Chapter 9 Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling
本章介紹了大部分情況下所涉及到的語法要點(diǎn)龟再。這里并不試圖討論全部的語法規(guī)則茴扁，需要的話可以查閱更多優(yōu)秀的語法課本（比如Chapter 18中給出的參考文獻(xiàn)）。Chapter 4討論了寫作風(fēng)格和詞匯用法。Chapter 11討論了與數(shù)字抢野、數(shù)學(xué)和單位有關(guān)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)贤斜、拼寫和詞匯用法。Chapter 12討論了與化學(xué)命名有關(guān)的詞匯用法。
Grammar
主謂一致（Subject-Verb Agreement）
眾所皆知，主語和它的謂語在數(shù)上要保持一致嘱丢。然而道偷，主謂一致中也有很多常見的問題目木，主要的原因就是人們常常會(huì)對(duì)主語的數(shù)產(chǎn)生困惑。
? 當(dāng)主語和謂語之間存在一個(gè)或更多的介詞短語時(shí)，主語的數(shù)就會(huì)被變含糊戒祠。
Application of this technique to studies on the phytoplankton biomass and its environments is described. (The subject is "application", which is singular.)
? 當(dāng)句子的語序?yàn)榻樵~短語、謂語救拉、主語時(shí)，主語的數(shù)就會(huì)變含糊蒂萎。
To the mixture were added KCl, HEPES, and water.
To the solution was added the parent compound.
? 以"and"連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)主語需要復(fù)數(shù)的謂語主穗。
Growth and isolation of M13 virus were described.
例外：形式上是復(fù)數(shù)但效果是單數(shù)的主語需要單數(shù)的謂語猾浦。這時(shí)復(fù)合主語作為單一整體出現(xiàn)对嚼。
Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists.
Its inventor and chief practitioner is a native son of Boston, Robert Coles.
Much inconsistency and confusion exists with technical documentation.
? 當(dāng)兩個(gè)及以上的主語以"or"連接時(shí)靡砌，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)離它最近的主語來決定画舌。
All of the pH values or the median pH value was used.
The median pH value or all of the pH values were used.
? 當(dāng)集體名詞作為一個(gè)整體時(shí)需要單數(shù)的謂語朋腋； 這種情況下它前面通常會(huì)加"the"轻专。當(dāng)集體名詞作為個(gè)體的集合時(shí)需要復(fù)數(shù)的謂語宗收；這種情況下它們前面通常會(huì)加"a"礼旅。
| contents | majority | range | couple | number |
| series | dozen | pair | variety | group |
The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date. (Refers to the number as a unit.)
A number of metal amides were synthesized. (Refers to each amide.)
The series of compounds was prepared to test the hypothesis. (Refers to the series as a unit.)
A series of compounds were tested. (Refers to each compound.)
The variety of materials tested was sufficient for comparative analysis. (Refers to variety as a unit.)
A variety of materials were tested for selective removal of 90Sr from nuclear waste solutions. (Refers to the materials individually.)
This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. (Refers to the group as a unit.)
This group of workers are willing to sign their names. (Refers to the individuals.)
? "Data" 既可以作為可數(shù)名詞，也可以作為不可數(shù)名詞烛卧。
After the data is printed and distributed, we can meet to discuss it. (Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit.)
Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. (Refers to the data as individual results.)
? 測(cè)量單位作為集體名詞時(shí)，需要單數(shù)的謂語。
The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent was added. Five grams of NaCl was added to the solution.
Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment. To the mixture was added 5 g of compound B.
Under high pressure, 5 volumes of solution A was added.
? 以"ics" 結(jié)尾并表示學(xué)科的名詞通常是單數(shù)的衣形。
| dynamics | mechanics | kinetics |
| physics | mathematics | thermodynamics |
Mechanics involves the application of Newton's three laws of motion.
The kinetics of electron transfer to and from photogenerated radicals was examined by laser flash photolysis.
The thermodynamics is governed by the positions of the valence and conduction bands.
? 包含"each"笋熬、"every"和"everybody"的復(fù)合主語需要單數(shù)的謂語骏令。
Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.
Every rat injected and every rat dosed orally was included.
Everybody in the group and every visitor is assigned a different journal each month.
? 有時(shí)上述單詞是隱含的审丘，這時(shí)也要單數(shù)的謂語昌妹。
Each name and address is entered into the database.
? 如果復(fù)合主語的兩個(gè)部分都不包含"each"牢裳、"every"或"everybody"术瓮，謂語必須用復(fù)數(shù)。
Each student and all the professors were invited.
? 不定代詞自身（或者結(jié)合不定代詞"one"的形容詞）可以作為句子的主語贰健。
- "each"胞四、"either"、"neither"伶椿、"no one"辜伟、"every one"、"anyone"脊另、"someone"导狡、"everyone"、"anybody"偎痛、"somebody"和"everybody"需要單數(shù)的謂語旱捧。
Each was evaluated for its effect on metabolism.
Neither disrupts the cell membrane.
Regarding compounds 1-10, every one reacts with the control agent.
Someone measures the volume every day.
- "several"、"few"踩麦、"both"和"many"需要復(fù)數(shù)的謂語枚赡。
Several were evaluated for their effects on metabolism.
Few disrupt the cell membrane.
Regarding compounds 1 and 2, both react with the control agent.
Many were chosen to be part of the study.
