Who are you, really? The puzzle of personality
TED簡介：2016 心理 |我是誰? 我真的了解自己嗎? 心理學(xué)上常用一些性格特征給我們定義和分類, 本期TED演講者Brian Little博士將為大家分享他在心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),幫助我們更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)自己，同時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)他人饺著。
演講者：Brian Little
片長：15：10
視頻+中英對照翻譯+音頻原文：性格的迷思——你究竟是誰？
中英文對照翻譯
What an intriguing group of individuals you are ...?to a psychologist.
你們是多么有趣的一群人啊……?當(dāng)然，是對心理學(xué)家而言饵较。
I've had the opportunity over the last couple of days?of listening in on some of your conversations?and watching you interact with each other.?And I think it's fair to say, already,?that there are 47 people in this audience,?at this moment,?displaying psychological symptoms I would like to discuss today.
在過去幾天里，我有機(jī)會(huì)傾聽你們的交談遭赂，觀察你們的互動(dòng)循诉。我想我已經(jīng)可以大膽地說，此時(shí)此刻撇他，在你們中間茄猫，有47個(gè)人狈蚤，已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出了精神病癥狀，我今天就想聊聊這個(gè)靖避。
And I thought you might like to know who you are.
我想你們都很想知道到底是誰有精神病幻捏。
But instead of pointing at you,?which would be gratuitous and intrusive,?I thought I would tell you a few facts and stories,?in which you may catch a glimpse of yourself.
我不會(huì)直接指出來，因?yàn)槟菢雍軟]必要，也不禮貌，我會(huì)列舉一些事實(shí)和情況路呜，你們可以跟自己對照一下抵屿。
I'm in the field of research known as personality psychology,?which is part of a larger personality science?which spans the full spectrum, from neurons to narratives.?And what we try to do,?in our own way,?is to make sense of how each of us —?each of you —?is, in certain respects,?like all other people,like some other people?and like no other person.
我從事的是人格心理學(xué)研究艇搀，它屬于人格科學(xué)的范疇。人格科學(xué)的研究領(lǐng)域跨度很大辟宗，從神經(jīng)元到敘述學(xué)。而我們的研究方向氛悬，是用我們的方式调煎，來弄清楚悲关，為什么我們每一個(gè)人——在座的每一位——?在某些方面赤拒，跟其他所有人都一樣，或者只跟部分人一樣，或者跟誰都不一樣。
Now, already you may be saying of yourself,?"I'm not intriguing.?I am the 46th most boring person in the Western Hemisphere."?Or you may say of yourself,?"I am intriguing,?even if I am regarded by most people as a great, thundering twit."
也許你們會(huì)評價(jià)自己?“我不是個(gè)有趣的人涮俄。我在西半球最無趣排行榜上排第46名』侣”?也許你會(huì)評價(jià)自己恬涧，“我是個(gè)有趣的人，盡管大部分人都覺得我是個(gè)傻瓜碴巾∷堇Γ”
But it is your self-diagnosed boringness and your inherent "twitiness"?that makes me, as a psychologist, really fascinated by you.?So let me explain why this is so.
但正是你們這種自我認(rèn)知的無聊或者內(nèi)在的“傻”提揍，讓我這個(gè)心理學(xué)家覺得非常有趣劳跃。我來解釋一下為什么。
One of the most influential approaches in personality science?is known as trait psychology,?and it aligns you along five dimensions which are normally distributed,?and that describe universally held aspects of difference between people.?They spell out the acronym OCEAN.?So, "O" stands for "open to experience,"?versus those who are more closed.
人格心理學(xué)中最有影響力的方法，叫做特質(zhì)理論夭问，它用5個(gè)正態(tài)分布的維度判定你，這5個(gè)維度描述了被廣泛認(rèn)同的人與人之間不同的5個(gè)方面曹铃。這5個(gè)方面的首字母縮寫是OCEAN秘血∥抖叮“O”代表“開放性”，與之對立的是 那些不愿冒險(xiǎn)的人灰粮。
"C" stands for "conscientiousness,"?in contrast to those with a more lackadaisical approach to life.?"E" — "extroversion," in contrast to more introverted people.?"A" — "agreeable individuals,"?in contrast to those decidedly not agreeable.?And "N" — "neurotic individuals,"?in contrast to those who are more stable.
