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America's Presidents - Martin Van Buren 美國(guó)總統(tǒng) — 馬丁·范布倫

VOA Learning English presents America’s Presidents.
美國(guó)之音慢速英語介紹美國(guó)總統(tǒng)欄目姆泻。

Today we are talking about Martin Van Buren. He was sworn in as the eighth president of the United States in 1837.
今天鞠柄，我們要討論的是馬丁·范布倫赌结。他于1837年宣誓成為美國(guó)第八任總統(tǒng)蹲蒲。

Van Buren had already been working for the White House for several years. He had been the secretary of state for President Andrew Jackson, and later his vice president.
范布倫曾供職于白宮多年。他擔(dān)任過安德魯·杰克遜總統(tǒng)的國(guó)務(wù)卿，后來又擔(dān)任副了總統(tǒng)。

This 1832 political cartoon shows Jackson carrying Van Buren into office. 這幅1832年的政治漫畫扎瓶，展示了杰克遜把范布倫帶進(jìn)辦公室。

Jackson asked his party, the Democrats, to nominate Van Buren as their presidential candidate in the 1836 election.
在1836年選舉中泌枪，杰克遜要求民主黨人提名范布倫為他們的總統(tǒng)候選人概荷。

They agreed, and Van Buren won that election easily. But he did not win the next election. Or the next. Or the next.
他們同意了，范布倫輕易地贏得了那次選舉碌燕。但是他沒能連任误证，或者下一任，或者再下一任陆蟆。

Presidency 總統(tǒng)任期

In his inaugural^[1] speech in 1837, Van Buren noted that he was the first U.S. president to be born after the American Revolution.
范布倫在1837年的就職演說中指出雷厂，他是獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后出生的第一位美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。

He was also the first president who was not from a British family. His ancestors were Dutch.
他也是第一位不是來自英國(guó)家庭的總統(tǒng)叠殷。他的祖先是荷蘭人改鲫。

He remains the only president – so far – who did not speak English as his first language.
目前為止，他仍舊是唯一一位不以英語為第一語言的總統(tǒng)林束。

In his inaugural speech, Van Buren predicted better times for Americans.
范布倫在就職演說中預(yù)示著美國(guó)更好的時(shí)代到來像棘。

But several days later, an economic crisis struck. The situation put the country in a depression that lasted for the rest of Van Buren’s term. It was one reason the president’s opponents called him “Martin Van Ruin.”
但不久之后，美國(guó)就陷入了經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)壶冒。這場(chǎng)危機(jī)使美國(guó)陷入了蕭條缕题，范布倫的整個(gè)任期都處于這場(chǎng)蕭條當(dāng)中。這也是范布倫總統(tǒng)被他的反對(duì)者稱作“馬丁·范毀滅”的原因之一胖腾。

The depression was not Van Buren’s only problem. He also faced a dispute with Britain related to the border between the U.S. and Canada. The conflict nearly turned into war.
范布倫不僅僅面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條這一個(gè)問題烟零。他還面臨著一個(gè)與英國(guó)之間有關(guān)美國(guó)和加拿大邊境的爭(zhēng)端。這場(chǎng)沖突幾乎引發(fā)開戰(zhàn)咸作。

Van Buren also continued Jackson's policies on Native Americans. He aimed to move tribes to west of the Mississippi River. Here, a Seminole leader in Florida, Osceola, objects to U.S. officials. 范布倫也一直堅(jiān)持杰克遜關(guān)于美洲印第安人的政策锨阿。他旨在將印第安部落遷移到密西西比河西面。圖中记罚，一位塞米諾爾族長(zhǎng)在佛羅里達(dá)州奧西奧拉市反對(duì)美國(guó)官員墅诡。

Historian Joel Silbey says most experts do not think Van Buren was a strong president.
歷史學(xué)家喬爾·西爾貝說，大多數(shù)專家不認(rèn)為范布倫是一位強(qiáng)勢(shì)的總統(tǒng)桐智。

However, Silbey notes, Van Buren left an important legacy that still operates today: He created the modern U.S. political system.
然而末早，西爾貝指出，范布倫留下了一個(gè)重要的遺產(chǎn)说庭，它如今仍舊在運(yùn)作：他建立了現(xiàn)代美國(guó)政治體系然磷。