- "some"、"any"谓谦、"none"贫橙、"all"和"most"要根據(jù)上下文確定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。介詞的賓語的數(shù)決定了與它對(duì)應(yīng)的不定代詞的數(shù)反粥。
All of the money was stolen.
Most of the books were lost.
Not all the disks are here; some were lost.
? 當(dāng)分?jǐn)?shù)作為句子的主語時(shí)卢肃，它的數(shù)由介詞的賓語的數(shù)決定。
One-third of the precipitate was dissolved.
One-fourth of the electrons were excited.
? 當(dāng)主語和它的謂語性名詞的數(shù)不一致時(shí)才顿，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取主語的數(shù)莫湘。（謂語性名詞是動(dòng)詞"to be"的補(bǔ)充；它指向與主語相同的人或物郑气。）
The preparation and structure determination [plural subject] of these three compounds are the topic [singular predicate noun] of this paper.
The topic of this paper [singular subject] is the preparation and structure determination [plural predicate noun] of these three compounds.
謂語和輔助謂語的遺漏（Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs）
? 復(fù)合句中的每一個(gè)主語都需要有合適的謂語和輔助謂語幅垮。
INCORRECT
The eluant was added to the column, and the samples collected in 10 mL increments.
CORRECT
The eluant was added to the column, and the samples were collected in 10 mL increments.
限制性和非限制性表述（Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Expressions）
? 限制性短語或從句對(duì)句子意思的完整性而言是必要的；也就是說竣贪，如果沒有這個(gè)從句或短語军洼，句子就沒有意義。限制性從句必須以"that"開頭演怎，而不能是"which"匕争。
It was necessary to find a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl group.
Comparison will be restricted to acetylene compounds that have the same functional end groups.
如果以"that"開頭的從句被刪除，句子將不再傳遞信息爷耀。因此甘桑，這些從句是限制性的。
短語也可以是限制性的。
Reactions leading to the desired products are shown in Scheme 1.
如果短語"leading to the desired products"被刪除跑杭，句子將不再傳遞信息铆帽。
? 非限制性短語或從句為句子提供補(bǔ)充信息，但并不是必須的德谅；也就是說爹橱，刪去這些短語或從句并不對(duì)句子的信息產(chǎn)生影響。非限制性短語和從句以逗號(hào)分隔窄做。非限制性從句以"who"或"which"開頭愧驱，而不能是"that"。
Squalene, a precursor of cholesterol, is a 30-carbon isoprenoid.
This highly readable book, written in nontechnical language, surveys the field of chemistry by describing the contributions of chemistry to everyday life.
Moore, working at the Rockefeller Institute, developed methods for the quantitative determination of amino acids.
The current-voltage curves, which are shown in Figure 6, clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.
Several hazardous waste disposal sites are located along the shores of the Niagara River, which is a major water source.
Melvin Calvin, who won the Nobel Prize in 1961, elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis.
James Aberdeen, professor emeritus of Central State University, which has provided significant scholarship support to minority students over the years, made a generous contribution to the school's building fund.
懸垂修飾語（Dangling Modifiers）
懸垂修飾語是在句子中并未明確地和邏輯上修飾其他詞語的修飾性詞語或短語椭盏。在學(xué)術(shù)寫作中组砚，被動(dòng)語態(tài)往往是必須的（比如"the solutions were heated"; "melting points were determined"），這就往往導(dǎo)致懸垂修飾語的產(chǎn)生掏颊。
? 如果修飾語在句子的主語之前糟红，它必須修飾主語，并且以逗號(hào)分隔乌叶，否則它就是懸垂修飾語盆偿。
INCORRECT
Splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg.
CORRECT
Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements.
INCORRECT
Upon splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg.
CORRECT
Upon splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements.
INCORRECT
When confronted with these limitations, the experiments were discontinued.
CORRECT
When confronted with these limitations, we discontinued the experiments. In light of these limitations, the experiments were discontinued.
INCORRECT
Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.
CORRECT
Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.
INCORRECT
Using the procedure described previously, the partition function can be evaluated.
CORRECT
Using the procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.
? 在某些情況下，被動(dòng)語態(tài)可以用來糾正懸垂修飾語枉昏。
INCORRECT
After combining the reactants, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h.
CORRECT
After the reactants were combined, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h.
INCORRECT
After stirring the mixture, 5 mg of compound 2 was added.
CORRECT
After the mixture was stirred, 5 mg of compound 2 was added.
? 以"based on"開始的短語必須修飾一個(gè)緊挨著它（之前或之后）的名字或代詞陈肛。以"on the basis of"開始的短語則用來修飾動(dòng)詞。
INCORRECT
Based on resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, changes in the interring separation were calculated.
CORRECT
On the basis of resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, changes in the interring separation were calculated.
INCORRECT
Based on extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to the loss of one isozyme. ("Based on extensive study"修飾名詞"deficiency"兄裂，但這并不符合句子的意思。)
CORRECT
On the basis of extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to the loss of one isozyme. ("On the basis of extensive study"修飾動(dòng)詞"was attributed"阳藻。)
Style guidelines based on authoritative sources are included in this book. ("Based on authoritative sources" modifies the noun "guidelines".)
? "Due to"意思是"attributable to";晰奖；它僅僅被用來修飾直接在它前面的名詞或代詞，或者出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞"to be"的后面腥泥。
INCORRECT
Delays resulted due to equipment failure.
CORRECT
Delays due to equipment failure resulted. The delays were due to equipment failure.
INCORRECT
This high value resulted due to the high conversion efficiencies of the enzymatic reactor.