“C”代表的是“責(zé)任感”仔涩，與之相反的是那些懶散隨意的人≌持郏“E”指的是“外向性”熔脂，與之相對的是內(nèi)向的人”统耍“A”——“宜人性”?與之相對的是不那么和善的人锤悄。最后是“N”—— “神經(jīng)質(zhì)”?與之相對的是那些更加穩(wěn)定平和的人。
All of these dimensions have implications for our well-being,?for how our life goes.?And so we know that, for example,?openness and conscientiousness are very good predictors of life success,?but the open people achieve that success through being audacious?and, occasionally, odd.?The conscientious people achieve it through sticking to deadlines,?to persevering, as well as having some passion.
這5個(gè)方面影響我們的健康嘉抒，影響我們的人生走向零聚。眾所周知，開放性和責(zé)任感往往意味著成功些侍，但開放的人在通往成功之路上變得大膽隶症，有時(shí)甚至古怪。有責(zé)任感的人會(huì)緊守最后期限岗宣，獲得成功蚂会，他們堅(jiān)持不懈，他們懷有激情耗式。
Extroversion and agreeableness are both conducive?to working well with people.?Extroverts, for example, I find intriguing.?With my classes, I sometimes give them a basic fact?that might be revealing with respect to their personality:?I tell them that it is virtually impossible for adults?to lick the outside of their own elbow.
外向性和宜人性都有助于與人和諧相處胁住。比如，外向的人刊咳，我就覺得很有趣彪见。在課堂上，我有時(shí)會(huì)講一個(gè)基本事實(shí)能揭示人的性格特點(diǎn)：我說娱挨，一個(gè)成年人無法舔到他們的手肘外側(cè)余指。
Did you know that??Already, some of you have tried to lick the outside of your own elbow.?But extroverts amongst you?are probably those who have not only tried,?but they have successfully licked the elbow?of the person sitting next to them.
你們知道這事嗎？你們中有些人已經(jīng)嘗試過舔自己的手肘外側(cè)了跷坝。但你們中那些外向的人不但已經(jīng)嘗試過（舔自己的手肘）而且連坐他們旁邊的人的手肘也沒有放過酵镜。
Those are the extroverts.
這就是外向的人。
Let me deal in a bit more detail with extroversion,?because it's consequential and it's intriguing,?and it helps us understand what I call our three natures.?First, our biogenic nature — our neurophysiology.Second, our sociogenic or second nature,?which has to do with the cultural and social aspects of our lives.?And third, what makes you individually you — idiosyncratic —?what I call your "idiogenic" nature.
讓我再討論一下外向性格的一些細(xì)節(jié)柴钻，因?yàn)樗绊懮钸h(yuǎn)而且很有意思淮韭，能幫我們理解人類的三種天性。第一種是生物學(xué)天性——我們的神經(jīng)生理學(xué)贴届。第二種是社會(huì)學(xué)天性靠粪，又叫第二天性足丢，與我們的文化和社會(huì)屬性相關(guān)。而第三種庇配，讓你成為獨(dú)一無二的“你”?我稱之為場景特定天性。
Let me explain.?One of the things that characterizes extroverts is they need stimulation.?And that stimulation can be achieved by finding things that are exciting:?loud noises, parties and social events here at TED —?you see the extroverts forming a magnetic core.?They all gather together.?And I've seen you.
