使用smartctl命令檢查磁盤

使用smartctl命令檢查磁盤

在TS過(guò)程中會(huì)碰到很多磁盤異常出現(xiàn)影響系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)或者生產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù)的情況跟衅，但是有時(shí)候無(wú)法判斷磁盤出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題是由于磁盤物理?yè)p壞還是磁盤SATA口接觸不良導(dǎo)致，這個(gè)時(shí)候smartctl命令就可以很容易判斷出磁盤是否存在物理?yè)p壞問(wèn)題，并且及時(shí)作出預(yù)警。

使用smartctl進(jìn)行SMART測(cè)試

所有現(xiàn)代硬盤都可通過(guò)SMART屬性監(jiān)視其當(dāng)前狀態(tài)痛单。這些值提供有關(guān)硬盤各種參數(shù)的信息，并可提供有關(guān)磁盤剩余壽命或任何可能的錯(cuò)誤的信息嵌牺。此外帮辟，可以執(zhí)行各種SMART測(cè)試速址，以確定磁盤上的任何硬件問(wèn)題。本文介紹如何使用smartctl（Smartmontools）對(duì)Linux進(jìn)行此類測(cè)試织阅。

安裝Smartmontools

Smartmontools可以使用yum直接安裝：

# yum install -y smartmontools

要確保硬盤支持SMART并啟用壳繁，請(qǐng)使用以下命令（本例中為硬盤/ dev / sda）：

# smartctl -i /dev/sda
smartctl 6.4 2015-06-04 r4109 [x86_64-linux-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-15, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model:     HGST HUS726030ALE610
Serial Number:    N8GH1H5Y
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 244c6d728
Firmware Version: APBDT7JN
User Capacity:    3,000,592,982,016 bytes [3.00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Form Factor:      3.5 inches
Device is:        Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is:   ACS-2, ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Wed Oct 11 07:09:17 2017 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

上面的參數(shù)中，SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.顯示磁盤SMART是支持的荔棉，SMART support is: Enabled是可用的

可用測(cè)試

SMART根據(jù)規(guī)格類型和SCSI設(shè)備提供兩種不同的測(cè)試闹炉。這些測(cè)試中的每一個(gè)都可以以兩種模式進(jìn)行：

  • 前景模式
  • 背景模式

在背景模式下，測(cè)試的優(yōu)先級(jí)低润樱，這意味著正常指令繼續(xù)由硬盤處理渣触。如果硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器正忙，則測(cè)試暫停壹若，然后以較低的加載速度繼續(xù)運(yùn)行嗅钻，因此不會(huì)中斷操作。
在前景模式下店展，所有命令將在測(cè)試期間以“檢查條件”狀態(tài)進(jìn)行應(yīng)答养篓。因此，僅當(dāng)不使用硬盤時(shí)赂蕴，才建議使用此模式柳弄。
原則上，背景模式是首選模式概说。

ATA / SCSI測(cè)試

短期測(cè)試

短期測(cè)試的目標(biāo)是快速識(shí)別有缺陷的硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器碧注。因此，短測(cè)試的最大運(yùn)行時(shí)間為2分鐘糖赔。測(cè)試通過(guò)將磁盤劃分成三個(gè)不同的段來(lái)檢查磁盤萍丐。測(cè)試以下幾個(gè)方面：

  • 電氣特性：控制器測(cè)試自己的電子元件，由于這是每個(gè)制造商特有的放典，因此無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確解釋正在測(cè)試的內(nèi)容逝变。例如，可以想到測(cè)試內(nèi)部RAM奋构，讀/寫電路或頭電子元件壳影。
  • 機(jī)械特性：要測(cè)試的伺服系統(tǒng)和定位機(jī)制的確切順序也是每個(gè)制造商特有的。
  • 讀/校驗(yàn)：它將讀取磁盤的某個(gè)區(qū)域并驗(yàn)證某些數(shù)據(jù)声怔，讀取的區(qū)域的大小和位置也是每個(gè)制造商特有的。

長(zhǎng)期測(cè)試

長(zhǎng)期測(cè)試被設(shè)計(jì)為生產(chǎn)中的最終測(cè)試舱呻，與短暫測(cè)試相同醋火，有兩個(gè)差異悠汽。
第一個(gè)：沒(méi)有時(shí)間限制，并且在讀/校驗(yàn)中檢查整個(gè)磁盤芥驳，而不僅僅是一個(gè)部分柿冲。例如，長(zhǎng)期測(cè)試可以用于確認(rèn)短測(cè)試的結(jié)果兆旬。

ATA指定測(cè)試

此處列出的所有測(cè)試僅適用于ATA硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器假抄。

運(yùn)輸測(cè)試

可以執(zhí)行該測(cè)試以確定在幾分鐘內(nèi)傳輸硬盤時(shí)的損壞。

選擇測(cè)試

在選定的測(cè)試期間丽猬，檢查指定的邏輯塊范圍宿饱。要掃描的邏輯塊以以下格式指定：

# smartctl -t select,10-20 /dev/sda  ## LBA 10 to LBA 20（incl.）
# smartctl -t select,10+11 /dev/sda  ## LBA 10 to LBA 20（incl.）
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
SPAN         STARTING_LBA           ENDING_LBA
   0                   10                   20
Drive command "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.