CORRECT
This high value is due to the high conversion efficiencies of the enzymatic reactor.
This high value resulted from the high conversion efficiencies of the enzymatic reactor.
INCORRECT
Due to exposure to low levels of lead, children can be at risk for developmental problems.
CORRECT
Because of exposure to low levels of lead, children can be at risk for developmental problems.
Children can be at risk for developmental problems because of exposure to low levels of lead.
? 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)是在語法上與句子中其他部分不相關(guān)的詞語匾南、短語或分句。它們有時(shí)也被稱為句子修飾語（"sentence modifiers"）蛔外，因?yàn)樗鼈冃揎椓司渥拥钠渌糠智恪Ｋ鼈兛梢猿霈F(xiàn)在句子中任何地方，并用逗號(hào)分隔夹厌。它們不是懸垂修飾語豹爹。
Contrary to the excited-state situation, metal-metal bonding interactions in the ground states are weak.
The conclusions were premature, considering the lack of available data.
Judging from the spectral changes, exhaustive photolysis of compound 4 had occurred.
The conformations about the Re-Re bond, in addition, are different for all three complexes.
When necessary, the solutions were deaerated by bubbling nitrogen. Clearly, alternative synthetic methods are possible.
The instructor having made her point, the discussion continued.
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)通常以下列詞語開頭：
| concerning | judging |
| considering | provided |
| failing | providing |
| given | regarding |
- 在數(shù)學(xué)論文中，以"assuming"和"taking"開頭的獨(dú)立短語通常作為句子修飾語矛纹。
Assuming that distance d is induced by the norm, M is a symmetrical and positively defined matrix.
Taking this value as an upper limit, the two shortest distances are sometimes too long for incipient hydrogen bonds.
- 從句或省略子句可以被用作句子修飾語臂聋。
The compound is stable in air, as we concluded from the experimental evidence.
The Mo 5s orbitals, as expected, interact strongly with the ligands.
- 介紹性的不定式或不定式短語可以被用作句子修飾語。
To prepare compound 2, the method of Garner was followed.
反身代詞（Reflexive Pronouns)
? 反身代詞 "myself "、"yourself "孩等、"himself "艾君、"herself "、"itself "肄方、"ourselves"和"themselves"僅被用來指代同一句子中的名詞或另一個(gè)代詞冰垄。
INCORRECT
Please send your manuscript to the associate editor or myself.
CORRECT
Please send your manuscript to the associate editor or me.
The associate editor herself will review your manuscript.
INCORRECT
My collaborators and myself will evaluate the results.
CORRECT
My collaborators and I will evaluate the results.
I will evaluate the results myself.
I myself will evaluate the results.
標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（Punctuation）
逗號(hào)（Comma）
? 在并列連詞“and”、“or”权她、“nor”虹茶、“but”、“yet”伴奥、“for”和“so”之前添加一個(gè)逗號(hào)來連接兩個(gè)或更多的子句写烤。
Toluene and hexane were puri?ed by standard procedures, and benzene was redistilled from calcium hydride.
The role of organic templates in zeolite synthesis has been studied extensively, but no general principles have been delineated.
Supported metals are among the most important industrial catalysts, yet only a few have been studied thoroughly.
No dielectric constants are available for concentrated acids, so it is dif?cult to give a quantitative explanation for the results.
? 復(fù)合句中從句在主句之前的，在從句之后添加一個(gè)逗號(hào)拾徙。
Although 40 different P450 enzymes have been identified, only six are responsible for the processing of carcinogens.
Since the institute opened, plant breeders have developed three new prototypes.
Because the gene and the molecular marker are so close on the chromosome, they segregate together in the progeny.
? 在大部分介紹性詞語和短語后面添加一個(gè)逗號(hào)洲炊。
However, the public is being inundated with stories about cancer-causing chemicals.
Therefore, the type of organic solvent used is an important factor in lipase-catalyzed enzymatic synthesis.
After 3 months, the plants grown under phosphorus-deficient conditions were evaluated.
Thus, their motion is the result of the rotation of ferromagnetic domains.
On cooling, a crystalline phase may develop in coexistence with an amorphous phase.
? 在由三個(gè)或以上同級(jí)別的詞語、短語或子句構(gòu)成的序列中的并列連詞之前添加一個(gè)逗號(hào)（這個(gè)逗號(hào)稱為序列逗號(hào)）尼啡。
Water, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia were the solvents.
The red needles were collected, washed with toluene, and dried in a vacuum desiccator.
The compound does not add bromine, undergo polymerization by the Diels-Alder reaction, or react with electrophiles.
? 在包含并列連詞的復(fù)合句中暂衡，連詞之后的子句的標(biāo)點(diǎn)與它單獨(dú)使用時(shí)相同。
The reaction proceeds smoothly, and by use of appropriate reagents, the yields will be enhanced.
The compounds were separated, and after the filters had been washed, the experiments were completed.
? 不要用逗號(hào)把謂語動(dòng)詞和它的主語崖瞭、賓語或者謂語性名詞分開狂巢。
INCORRECT
The addition of substituted silanes to carbon-carbon double bonds, has been studied extensively.
CORRECT
The addition of substituted silanes to carbon-carbon double bonds has been studied extensively.
INCORRECT
The disciplines described in the brochure include, materials science, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry.
CORRECT
The disciplines described in the brochure include materials science, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry.
INCORRECT
The solvents used in this study were, cyclohexane, methanol, n-pentane, and toluene.