下面我來解釋一下绍些。外向性格的人的一大特征就是他們需要刺激捞慌。這種刺激可以是令人興奮的事：比如巨大的聲響、熱鬧的聚會(huì)和TED這樣的社交事件——你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)外向者會(huì)形成 一個(gè)磁性的內(nèi)核柬批。他們會(huì)聚集到一起啸澡。所以我才會(huì)在這里遇見你們。
The introverts are more likely to spend time in the quiet spaces?up on the second floor,?where they are able to reduce stimulation —?and may be misconstrued as being antisocial,?but you're not necessarily antisocial.?It may be that you simply realize that you do better?when you have a chance to lower that level of stimulation.
而內(nèi)向的人更喜歡上到二樓找個(gè)安靜的地方待著氮帐，以減少外界刺激——這樣做可能會(huì)被誤認(rèn)為不喜歡社交嗅虏，但其實(shí)這并不絕對。也許你只是單純地知道自己在外界刺激較低的時(shí)候狀態(tài)更好上沐。
Sometimes it's an internal stimulant, from your body.?Caffeine, for example, works much better with extroverts than it does introverts.?When extroverts come into the office at nine o'clock in the morningand say, "I really need a cup of coffee,"?they're not kidding —?they really do.
這也包括內(nèi)在刺激皮服，來自你的體內(nèi)。比如說参咙，咖啡因有時(shí)候?qū)ν庀虻娜吮葍?nèi)向的人更有效龄广。當(dāng)外向者早上9點(diǎn)走進(jìn)辦公室，說蕴侧，“我需要一杯咖啡择同。”?他們沒開玩笑——他們是真需要净宵。
Introverts do not do as well,?particularly if the tasks they're engaged in —?and they've had some coffee —?if those tasks are speeded,?and if they're quantitative,?introverts may give the appearance of not being particularly quantitative.?But it's a misconstrual.
內(nèi)向者就不會(huì)這么做敲才，尤其是當(dāng)他們正在干的活兒——而且他們已經(jīng)喝過咖啡了——?如果這些活兒很急，而且有量化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)择葡，內(nèi)向者會(huì)表現(xiàn)得好像這些活兒沒有特別的量化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)紧武。但這是一種誤導(dǎo)。
So here are the consequences that are really quite intriguing:?we're not always what seem to be,?and that takes me to my next point.?I should say, before getting to this,?something about sexual intercourse,although I may not have time.?And so, if you would like me to —?yes, you would??OK.
因此我們能得出一些非常有趣的結(jié)論：我們經(jīng)常會(huì)表里不一刁岸，這就引出了我下一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)脏里。我事先聲明，我要說的虹曙，是關(guān)于做愛的事情迫横，但我的時(shí)間可能不太夠。所以酝碳，如果你們想讓我說的話——什么矾踱？你們很想聽？好吧疏哗。
There are studies done?on the frequency with which individuals engage in the conjugal act,?as broken down by male, female; introvert, extrovert.?So I ask you:?How many times per minute —?oh, I'm sorry, that was a rat study —
有人做過呛讲，關(guān)于人做愛頻率的研究，分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有男性、女性贝搁、內(nèi)向者吗氏、外向者。我想問大家：每分鐘做多少次——哦雷逆，對不起弦讽，每分鐘多少次說的是老鼠——
How many times per month?do introverted men engage in the act??3.0.?Extroverted men??More or less?Yes, more.?5.5 — almost twice as much.?Introverted women: 3.1.?Extroverted women??Frankly, speaking as an introverted male,?which I will explain later —?they are heroic.?7.5.?They not only handle all the male extroverts,?they pick up a few introverts as well.
內(nèi)向的男性每個(gè)月有多少次性行為？3.0次膀哲。外向的男性呢往产？更多還是更少？沒錯(cuò)某宪，更多仿村。5.5次，差不多是2倍兴喂。內(nèi)向的女性：3.1次蔼囊。外向的女性呢？老實(shí)說瞻想，作為一個(gè)內(nèi)向的男性 ——關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)我稍后會(huì)解釋——我覺得她們太厲害了压真。7.5次。?她們不但搞定了所有外向的男人蘑险，?還順便挑了幾個(gè)內(nèi)向的滴肿。
We communicate differently, extroverts and introverts.?Extroverts, when they interact,?want to have lots of social encounter punctuated by closeness.?They'd like to stand close for comfortable communication.?They like to have a lot of eye contact,?or mutual gaze.?We found in some research?that they use more diminutive terms when they meet somebody.?So when an extrovert meets a Charles,?it rapidly becomes "Charlie," and then "Chuck,"?and then "Chuckles Baby."
