拜占庭/BYZANTINE
關(guān)鍵詞：希臘十字谣辞，圣索菲亞大教堂
羅馬帝國的分裂導(dǎo)致西歐的系統(tǒng)性崩潰，但在東羅馬帝國主義法律下沐扳， 風(fēng)俗和建筑傳統(tǒng)在以君士坦丁堡（先伊斯坦布爾）為中心的拜占庭帝國中得以延續(xù)泥从。這個(gè)位置導(dǎo)致來自東地中海， 特別是希臘文化和基督教的習(xí)俗的融入沪摄。拜占庭帝國建筑最常見的表現(xiàn)形式是在宗教建筑中躯嫉， 特別是教堂。這種建筑類型的一個(gè)典范是圣索菲亞大教堂（537）杨拐，由賈斯汀一世委托祈餐， 由米萊圖斯的伊西多爾和特列勒斯的安提烏斯設(shè)計(jì)。在對(duì)稱的平面中心升起一個(gè)直徑為32米（107英尺）的由穹隅支撐的穹頂哄陶，穹隅將荷載轉(zhuǎn)換到四個(gè)巨大的墩柱上帆阳。這個(gè)在地震區(qū)的大膽設(shè)計(jì)被證明確實(shí)過于大膽，這個(gè)穹頂不得不被多次重建屋吨。然而蜒谤，盡管發(fā)生這些不幸的事，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來至扰，圣索菲亞大教堂設(shè)立了教堂建造和設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鳍徽。除了使用穹頂，拜占庭建筑最顯著且持久的特征之一是基于羅馬神廟和早期基督教教堂和最初的希臘十字平面的中心平面敢课。
圣索菲亞大教堂
希臘十字
拓展知識(shí)：
穹隅（pendentive)是指拱頂之間形成的三角形球面阶祭。在穹隅的發(fā)展前，建筑師常采用疊澀拱或內(nèi)角拱（Squinch）于四角以支撐建筑翎猛。穹隅的發(fā)明使得方形基座上可以搭建巨大的圓形穹頂
原文：The fragmentation of the Roman Empire led to systemic collapse in Western Europe, but in the Eastern Roman Empire laws, customs and building traditions were kept alive in the Byzantine Empire, centred on Constantinople (now Istanbul). This location led to the adoption of customs from the eastern Mediterranean, notably Greek culture and Christianity. The most common expression of architecture in the Byzantine Empire was in religious buildings, particularly churches. An exemplar of this architectural type was the Hagia Sophia (537), commissioned by Justinian I and designed by Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. In the centre of the symmetrical plan rises a huge 32-m (107-ft) diameter dome supported on pendentives that transfer the load onto four massive piers. The audacious design in an earthquake zone proved too daring, and the dome had to be rebuilt on several occasions. However, despite these misfortunes, Hagia Sophia set a benchmark in church construction and design for many centuries. One of the most prominent and enduring features of Byzantine church architecture, besides the use of the dome, was the central plan, based on the Roman temple and early Christian churches and the cruciform plan of Greek origin.