CORRECT
The solvents used in this study were cyclohexane, methanol, n-pentane, and toluene.
? 不要在連接由兩部分構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語的連詞之前加逗號(hào)。
INCORRECT
The product distribution results were obtained in sodium hydroxide, and are listed in Table 10.
CORRECT
The product distribution results were obtained in sodium hydroxide and are listed in Table 10.
? 當(dāng)一個(gè)序列包含另一個(gè)在圓括號(hào)中已被逗號(hào)分隔的序列時(shí)书聚，用逗號(hào)把它的項(xiàng)目分開唧领。
The structure was confirmed with spectroscopy (1H NMR, UV, and IR), high-resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.
? 當(dāng)名詞前有兩個(gè)或以上形容詞時(shí)，僅當(dāng)改變形容詞的順序后意思不變的情況下雌续，在形容詞之間加逗號(hào)斩个。如果你可以插入詞語"and"，那么這個(gè)逗號(hào)就是正確的驯杜。
The intense, broad signals of the two groups confirmed their location.
The broad, intense signals of the two groups confirmed their location.
Sample preparation is a repetitious, labor-intensive task.
Sample preparation is a labor-intensive, repetitious task.
A powerful, versatile tool for particle sizing is quasi-elastic light scattering.
A versatile, powerful tool for particle sizing is quasi-elastic light scattering.
但是：
Polyethylene is an important industrial polymer.
The rapid intramolecular reaction course leads to ring formation.
The backbone dihedral angles were characterized by J couplings.
The local structural environment of the Mn cluster was determined.
? 在非限制性從句中的并列連詞之前加一個(gè)逗號(hào)受啥。
INCORRECT
The bryopyran ring system is a unique requirement for anticancer activity whereas, the ester substituents in?uence the degree of cytotoxicity.
CORRECT
The bryopyran ring system is a unique requirement for anticancer activity, whereas the ester substituents in?uence the degree of cytotoxicity.
? 使用逗號(hào)來分隔非限制性短語或從句。
The products, which were produced at high temperatures, were unstable.
? 由引入的短語可以是限制性的（不用逗號(hào)分隔）或非限制性的（用逗號(hào)分隔）鸽心。
Potassium compounds such as KCl are strong electrolytes; other potassium compounds are weak electrolytes.
Previously, we described a mathematical model including a description of chlorophyll degradation in foods.
Divalent metal ions, such as magnesium(II) and zinc(II), are located in the catalytic active sites of the enzymes.
Hydrogen-bonded complexes, including proton-bound dimers, are well-known species.
前兩個(gè)句子中滚局，短語是限制性的，因?yàn)槿笔鼈冎缶渥訉o意義顽频。后兩個(gè)句子中藤肢，短語是非限制性的，因?yàn)槿笔鼈冎缶渥尤杂幸饬x冲九。
? 同位語是在另一個(gè)名詞之后的名詞谤草，用來確認(rèn)或解釋第一個(gè)名詞的意思跟束。
My wife, Jeanne, is a biochemist at the National Institutes of Health.
My son James plays baseball, and my son John plays soccer.
當(dāng)同位語指出唯一的可能性時(shí)，它是非限制性的（因此需要用逗號(hào)分隔）丑孩。第一個(gè)句子中冀宴，"Jeanne"是非限制性同位語。當(dāng)同位語指向多個(gè)可能性中的一個(gè)時(shí)温学，它是限制性的（因此不用逗號(hào)分隔）略贮。第二個(gè)句子中，兩個(gè)兒子的名字是限制性的仗岖。
? 當(dāng)?shù)仍~語后面跟隨一個(gè)或者一串詞語而非從句時(shí)逃延，用逗號(hào)把它們分隔起來。在被提到的項(xiàng)目后面也要加逗號(hào)轧拄。圓括號(hào)中的"i.e."和"e.g."后面加逗號(hào)揽祥。
The new derivatives obtained with the simpler procedure, that is, reaction with organocuprates, were evaluated for antitumor activity.
Alkali metal derivatives of organic compounds exist as aggregates of ion pairs, namely, dimers, trimers, and tetramers, in solvents of low polarity.
Many antibiotics, for example, penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin, interfere with bacterial peptidoglycan construction.
These oxides are more stable in organic solvents (e.g., ketones, esters, and ethers) than previously believed.
? 使用逗號(hào)分隔兩個(gè)參考文獻(xiàn)引用數(shù)字，但是對(duì)于連續(xù)三個(gè)以上的數(shù)字要用短橫線（–, en dash）來連接檩电，無論它們是上標(biāo)還是在句子中拄丰。當(dāng)它們是上標(biāo)時(shí)，不要在逗號(hào)后面加空格俐末。
Experimental investigations10,14,18–25 concerned the relative importance of field and electronegativity effects.
Certain complexes of cobalt were reported (10, 11) to have catalytic effects on hydrolysis reactions.
Flash photolysis studies (3–7) demonstrated the formation of transient intermediate products such as triplet states.
? 在Jr.和Sr.之前加一個(gè)逗號(hào)料按，但是對(duì)于II和III則要根據(jù)個(gè)人偏好。在一個(gè)句子中卓箫，通常在Jr.和Sr.后面會(huì)加一個(gè)逗號(hào)载矿，但是對(duì)于II和III，只有當(dāng)它們前面有逗號(hào)時(shí)后面才加逗號(hào)烹卒。
William M. Delaney, Jr.