外向者和內(nèi)向者的交流方式有所不同。外向者在與人互動(dòng)時(shí)佃迄，喜歡肢體接觸泼差，喜歡親近對方。他們喜歡靠近對方呵俏，近距離交流堆缘。他們喜歡眼神接觸，甚至相互凝視普碎。有研究表明外向者更喜歡使用昵稱吼肥。比如當(dāng)一個(gè)外向者遇見一個(gè)叫查爾斯的人，很快就會(huì)開始叫他“查理”麻车，然后變成“查克”缀皱，然后變成“小查查”。
Whereas for introverts,?it remains "Charles," until he's given a pass to be more intimate?by the person he's talking to.?We speak differently.?Extroverts prefer black-and-white, concrete, simple language.Introverts prefer — and I must again tell you?that I am as extreme an introvert as you could possibly imagine —?we speak differently.?We prefer contextually complex,?contingent,?weasel-word sentences —
而內(nèi)向者呢动猬，?會(huì)一直叫他“查理”啤斗，直到對方認(rèn)為他倆的關(guān)系已經(jīng)足夠親密。外向者和內(nèi)向者的說話方式也不同赁咙。外向者喜歡確定钮莲、具體免钻、簡潔的語言。而內(nèi)向者喜歡——我必須再次提醒大家崔拥，我是一個(gè)十足的內(nèi)向者——我們說話方式很不一樣极舔。我們內(nèi)向者更喜歡說一些復(fù)雜難懂，模棱兩可链瓦，云山霧罩的話——
More or less.
或多或少吧姆怪。
As it were.
基本是這樣。
Not to put too fine a point upon it —?like that.
不把話說死——?就像剛才那樣澡绩。
When we talk,?we sometimes talk past each other.?I had a consulting contract I shared with a colleaguewho's as different from me as two people can possibly be.?First, his name is Tom.?Mine isn't.
我們在說話的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常會(huì)打太極俺附，推來推去肥卡。我跟一名同事共同負(fù)責(zé)一項(xiàng)咨詢業(yè)務(wù)，我跟他是截然不同的兩個(gè)人事镣。首先步鉴，他叫湯姆。我不叫湯姆璃哟。
Secondly, he's six foot five.?I have a tendency not to be.
其次氛琢，他身高1米96。我這輩子是不指望了随闪。
And thirdly, he's as extroverted a person as you could find.?I am seriously introverted.?I overload so much,?I can't even have a cup of coffee after three in the afternoon?and expect to sleep in the evening.
第三點(diǎn)阳似，他是個(gè)及其外向的人。而我十分內(nèi)向铐伴。我心思很重撮奏，我要是下午三點(diǎn)之后喝了杯咖啡，那晚上就別想睡了当宴。
We had seconded to this project a fellow called Michael.?And Michael almost brought the project to a crashing halt.?So the person who seconded him asked Tom and me,?"What do you make of Michael?"Well, I'll tell you what Tom said in a minute.?He spoke in classic "extrovert-ese."?And here is how extroverted ears heard what I said,?which is actually pretty accurate.?I said, "Well Michael does have a tendency at times?of behaving in a way that some of us might see?as perhaps more assertive than is normally called for."