Early life 早期生活

Van Buren’s political education began early.
范布倫的政治教育啟蒙較早。

His father was a farmer and operated a hotel at a small town in New York State. Lawmakers sometimes visited the hotel. By listening to them, the future president learned about politics.
他的父親是農(nóng)場(chǎng)主刊驴，并且在紐約州的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)開了家旅館样屠。議員們有時(shí)會(huì)住在旅館。通過聽他們講話，這位未來的總統(tǒng)了解到了政治痪欲。

As a young man, Van Buren began wearing fancy clothes to appear more sophisticated. Painting by Francis Alexander. 年輕時(shí)的范布倫開始穿著講究品味，這使得他看起來更加老成攻礼。由弗朗西斯·亞歷山大繪畫业踢。

Eventually, Van Buren studied in a law office and became a lawyer. In the first years of his career, he defended farmers who were fighting large plantation owners for their land. As a result, he developed a reputation^[2] for helping the common man.
最終，范布倫在律師所學(xué)習(xí)并成為了一名律師礁扮。在頭幾年的職業(yè)生涯里知举，他為那些與大種植園主有土地沖突的農(nóng)民辯護(hù)。結(jié)果太伊，他得到了幫助普通人的聲譽(yù)雇锡。

Van Buren became a local official, and then a senator and governor of New York.
范布倫成為了本地官員，然后當(dāng)選了紐約州的參議員以及州長(zhǎng)僚焦。

When he was 24, he married a young woman he had grown up with. But she died of tuberculosis after 12 years, leaving him with four sons.
24歲時(shí)锰提，他與從小一起青梅竹馬的年輕女人結(jié)了婚，但12年后死于肺結(jié)核芳悲，給范布倫留下了四個(gè)兒子立肘。

Historian Joel Silbey says although Van Buren did not remarry, “he was known as quite charming^[3] among the ladies^[4].”
歷史學(xué)家喬爾·西爾貝說，盡管范布倫沒有再婚名扛，但他女人緣很好谅年。

Political animal 政治動(dòng)物

Van Buren had a gift for politics – that is, developing relationships and forming alliances.
范布倫擁有政治天賦 — 即發(fā)展關(guān)系并建立聯(lián)盟。

Historian Joel Silbey says most people who knew Van Buren liked him. He seemed warm and friendly. He tried to keep his work-related life and social activities separate. It was not unusual to see him exchange handshakes, smiles and jokes with men who were his political enemies.
歷史學(xué)家喬爾·西爾貝認(rèn)為大多數(shù)了解范布倫的人都喜歡他肮韧。他看起來熱情友善融蹂。他試圖將工作相關(guān)的生活和社交活動(dòng)分開∨螅看到他與政治敵人握手超燃，微笑以及開玩笑都是正常的。

Opponents called Van Buren the Sly Fox because they did not believe they could trust him. 政治敵手稱范布倫是狡猾的狐貍桩蓉，因?yàn)樗麄冇X得不能信任他淋纲。

His ability to make friends became a powerful tool. Before Van Buren, even lawmakers from the same political party operated independently. They had their own beliefs, their own supporters, and their own allies. Van Buren brought them together.
范布倫交友的能力成為他有力的工具。在范布倫之前院究，即使議員來自同一個(gè)政治黨派也會(huì)獨(dú)立運(yùn)作洽瞬。他們有自己的信仰，自己的支持者业汰，以及自己的聯(lián)盟伙窃。而范布倫把他們聯(lián)合了一起。

First he identified people who followed the ideas of Thomas Jefferson: support for independent farmers and states’ rights. The group had become known as the Democratic Party (although it was in many ways different from the Democratic Party of today).
首先样漆，他確定了追隨托馬斯·杰斐遜思想的人：支持獨(dú)立農(nóng)場(chǎng)主和州權(quán)利为障。這一群體就是大家所知的民主黨（盡管和當(dāng)今的民主黨有許多地方不同）。

Van Buren organized meetings for Democrats to talk about their political beliefs. He persuaded them to support the same policies – at that time, the policies of Andrew Jackson.
范布倫組織民主黨人的會(huì)議來討論他們的政治信仰。他說服他們?nèi)ブС窒嗤恼?— 那時(shí)的安德魯·杰克遜政策鳍怨。