Charles J. Smith, III
John J. Alden II
William M. Delaney, Jr., was elected to the governing board.
Charles J. Smith, III, received a majority of the votes.
John J. Alden II did not run for office this year.
? 不要在"et al."前面加逗號(hào)闷盔，除非是因?yàn)槠渌颉?/p>
Saltzman et al.
Saltzman, M. J., et al.
Saltzman, Brown, et al.
? 對(duì)于日期，在日后面加逗號(hào)旅急，但是如果月后面沒有日的話就不要加逗號(hào)馁筐。
June 15, 1996
June 1996
當(dāng)句中給出一個(gè)完整日期時(shí)，在年后面也加一個(gè)逗號(hào)坠非。
On August 18, 1984, an extraordinary person was born.
? 當(dāng)句中給出一個(gè)地理位置并且名稱中包含逗號(hào)，那么在名稱的后面也要加一個(gè)逗號(hào)果正。
Iona College, in New Rochelle, New York, is the CEO's alma mater.
The lead researcher, who obtained her education at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, addressed the reporters' questions.
? 用逗號(hào)來引入語錄炎码。
In the words of Pasteur, "Chance favors the prepared mind." Pasteur said, "Chance favors the prepared mind."
? 如果語錄是句子的主語，不要在它后面加逗號(hào)秋泳。
"Chance favors the prepared mind" is a translation from the French. (語錄是句子的主語)
句點(diǎn)（Period）
? 在每一個(gè)陳述句后面加句號(hào)潦闲，但是不要與其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)同時(shí)使用。
He said, “Watch out!”
She asked, “May I go?”
?不要在大部分測(cè)量單位的縮寫后面加句點(diǎn)迫皱，除非它們會(huì)與某個(gè)單詞混淆（比如in. for inches, at. for atomic, no. for number）歉闰。
? 如果句子以帶句點(diǎn)的縮寫詞結(jié)尾辖众，那么就無需再加一個(gè)句號(hào)。
She will return at 3 a.m.
? 在人名的首字母后面加句點(diǎn)和空格和敬。
J.-L. Gay Lussac J. E. Lennard-Jones M. S. Newman
例外：當(dāng)在文章的致謝部分提到某個(gè)作者時(shí)凹炸，只用句點(diǎn)而不用空格。
R.C.McD. and C.R. thank Dr. Rose Allan for carefully reading the manuscript.
C.-C.Y., L.B.-P., N.-h.X., and S.Zh.O. are grateful for generous support from the university.
? 不要在機(jī)構(gòu)或組織的縮寫或首字母縮略詞后面加句點(diǎn)昼弟。
ACS CNRS NASA NIH
分號(hào)（Semicolon）
? 在未被連詞連接的獨(dú)立從句之間加分號(hào)來進(jìn)行分隔啤它。
All solvents were distilled from an appropriate drying agent; tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether were also pretreated with activity I alumina.
? 如果一系列的單詞、短語或字符串中有些已經(jīng)包含逗號(hào)舱痘，就用分號(hào)來分隔它們变骡。
We thank Zachary Axelrod, University of Michigan, for spectral data; Caroline Fleissner, Harvard University, for helpful discussions; and the National Science Foundation for financial support (Grant XYZ 123456).
The product was dried under vacuum to give compound 2: yield 68%; IR 1991 m, 1896 s, sh, 1865 s cm-1; 1H NMR 0.36 ppm; 13C NMR 221.3, 8.1 ppm.
Figure 1. Cyclic voltammograms in dichloromethane: (a) compound 1, 23 °C; (b) compound 2, -40 °C; (c) compound 4, 23 °C.
Figure 6. Ru–H stretches in the IR spectrum of compound 5: ×, 298 K; +, 90 K.
即使包含逗號(hào)的是最后一項(xiàng)，這個(gè)規(guī)則也同樣成立芭逝。
The compounds studied were methyl ethyl ketone; sodium benzoate; and acetic, benzoic, and cinnamic acids.
? 在由連接性副詞或轉(zhuǎn)承語（"that is", "however", "therefore", "hence", "indeed", "accordingly", "besides" 和 "thus" 等）連接的獨(dú)立從句之間加分號(hào)塌碌。
The rate at which bleaching occurred was dependent on cluster size; that is, the degradation of the mononuclear cluster was about 5 times faster than that of the tetranuclear cluster.
Many kinetic models have been investigated; however, the first-order reactions were studied most extensively.
The proposed intermediate is not easily accessible; therefore, the final product is observed initially.
The restriction of the rotational motions of the tert-butyl group gives rise to large entropy changes for the association reaction; hence, the covalent form is relatively easy to identify.
The efficiency of the cross-coupling depends on the nature of X in RX; thus, the reaction is performed at room temperature by slow addition of the ester.
? 在獨(dú)立和非獨(dú)立從句之間不要加分號(hào)。
INCORRECT
The activity on bromopyruvate was decreased; whereas, the activity on pyruvate was enhanced.
CORRECT
The activity on bromopyruvate was decreased, whereas the activity on pyruvate was enhanced.
冒號(hào)（Colon）
? 使用冒號(hào)引入用于解釋旬盯、闡明或詳述它之前的信息的單詞台妆、短語、一個(gè)或幾個(gè)完整的句子瓢捉。僅當(dāng)冒號(hào)引入超過一個(gè)完整的句子频丘、引文或正式聲明時(shí)，將冒號(hào)后的第一個(gè)單詞首字母大寫泡态。
The electron density was studied for the ground state of three groups of molecules: (1) methane–methanol–carbon dioxide, (2) water–hydrogen peroxide, and (3) ferrous oxide–ferric oxide.