我們還有一個(gè)助手畜吊，叫麥克。麥克幾乎把整個(gè)項(xiàng)目給搞砸了户矢。麥克的繼任者問我和湯姆玲献，“你們怎么評價(jià)麥克？”?我稍后再告訴你湯姆是怎么說的梯浪。他的回答是非常典型的外向型捌年。而我的回答嘛，其實(shí)在外向者聽來驱证，應(yīng)該是非常精確的延窜。我說，“其實(shí)抹锄，麥克有時(shí)候的一些做法逆瑞，在我們某些人看來也許過于自信了荠藤，可能有時(shí)候有點(diǎn)過分』窀撸”
Tom rolled his eyes and he said,?"Brian, that's what I said:?he's an asshole!"
湯姆翻了個(gè)白眼哈肖，說，?“布萊恩念秧，這不就是我剛剛說的：他就是個(gè)混蛋淤井！”
Now, as an introvert,?I might gently allude to certain "assholic" qualities?in this man's behavior,?but I'm not going to lunge for the a-word.
作為一名內(nèi)向者，我也許會(huì)委婉地暗示摊趾，這個(gè)人的行為確實(shí)比較混蛋币狠，但我不會(huì)直接使用“混蛋”這個(gè)詞。
But the extrovert says,?"If he walks like one, if he talks like one, I call him one."?And we go past each other.
但外向者會(huì)說砾层，“如果他表現(xiàn)得像個(gè)混蛋漩绵，我就會(huì)稱他混蛋「嘏冢”?這就是我們的不同止吐。
Now is this something that we should be heedful of??Of course.?It's important that we know this.?Is that all we are??Are we just a bunch of traits??No, we're not.?Remember, you're like some other people?and like no other person.?How about that idiosyncratic you?
這一點(diǎn)我們是不是需要留意呢？那是當(dāng)然侨糟。這一點(diǎn)非常重要碍扔。但這就完了嗎？我們就只有這幾種特點(diǎn)嗎秕重？并非如此不同。別忘了，你們跟一些人很像但又獨(dú)一無二溶耘。這個(gè)獨(dú)一無二的你 到底是什么樣的呢套鹅？
As Elizabeth or as George,?you may share your extroversion or your neuroticism.?But are there some distinctively Elizabethan features of your behavior,or Georgian of yours,?that make us understand you better than just a bunch of traits??That make us love you??Not just because you're a certain type of person.
伊麗莎白們或者喬治們，你們可能都有些外向或者神經(jīng)過敏汰具。但你們的行為中是不是有些伊麗莎白獨(dú)有的或者喬治獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)卓鹿，能讓我們更好地了解你？而不是簡單地對號入座留荔？能讓我們喜歡上你吟孙？不僅僅因?yàn)槟闶悄撤N特定類型的人。
I'm uncomfortable putting people in pigeonholes.?I don't even think pigeons belong in pigeonholes.?So what is it that makes us different??It's the doings that we have in our life — the personal projects.?You have a personal project right now,?but nobody may know it here.?It relates to your kid —?you've been back three times to the hospital,?and they still don't know what's wrong.?Or it could be your mom.
我不喜歡把人放進(jìn)鴿子籠里聚蝶，然后貼上標(biāo)簽杰妓。我甚至覺得鴿子都不應(yīng)該待在鴿子籠里。究竟是什么讓我們與眾不同呢碘勉？是我們一生的所作所為——我們的個(gè)人事業(yè)巷挥。你們大家都有個(gè)人事業(yè)，但可能誰都沒有意識(shí)到验靡。也許這事業(yè)跟孩子有關(guān)——你已經(jīng)去醫(yī)院三趟了倍宾，醫(yī)生們還是查不出你孩子的病因雏节。或者生病的是你母親高职。
And you'd been acting out of character.?These are free traits.?You're very agreeable, but you act disagreeably?in order to break down those barriers of administrative torpor?in the hospital,?to get something for your mom or your child.
