(jīng)過第一天看12頁不停地虐撬碟，看著群里的大家討論得好熱烈诞挨，認(rèn)真地想想安妮說的由于光速不一樣而導(dǎo)致相對時間錯過太陽對地球的告白，好浪漫呢蛤，但浪漫歸浪漫惶傻，還是要好好啃科學(xué)呢。其實(shí)看了理論物理之后其障，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己之前看得實(shí)在是太少了银室，懂得的也實(shí)在是太少了，雖然總結(jié)這件事不是今天的任務(wù)励翼，但是還是有感而發(fā)蜈敢，發(fā)了再說呢，之前看三體的時候大劉會涉及很多科學(xué)知識在其中汽抚，自己很多時候其實(shí)都是不求甚解抓狭，但今天真的當(dāng)成任務(wù)去完成的時候，開始靜下心來理解造烁，雖然理論物理是有點(diǎn)晦澀難懂否过，但霍金的語言卻盡量讓故事較為生動吧（至少還算生動吧orz：））而自己覺得群里大家的討論自己常常無法參與其中狱从，是自己沒有問題要問呢，還是自己的邏輯思維已經(jīng)沒有好奇心叠纹？想想真可怕季研。
1.impulse:? [physics]
a.the product of the average magnitude of a forceacting on a body and the time for which it acts
b.the change in the momentum of a body as a result of a force acting upon it for a short period of time
eg:My first impulse was to run away.
2.bother: to make (a person) alarmed orconfused
eg:Don't bother to search for it.
3.ultraviolet?：of electromagnetic radiation) having a wavelength shorter than that of the violet end of the visible spectrum but longer than that of X-rays.
4.equivalence?:the condition of being equal or equivalent in value, worth, function, etc..
synonyms: equality, sameness, interchangeability, comparability
Functional equivalence,hardly gettable for a translator,is positively significant as a translation norm.
先大概寫這么多，吸收一下昨天的單詞和里面的科學(xué)內(nèi)容吧
唉總結(jié)一下誉察，自己最近狀態(tài)不行与涡，可能是因為自己忙著寫畢業(yè)論文，再加上自己還有雅思要考持偏，導(dǎo)致最近兩天的作業(yè)驼卖，先說說看時間簡史這本書，一開始看到這本書覺得還好吧鸿秆，科學(xué)應(yīng)該挺有意思的酌畜，雖然自己平時不怎么看，后來終于想起為什么自己會不看卿叽，就是看不懂啊桥胞，大寫的看不懂，但是安妮講解后考婴，還有大神的討論之后贩虾，總算是有丟丟看懂了，雖然還是有些疑惑沥阱，但是感覺自己懂了一些理論科學(xué)的問題缎罢。
對于一些自己不懂的專業(yè)知識，覺得了解得真的很少考杉，如果一個月前有人告訴我策精，我會讀時間簡史，我可能會笑出來崇棠，納悶怎么可能咽袜，但是知識一直就在那里，等你去接觸到的時候易茬，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一個全新的世界酬蹋，一個文科生就是把這種理論當(dāng)成故事去看，但是很多理論的來由還是不懂抽莱。但不管怎么說范抓，接觸到理論物理這一完全不懂的領(lǐng)域還是覺得有學(xué)到東西的，之前看到一篇文章食铐，說現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生其實(shí)很多東西都是知之甚少匕垫，你問熱帶雨林是什么，也許有學(xué)生會回答巴西虐呻，有學(xué)生會回答森林象泵，甚至還有人會說和氧氣有關(guān)的寞秃，但是熱帶雨林究竟是什么，沒有多少人能完整地表述出來偶惠，那么對于相對論這個概念春寿，我們很多人也是這樣，如果之前你問我相對論是什么忽孽，我只能告訴你這是愛因斯坦的發(fā)明绑改，還有一個笑話，就是在喜歡的女生面前時間過得很快兄一，而不喜歡的事情面前時間過得很慢厘线，這就是時間的相對。但真正走入這個理論世界出革，很多腦洞真的會讓我們爆炸造壮，我，講真第一次知道骂束，時間真的不是絕對的耳璧。
當(dāng)然自己看得太倉促了，覺得自己的思維導(dǎo)圖和安妮的還是有很多不一樣栖雾，很多細(xì)節(jié)沒有把握楞抡，后面的一些實(shí)驗還在啃伟众。剛剛走了一遍鯨魚的簡書析藕，覺得最大的感觸還是鯨魚引用國富論的那句話：這一點(diǎn)是近期同時在精讀班與生活中的體悟，也讓我想起了曾經(jīng)糾結(jié)是否要看斯密的《國富論》時偶然看到的一句話：“在寫國富論的時候凳厢，是開辟混沌之時账胧，我要的是國富論的思維邏輯和對于社會的辯證經(jīng)濟(jì)化的思想。這本書一定要看先紫，人的思維邏輯沒有過時和不過時之說治泥。”