We now report a preliminary finding: no chemical shift changes were detected in the concentration range 0.1–10 M.
The following are our conclusions: Large-angle X-ray scattering studies give us an accurate picture of structures up to 9 A(angstrom). They do not allow the specification of defects, such as random ruptures of the chains. The structural models defined are strongly supported by magnetic measurements.
? 在圖表的題注中搂漠，用冒號(hào)來引入符號(hào)的意義等內(nèi)容。
Figure 1. Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra of compound 12: top, 403 K; middle, 353 K; bottom, 298 K.
Figure 3. Bronsted-type plots for aminolysis in 1 M KCl at 25 °C:$\circ$, 2-nitrophenyl acetate; $\square$, 3-chlorobenzoic acid; $\diamond$, 2,6-dinitrobenzoic acid.
? 不要在動(dòng)詞和它的賓語或補(bǔ)足語之間加冒號(hào)某弦，也不要在介詞和它的賓語之間加冒號(hào)桐汤。
INCORRECT
The rate constants for the reaction in increasing concentrations of sodium hydroxide are: 3.9, 4.1, 4.4, 4.6, and 4.9.
CORRECT
The rate constants for the reaction in increasing concentrations of sodium hydroxide are 3.9, 4.1, 4.4, 4.6, and 4.9.
INCORRECT
The thermal decomposition was investigated with: gas chromatography, BET surface areas, and X-ray powder diffraction.
CORRECT
The thermal decomposition was investigated with gas chromatography, BET surface areas, and X-ray powder diffraction.
INCORRECT
Transition-metal nitrides have many properties that make them suitable for industrial applications, including: high wear resistance, high decomposition temperature, and high microhardness.
CORRECT
Transition-metal nitrides have many properties that make them suitable for industrial applications, including high wear resistance, high decomposition temperature, and high microhardness.
? 用冒號(hào)或者斜杠來表示比例，但是不要用短破折號(hào)（en dash）靶壮。用斜杠或短破折號(hào)來表示混合物的組分怔毛，但是不要用冒號(hào)。
dissolved in 5:1 glycerin/water
dissolved in 5:1 glycerin–water
the metal/ligand (1:1) reaction mixture
the metal-ligand (1:1) reaction mixture
the metal-ligand (1/1) reaction mixture
the methane/oxygen/argon (1/50/450) matrix
the methane/oxygen/argon (1:50:450) matrix
引號(hào)（Quotation Marks）
引號(hào)與相鄰的其它標(biāo)點(diǎn)的位置關(guān)系是ACS有別于其它的一大特點(diǎn)腾降。1978年拣度，ACS質(zhì)疑了傳統(tǒng)的做法，并提出一種方案：邏輯位置螃壤。 因此抗果，當(dāng)某標(biāo)點(diǎn)為引文的一部分時(shí)，將它放入引號(hào)里面奸晴；反之冤馏，若此標(biāo)點(diǎn)不屬于引文，作者不應(yīng)當(dāng)誤導(dǎo)讀者寄啼。
? 若標(biāo)點(diǎn)不屬于引文原文的一部分逮光，就把右引號(hào)放在它前面代箭；反之，則將右引號(hào)放在它后面涕刚。
The sample solution was stirred briefly with a magnetic "flea".
Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "The reward of a thing well done is to have done it."
? 當(dāng)詞語用作一種新的意思嗡综，或者并不是從字面上表達(dá)時(shí)，在它的前后加引號(hào)副女。注意只有第一次出現(xiàn)時(shí)才需要加管行。
Plastocyanin is a soluble "blue" copper protein.
The integrated intensity of each diagonal in the spectrum is proportional to a "mixing coefficient".
The "electron-deficient" cations are, in fact, well-established intermediates.
? 在書籍或文章中的唯一命名的部分或章節(jié)的標(biāo)題外加引號(hào)朴读。
A complete description of the oils is given in the section "Flavonoids in Citrus Peel Oils", and other references are listed in the bibliography.
然而：
The preface describes the complexity of the problem.
? 在簡(jiǎn)短直接的引文外加引號(hào)（最多三個(gè)句子）。
In the book Megatrends, Naisbitt concludes, "We are moving from the specialist who is soon obsolete to the generalist who can adapt."
? 對(duì)于更長的引文（50詞以上），使用較窄的欄寬度（也就是兩邊加縮進(jìn)）渤昌，而不要使用引號(hào)惨撇。
Everything is made of atoms. That is the key hypothesis. The most important hypothesis in all of biology, for example, is that everything that animals do, atoms do. In other words, there is nothing that living things do that cannot be understood from the point of view that they are made of atoms acting according to the laws of physics.
——Rihard Phillips Feynman
然而葵萎，這一慣例并不適用于引用被采訪者的文章分蓖。此時(shí)，引文不需要用欄寬度來區(qū)分裹赴，而是需要加引號(hào)喜庞。
? 只有在雙引號(hào)的內(nèi)部才使用單引號(hào)。
He said, "You should read the article 'Fullerenes Gain Nobel Stature' in the January 6, 1997, issue of Chemical & Engineering News."