Sometimes, Van Buren helped people who supported Jackson’s policies. He gave them government jobs.
有時(shí)呻右，范布倫會(huì)幫助那些支持杰克遜政策的人，給他們提供政府工作鞋喇。

Van Buren also used a series of meetings to choose one presidential candidate for the party. If this process seems clear-cut^[5], it was not at the time. During the election of 1824, for example, a single party had four separate candidates for president, one for each part of the country.
范布倫也使用一系列會(huì)議來選擇黨派的一個(gè)總統(tǒng)候選人声滥，如果過程看起來清晰明了，那就不需要了侦香。例如落塑，在1824年大選期間，一個(gè)政黨有四個(gè)單獨(dú)的總統(tǒng)候選人罐韩，分別在全國(guó)各地憾赁。

Martin Van Buren was the grandfather of today's modern campaigns. Here is the Democratic national convention in 2016. 馬丁·范布倫是現(xiàn)代競(jìng)選活動(dòng)的鼻祖。這張圖是2016年民主黨全國(guó)代表大會(huì)散吵。

Van Buren’s system eventually gave rise to^[6] the national conventions^[7] that major U.S. parties use today to nominate their candidates.
范布倫體系最終促成了全國(guó)黨代表大會(huì)的形成龙考，美國(guó)如今的主要政黨都使用它來提名候選人。

Model campaigner 模范競(jìng)選者

Van Buren also helped create the modern political campaign. In the 1820s, he saw that many state constitutions were lifting some of their voting restrictions. As a result, states were giving more white males the right to vote. (Women and most African-American men were still largely prohibited from voting.)
范布倫也幫助建立了現(xiàn)代政治運(yùn)動(dòng)错蝴。19世紀(jì)20年代洲愤，他看到許多州憲法增加了一些投票限制。結(jié)果導(dǎo)致那些州的白人男性有更多的投票權(quán)顷锰。（婦女和大多數(shù)非裔美國(guó)人仍然在很大程度上被禁止投票柬赐。）

Historian Joel Silbey says Van Buren wanted to bring these new voters into the Democratic Party. He decided to improve on the methods that other, smaller groups had used: campaign events, speeches, and organized efforts to bring people to vote on Election Day.
歷史學(xué)家喬爾·西爾貝說，范布倫想要把這些新選民引入民主黨官紫。他決定去改善其他小團(tuán)體使用過的方法：競(jìng)選活動(dòng)肛宋，演說，以及組織選民在選舉日投票束世。

Supporters called Van Buren the Little Magician because he knew how to win elections. He was also short -- 167 centimeters. 支持者稱范布倫為小魔術(shù)師酝陈，因?yàn)樗廊绾稳ペA得選舉。他個(gè)子很矮毁涉，身高只有1.67米沉帮。

Silbey explains that these efforts to persuade and energize voters were new to national politics. Now they are some of the major features^[8] of political campaigns.
西爾貝解釋到，說服以及激勵(lì)選民的方式對(duì)于國(guó)家政治來講都是新方法贫堰。這些方法在如今的政治活動(dòng)中扮演著一些主要的角色穆壕。

Live by the sword, die by the sword 以其人之道，還治其人之身

In the election of 1840, Van Buren sought a second term as president. This time his opponents used Van Buren’s political techniques against him.
1840年大選其屏，范布倫尋求連任喇勋。這次，范布倫的對(duì)手用他的政治技巧來對(duì)付他偎行。

Silbey says the new opposition party, called the Whigs, used popular speeches and events to portray^[9] Van Buren as a failed president.
西爾貝說川背，新反對(duì)黨輝格黨贰拿，用受歡迎的演說和事件把范布倫描繪成一個(gè)失敗的總統(tǒng)。

Crowds shouted, “Mattie Van is a used-up man!” In other words, he no longer had any power or effect in government.
人群中吶喊熄云，“馬丁范是一個(gè)無能的人膨更！”換句話說，范布倫在政府部門不再有任何影響力缴允。