你會(huì)做一些跟你的性格不相符的事情钩乍。這些是可變的性格特點(diǎn)。你本和善可親怔锌，卻表現(xiàn)得咄咄逼人寥粹，只為了對抗如今醫(yī)院里無處不在的懶散風(fēng)氣，讓自己的母親或者孩子得到及時(shí)治療埃元。
What are these free traits??They're where we enact a script?in order to advance a core project in our lives.?And they are what matters.?Don't ask people what type you are;?ask them, "What are your core projects in your life?"?And we enact those free traits.?I'm an introvert,?but I have a core project, which is to profess.
這些可變的性格特點(diǎn)到底是什么涝涤？那是我們演的一出戲，為了達(dá)成我們生命中最重要的目標(biāo)岛杀。而這才是最重要的妄痪。不要問別人是什么性格的人，而要問他們楞件，“你們生命中最重要的事是什么？”?然后我們身上的可變性格特點(diǎn)就會(huì)被激發(fā)裳瘪。
I'm a professor.?And I adore my students,?and I adore my field.?And I can't wait to tell them about what's new, what's exciting,?what I can't wait to tell them about.?And so I act in an extroverted way,?because at eight in the morning,?the students need a little bit of humor,?a little bit of engagement to keep them going?in arduous days of study.
我是一個(gè)內(nèi)向的人土浸，但我最重要的事業(yè)是教書。我是一名教授彭羹。我熱愛我的學(xué)生黄伊，也熱愛我的事業(yè)領(lǐng)域。我總是迫不及待地想 與他們分享茬缩，?那些新奇有趣的事情莫其。?因此我會(huì)表現(xiàn)得 像一個(gè)外向的人呈础，?因?yàn)樵缟?點(diǎn)，?學(xué)生需要一點(diǎn)幽默拓轻，?需要一點(diǎn)激勵(lì)，?才能熬過一天緊張的學(xué)習(xí)经伙。
But we need to be very careful?when we act protractedly out of character.?Sometimes we may find that we don't take care of ourselves.?I find, for example, after a period of pseudo-extroverted behavior,?I need to repair somewhere on my own.?As Susan Cain said in her "Quiet" book,?in a chapter that featured the strange Canadian professor?who was teaching at the time at Harvard,?I sometimes go to the men's room?to escape the slings and arrows of outrageous extroverts.
但是當(dāng)我們扮演其他性格的時(shí)候?需要萬分小心扶叉。（因?yàn)椋┯袝r(shí)候我們對自己太狠。我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在假裝外向性格一段時(shí)間之后帕膜，我需要自己躲起來療傷枣氧。就像蘇珊?凱恩在《安靜》這本書中所寫，其中一章提到一位古怪的加拿大教授垮刹，當(dāng)時(shí)他在哈佛大學(xué)教書达吞，他有時(shí)候會(huì)跑到男廁所，為了躲避煩人的外向者投來的明槍暗箭荒典。
I remember one particular day when I was retired to a cubicle,?trying to avoid overstimulation.?And a real extrovert came in beside me — not right in my cubicle,?but in the next cubicle over —?and I could hear various evacuatory noises,?which we hate — even our own,?that's why we flush during as well as after.
有一次我自己也躲進(jìn)了小隔間酪劫，為了暫避外界紛擾吞鸭。這時(shí)來了一個(gè)外向者，到我旁邊契耿，——當(dāng)然不是在一個(gè)小隔間是在我旁邊的小隔間——我聽見了一連串物體落水的聲音瞒大，這聲音是很煩人的——哪怕是我們自己的，所以我們才會(huì)在上大號的中途也沖水搪桂。
And then I heard this gravelly voice saying,?"Hey, is that Dr. Little?"
隨后我就聽到了一個(gè)沙啞的聲音透敌，?“嘿，請問是利特爾博士嗎踢械？”
If anything is guaranteed to constipate an introvert for six months,?it's talking on the john.
如果有什么事情能讓內(nèi)向者便秘6個(gè)月 那一定是在上大號的時(shí)候聊天酗电。
That's where I'm going now.?Don't follow me.
我現(xiàn)在就想去洗手間靜靜。別跟著我内列。
Thank you.(Applause)
謝謝您啦撵术。（掌聲）
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