括號(hào)（ Parentheses）
插入語包含了對(duì)句子主旨的補(bǔ)充信息棋返。句子并不依賴于括號(hào)里面的內(nèi)容延都。
?在表示闡釋、確認(rèn)或說明的插入語外加括號(hào)來指引讀者睛竣。
The total amount (10 mg) was recovered by modification of the procedure. The final step (washing) also was performed under a hood.
The curve (Figure 2) obeys the Beer–Lambert law. The results (Table 1) were consistently positive.
Only 15 samples (or 20%) were analyzed.
? 標(biāo)點(diǎn)要加在插入語后面而不是前面晰房。
INCORRECT
Compound 1, (7 mg) obtained by typical workup methods, was used without further purfication.
CORRECT
Compound 1 (7 mg), obtained by typical workup methods, was used without further purification.
? 如果一個(gè)括號(hào)里的句子包含在另一個(gè)句子里，不要在括號(hào)里加句號(hào)射沟，也不要把括號(hào)里句子的首字母大寫殊者。
Our results (the spectra are shown in Figure 5) justified our conclusions.
Our results justified our conclusions (the spectra are shown in Figure 5).
? 如果一個(gè)括號(hào)里的句子不包含在另一個(gè)句子里面，則在括號(hào)里面加句號(hào)验夯，并且首字母大寫猖吴。
A mechanism involving loss of a CH radical followed by rearrangement was proposed. (The reactions are shown in Scheme 1.)
? 在列表中使用帶括號(hào)的數(shù)字。括號(hào)一般成對(duì)出現(xiàn)挥转，不要使用單個(gè)括號(hào)海蔽。
Three applications of this reaction are possible: (1) isomerization of sterically hindered aryl radicals, (2) enol-keto transformation, and (3) sigmatropic hydrogen shift.
? 使用括號(hào)來標(biāo)注試劑和設(shè)備的制造商。
cobalt chloride (Mallinckrodt)
a pH meter with a glass electrode (Corning)
? 在敘述文本中引用參考文獻(xiàn)的編號(hào)時(shí)不要使用括號(hào)绑谣。在這種情況下准潭，參考文獻(xiàn)編號(hào)時(shí)句子的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容而不是補(bǔ)充信息，因此不用括號(hào)域仇。
INCORRECT
in ref (12), in (12)
CORRECT
in ref 12
? 關(guān)于在數(shù)學(xué)中括號(hào)的使用在Chapter 11進(jìn)行討論；在化學(xué)術(shù)語和符號(hào)中的使用則在Chapters 12 和 13 中討論寺擂。
方括號(hào)（Square Brackets）
? 在引號(hào)中用方括號(hào)來標(biāo)注并非引用的部分內(nèi)容暇务。
In the words of Sir William Lawrence Bragg, "The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways [italics added] of thinking about them."
? 使用方括號(hào)來表示濃度：[Ca+]泼掠。
? 關(guān)于在數(shù)學(xué)中方括號(hào)的使用在Chapter 11進(jìn)行討論；在化學(xué)術(shù)語和符號(hào)中的使用則在Chapters 12 和 13 中討論垦细。
破折號(hào)（Dashes）###
最短的破折號(hào)是連字符（hyphen择镇，-）;其次是短破折號(hào)（en dash，–）括改； 最長的是長破折號(hào)（em dash腻豌，—）。連字符在Chapter 10中討論嘱能，從P135開始吝梅。
短破折號(hào)（En Dash）
? 當(dāng)權(quán)重相同的詞語組成組合詞時(shí)，用短破折號(hào)連接來表示"and"惹骂、 "to"或者"versus"苏携。
| acid–base titration | bromine–olefin complex |
| carbon–oxygen bond | cis–trans isomerization |
| cost–benefit analysis | dose–response relationship |
| ethanol–ether mixture | freeze–pump–thaw degassed |
| helix–coil transition | host–guest complexation |
| log–normal function | metal–ligand complex |
| metal–metal bonding | nickel–cadmium battery |
| oxidation–reduction potential | producer–user communication |
| pump–probe technique | red–black dichroic crystals |
| structure–activity relationship | structure–property relationship |
| temperature–time curve | vapor–liquid equilibrium |
| winter–fall maxima | 0–t–$\infty$ sequence |
例外：顏色的結(jié)合要用連字符，比如blue-green对粪。見Chapter 10右冻，P140。
? 在包含三個(gè)以上數(shù)字或其他類型的區(qū)間中使用短破折號(hào)來表示"to" 或者"through"著拭。
| 12–20 months | Figures 1–4 | 5–50 kg |
| sections 1b–1f | parts C–E | compounds A–I |
| Lyon and co–workers (23–26) | Lyon and co–workers23a–d |
例外1：當(dāng)數(shù)字為負(fù)或包含修飾數(shù)字的符號(hào)時(shí)纱扭，必須用"to" 或 "through"，不能用短破折號(hào)儡遮。
| –20 to +120 K | –145 to –30 °C | $\approx$50 to 60 |
| 10 to >600 mL | <5 to 15 mg |
例外2：當(dāng)使用"from"或"between"時(shí)乳蛾，不要用短破折號(hào)。
from 500 to 600 mL (not from 500–600 mL)
between 7 and 10 days (not between 7–10 days)
? 用短破折號(hào)連接兩個(gè)或更多的同等重要的人名用作修飾語峦萎。
| Bednorz–Müller theory | Beer–Lambert law |
| Bose–Einstein statistics | Debye–Hückel theory |
| Diels–Alder reaction | Fermi–Dirac statistics |
| Fischer–Tropsch effect | Fisher–Johns hypothesis |
| Flory–Huggins interaction | Franck–Condon factor |
| Friedel–Crafts reaction | Geiger–Müller effect |
| Henderson–Hasselbalch equation | Jahn–Teller effect |
| Lee–Yang–Parr method | Lineweaver–Burk method |
| Mark–Houwink plot | Meerwein–Ponndorf theory |
| Michaelis–Menten kinetics | Stern–Volmer plot |
| van't Hoff–Le Bel theory | Wolff–Kishner theory |
| Young–Laplace equation | Ziegler–Natta–type catalyst |
雙名的處理詳見Chapter 10 (P139)屡久。
? 在混合溶劑的各組分之間用短破折號(hào)連接（也可以用斜線）。
The melting point was unchanged after four crystallizations from hexane–benzene.