Critics also made fun of Van Buren’s fine-looking, even fussy^[10] clothes. They portrayed him as a rich, elite candidate. They compared him unfavorably^[11] to their candidate, a military hero named William Henry Harrison.
評(píng)論家也取笑范布倫好看的询一、甚至是特別講究的衣服。他們把范布倫描繪成一位富有的精英候選人癌椿，拿他與軍事英雄威廉·亨利·哈里森做比較，這對(duì)范布倫來說是不利的菱阵。

Some of Van Buren's supporters called him by the initials of his hometown: "OK" for Old Kinderhook, New York. His nickname may be the basis for today's common expression to mean yes. 范布倫的一些支持者用它家鄉(xiāng)名的首字母“OK”來稱呼他踢俄，“OK”代表紐約州的老肯德胡克。他的綽號(hào)也許就是如今表達(dá)yes的基礎(chǔ)晴及。

Yet it was Van Buren who had come from a poor family, and Harrison from a wealthy one.
然而都办，其實(shí)范布倫來自一個(gè)貧窮家庭，哈里森來自一個(gè)富有家庭虑稼。

Even so, Van Buren lost the election of 1840.
即使如此琳钉，范布倫還是在1840年的選舉中敗選。

Four years later, Van Buren again sought the presidency. This time, even Andrew Jackson did not support him. Instead, Jackson backed a man who supported the seizure of Texas and expanding slavery: James Polk.
四年后蛛倦，范布倫再次競(jìng)選總統(tǒng)歌懒。這次，即使安德魯·杰克遜也沒有支持他溯壶，反而支持了詹姆斯·波爾克及皂。波爾克支持占領(lǐng)德克薩斯州以及擴(kuò)大奴隸制。

But Van Buren did not permit those defeats to stop his political career. He ran again in the presidential election of 1848.
但是范布倫并沒有因這些挫敗而停止他的政治生涯且改。1848年验烧，他再一次參加了總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選。

This time, Van Buren withdrew from the Democratic Party he had helped build. He ran instead as the candidate of a new, anti-slavery party, called the Free Soilers.
這次又跛，范布倫退出了曾經(jīng)建立的民主黨碍拆。相反，他作為一個(gè)新的反奴隸制政黨的候選人而參加競(jìng)選慨蓝，這個(gè)政黨被稱為自由民主黨感混。

But even Van Buren’s political skills could not persuade voters. He did not win a single state.
但即使是范布倫的政治才能也無法說服選民，他沒有贏取一個(gè)州的選票菌仁。

Portrait of Martin Van Buren by Mathew Brady 馬丁·范布倫肖像浩习，出自馬修·布雷迪

?After losing this final presidential election, Van Buren finally retired. He spent time with his children and grandchildren, traveled, and wrote about his life.
最后一次總統(tǒng)敗選后，范布倫終于退休济丘。退休后的時(shí)光谱秽，他與兒孫們?cè)谝黄鹎⒅糜危约皩懽詡鳌?/p>

At 79 he died of heart failure.
79歲時(shí)疟赊，他死于心臟衰竭郊供。

原文鏈接

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/americas-presidents-martin-van-buren/3793825.html

1. inaugural - adj. happening as part of an official ceremony or celebration when a newly elected official begins an important job - 就職的 ?

2. reputation - n. the common opinion that people have about someone or something - 聲譽(yù) ?

3. charming - adj. very pleasing or appealing - 有魅力的 ?

4. ladies - n. women, usually of high social position - 女士，通常指上層社會(huì)的女士 ?

5. clear-cut - adj. obvious - 清晰的近哟；輪廓鮮明的 ?

6. give rise to - 使發(fā)生驮审，引起，促成吉执，導(dǎo)致疯淫，產(chǎn)生 ?

7. national conventions - 全國(guó)代表大會(huì)（美國(guó)政黨為總統(tǒng)候選人提名而召開），總統(tǒng)候選人提名大會(huì)戳玫，全國(guó)黨代表大會(huì)熙掺；國(guó)民公會(huì)（指1792－1795年間的法國(guó)議會(huì)） ?

8. features - n. important parts - 重要部分 ?

9. portray - v. to describe someone in a particular way - 描繪 ?

10. fussy - adj. to fancy or complicated - 過分注意講究的，愛挑剔的 ?

11. unfavorably - 不利地 ?