也可以有多個(gè)范圍（最多5個(gè)）進(jìn)行掃描：

# smartctl -t select,0-10 -t select,10-20 /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
SPAN         STARTING_LBA           ENDING_LBA
   0                    0                   10
   1                   10                   20
Drive command "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.

smartctl的測(cè)試程序

在執(zhí)行測(cè)試之前，使用以下命令顯示各種測(cè)試的持續(xù)時(shí)間的近似值：

# smartctl -c /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x02) Offline data collection activity
                    was completed without error.
                    Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                    without error or no self-test has ever 
                    been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection:        (    0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:            (0x7d) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                    No Auto Offline data collection support.
                    Abort Offline collection upon new
                    command.
                    Offline surface scan supported.
                    Self-test supported.
                    Conveyance Self-test supported.
                    Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                    power-saving mode.
                    Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                    General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:    (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (  48) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (   2) minutes.
SCT capabilities:          (0x0025) SCT Status supported.
                    SCT Data Table supported.

以下命令啟動(dòng)所需的測(cè)試（在后臺(tái)模式下）：

# smartctl -t <short|long|conveyance|select> /dev/sda

也可以執(zhí)行“離線”測(cè)試脚祟。但是谬以，僅進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自檢（Short Test）。

示例輸出：

# smartctl -t short /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.
Please wait 1 minutes for test to complete.
Test will complete after Wed Oct 11 15:40:28 2017

Use smartctl -X to abort test.

要在前臺(tái)模式下執(zhí)行測(cè)試由桌，必須在命令中添加“-C”为黎。

# smartctl -t <short|long|conveyance|select> -C /dev/sda

查看測(cè)試結(jié)果

通常，測(cè)試結(jié)果包含在以下命令的輸出中：

# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model:     KINGSTON SV300S37A60G
Serial Number:    50026B724A01E182
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0026b7 24a01e182
Firmware Version: 580ABBF0
User Capacity:    60,022,480,896 bytes [60.0 GB]
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Device is:        Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is:   8
ATA Standard is:  ACS-2 revision 3
Local Time is:    Wed Oct 11 15:41:49 2017 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x02) Offline data collection activity
                    was completed without error.
                    Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                    without error or no self-test has ever 
                    been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection:        (    0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:            (0x7d) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                    No Auto Offline data collection support.
                    Abort Offline collection upon new
                    command.
                    Offline surface scan supported.
                    Self-test supported.
                    Conveyance Self-test supported.
                    Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                    power-saving mode.
                    Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                    General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:    (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (  48) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (   2) minutes.
SCT capabilities:          (0x0025) SCT Status supported.
                    SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x0032   095   095   050    Old_age   Always       -       8601004262
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   099   099   003    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   085   085   000    Old_age   Always       -       145066815403100
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       120
171 Unknown_Attribute       0x000a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
172 Unknown_Attribute       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
174 Unknown_Attribute       0x0030   000   000   000    Old_age   Offline      -       97
177 Wear_Leveling_Count     0x0000   000   000   000    Old_age   Offline      -       96
181 Program_Fail_Cnt_Total  0x000a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
182 Erase_Fail_Count_Total  0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
187 Reported_Uncorrect      0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
189 High_Fly_Writes         0x0000   029   041   000    Old_age   Offline      -       77312098333
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   029   041   000    Old_age   Always       -       29 (Min/Max 18/41)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered  0x001c   102   102   000    Old_age   Offline      -       8601004262
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0033   099   099   003    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
201 Soft_Read_Error_Rate    0x001c   102   102   000    Old_age   Offline      -       8601004262
204 Soft_ECC_Correction     0x001c   102   102   000    Old_age   Offline      -       8601004262
230 Head_Amplitude          0x0013   100   100   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       100
231 Temperature_Celsius     0x0013   091   091   010    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
233 Media_Wearout_Indicator 0x0032   000   000   000    Old_age   Always       -       9261
234 Unknown_Attribute       0x0032   000   000   000    Old_age   Always       -       14820
241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0032   000   000   000    Old_age   Always       -       14820
242 Total_LBAs_Read         0x0032   000   000   000    Old_age   Always       -       6033

SMART Error Log not supported
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 2  Selective offline   Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 3  Selective offline   Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 4  Selective offline   Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 5  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     13403         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0       10  Not_testing
    2       10       20  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

如果只顯示測(cè)試結(jié)果行您，也可以使用以下命令：

# smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 2  Selective offline   Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 3  Selective offline   Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 4  Selective offline   Completed without error       00%     13404         -
# 5  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     13403         -

顯示磁盤全部的健康狀態(tài)

# smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED   ##說(shuō)明自檢通過(guò)铭乾，磁盤健康

查看磁盤錯(cuò)誤日志

# smartctl -l error  /dev/sdb

Sample Output

smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-32-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 1
    CR = Command Register [HEX]
    FR = Features Register [HEX]
    SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
    SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
    CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
    CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
    DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
    DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
    ER = Error register [HEX]
    ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.

Error 1 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 10042 hours (418 days + 10 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  84 51 00 00 00 00 a0

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  35d+16:09:47.709  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  35d+16:09:42.437  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  35d+16:09:42.159  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08  35d+16:09:42.159  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  35d+16:09:42.159  IDENTIFY DEVICE

處理過(guò)程

首先通過(guò)smartctl -H /dev/sda檢查磁盤健康狀態(tài)，然后smartctl -a /dev/sda查看磁盤詳細(xì)情況娃循，再對(duì)磁盤進(jìn)行短期測(cè)試smartctl -t short /dev/sda炕檩，最后查看磁盤測(cè)試結(jié)果smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda，基本磁盤健康狀態(tài)就可以定位出來(lái)淮野，最后檢查磁盤錯(cuò)誤日志smartctl -l error /dev/sdb

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