長破折號(hào)（Em Dash）
? 用長破折號(hào)分隔容易造成誤解的詞語爱榔。
INCORRECT
All three experimental parameters, temperature, time, and concentration, were strictly followed.
CORRECT
All three experimental parameterst—emperature, time, and concentration—were strictly followed.
? 如果可以用另一種標(biāo)點(diǎn)來分隔短語或非限制性從句的話被环，就不要用長破折號(hào)。
INCORRECT
Knauth—not Stevens—obtained good correlation of results and calculations.
CORRECT
Knauth, not Stevens, obtained good correlation of results and calculations.
INCORRECT
The singly charged complexes—which constituted bands 1 and 3—liberated maleate anion upon decomposition.
CORRECT
The singly charged complexes, which constituted bands 1 and 3, liberated maleate anion upon decomposition.
省略號(hào)（Ellipsis Points）
? 在引文中详幽，用三個(gè)句點(diǎn)（即省略號(hào)）來表示略過的詞語或短語筛欢。這三個(gè)句點(diǎn)是對(duì)其他必須標(biāo)點(diǎn)的補(bǔ)充。因此唇聘，如果已經(jīng)存在一個(gè)句點(diǎn)版姑，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)連續(xù)四個(gè)句點(diǎn)。
No science is immune to the infection of politics and the corruption of power…. The time has come to consider how we might bring about a separation, as complete as possible, between Science and Government in all countries.
—Jacob Bronowski
? 不要在因?yàn)榈拈_頭和結(jié)尾使用省略號(hào)迟郎。
? 當(dāng)一個(gè)數(shù)列的形式清晰無誤時(shí)剥险，用省略號(hào)表示略去的部分。
a = 1, 2, 3, …
n = 2, 4, 6, …
x = 1, 3, 5, …, 15
拼寫（Spelling）
查詞典是解決拼寫問題的最好辦法宪肖。韋氏大學(xué)詞典（Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary）和 韋氏新世界大學(xué)詞典（Webster's New World College Dictionary）是ACS技術(shù)編輯的案頭書表制。ACS的職員也會(huì)使用未刪節(jié)的韋氏第三版新國際英語詞典（the unabridged Webster's Third New International Dictionary）健爬。然而，無論你使用什么詞典么介，選用單詞的第一種拼寫形式娜遵。除了在專有名詞和直接的引用（包括標(biāo)題）之外，使用美式拼寫壤短。[1] 附錄9-1列出了一些包含兩種及以上拼寫形式的單詞的推薦寫法设拟。 [2]
? 在公司的官網(wǎng)上“聯(lián)系我們”（“Contact”）的網(wǎng)頁中查找其名稱的準(zhǔn)確拼寫形式。不要依賴官網(wǎng)的主頁或者搜索引擎久脯，前者可能是不正式的纳胧，后者常見卻不一定準(zhǔn)確。
棘手的所有格（Tricky Possessives）
? 共同所有者（joint owner）的所有格形式是在最后一個(gè)名稱后加撇號(hào)和"s"桶现。
Celapino and Marshall's results
Bausch and Lomb's equipment
? 不以"s"結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞F的所有格形式是在其后加撇號(hào)和"s"躲雅。以"s"結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只需要在"s"后面加撇號(hào)。
people's rights
children's books
compounds' structures
? 以"s"結(jié)尾的專有名詞的所有格形式是在其后加撇號(hào)和"s"骡和。
Jacobs's laboratory
Mathers's reception
棘手的復(fù)數(shù)（Tricky Plurals）
有時(shí)相赁，一些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式過于常見而被誤用，特別是拉丁和非英語詞匯慰于。以下列表中給出了正確的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式钮科。推薦的形式放在最前。
| singular | plural |
| alga | algae |
| apparatus | apparatus, apparatuses |
| appendix | appendixes, appendices |
| bacterium | bacteria |
| basis | bases |
| criterion | criteria, criterions |
| erratum | errata |
| focus | focuses, foci |
| formula | formulas, formulae |
| fungus | fungi, funguses |
| genus | genera, genuses |
| helix | helixes, helices |
| hypothesis | hypotheses |
| index | indexes |
| index | indices (mathematical) |
| latex | latices, latexes |
| locus | loci |
| matrix | matrices (mathematical) |
| matrix | matrixes (media) |
| maximum | maximums, maxima |
| medium | media, mediums |
| minimum | minimums, minima |
| phenomenon | phenomena, phenomenons |
| polyhedron | polyhedrons, polyhedra |
| sequela | sequelae |
| spectrum | spectra, spectrums |
| stratum | strata |
| symposium | symposia, symposiums |
| vertex | vertexes, vertices |
| vortex | vortexes, vortices |
