今日閱讀筆記整理內(nèi)容：
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
...
1.4 Origin of Language
1.5 Functions of Language
? ? 1.5.1 Informative
? ? 1.5.2 Interpersonal Function
? ? 1.5.3 Performative
? ? 1.5.4 Emotive Function
? ? 1.5.5 Phatic Communion
? ? 1.5.6 Recreational Function
? ? 1.5.7 Metalingual Function
1.6 What is Linguistics?
1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics
? ? 1.7.1 Phonetics
? ? 1.7.2 Phonology
? ? 1.7.3 Morphology
? ? 1.7.4 Syntax
? ? 1.7.5 Semantics
? ? 1.7.6 Pragmatics
1.8 Macrolinguistics
? ? 1.8.1 Psycholinguistics
? ? 1.8.2 Sociolinguistics
? ? 1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics
? ? 1.8.4?Computational?Linguistics
1.4 Origin of Language
"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." (Gospel of John,1:1)
"And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do; and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do." (Genesis, 11:6)
*those two parts above really colored me intrigued.
Fanciful speculations about the origin of language may go on endless, but suffice it to say here that the by-now fruitless search for it reflects people's concern with the origin of humanity and may come up with enlightening findings in future. And one thing we can say for certain is that language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contexts.
1.5 Functions of Language
Linguists talk about the FUNCTIONS of language in an abstract sense.
In the famous article, Linguistics and Poetics (1960) of Jakobson ( the Prague school structuralists), he defined the six primary factors of any speech event, namely: speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact. In conjunction with there, he established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication, namely:?
#1 referential (to convey message and information)
#2 poetic (to indulge in language for its own sake)
#3 emotive (to express attitudes, feelings and emotions)
#4 conative (to persuade and influence others through commands and requests),
#6 phatic (to establish communion with others)
#7 metalingual (to clear up intentions and meanings).
They correspond to such communication elements as context, message, addresser, addressee, contact and code?respectively.
Halliday?proposes?a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has IDEATIONAL (constructs a model of experience as well as logical?relations), INTERPERSONAL(enacts social relationships) and?TEXTUAL?functions (creates relevance to context).
? ? ?1.5.1 Informative
Language is the instrument of thought. The use of language to record the facts is a prerequisite of social development.
Halliday notes that "Language serves for the expression of content: that is, of the speaker's experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness... In serving this function, language also gives structure to experience, and helps to determine our way of looking at things, so that it requires some intellectual effort to see them in any other way than that which our language suggests to us."
*but if language is virtually the instrument of thought, then how babies think?
? ? ?1.5.2 Interpersonal Function
people?establish and maintain?their status in a society by using the interpersonal function.
Language serves to establish and maintain social rules.
Attached to the interpersonal function of language is its function of expressing identity.
? ? ?1.5.3 Performative
The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons.
The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.
? ? ?1.5.4 Emotive Function
It is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. This function is also discussed under the term expressive function. The expressive function can often be entirely personal and totally without any implication of communication to others.
? ? ?1.5.5 Phatic Communion
We call use such small, seemingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationship, between people without involving any factual content. Broadly speaking, this function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.
? ? ?1.5.6 Recreational Function
The use of language for the hearty joy of using it.
? ? ?1.5.7 Metalingual Function
Language can be used to talk about itself, making the language infinitely self-reflexive.
1.6 What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language and?has firmly established its place as a major branch of humanities and social sciences as well.
1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics
at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic.
? ? ?1.7.1 Phonetics
PHONETICS studies speech sounds.
? ? ?a) speech is a matter of anatomy and physiology
? ? ?b) articulatory phonetics
? ? ?c) acoustic phonetics
? ? ?d) auditory phonetics
A solid knowledge of phonetics can serve as a good foundation for phonology. Without it, the study of phonology would be clueless.
*C.F. sounds & speech sounds: sounds could be meaningless, whereas speech sounds convey certain meanings inside.
? ? ?1.7.2 Phonology
PHONOLOGY studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllable. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme (the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning) as the point of departure.
*C.F. Phonetics & Phonology: phonetics is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.
? ? ?1.7.3 Morphology
MORPHOLOGY is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.
? ? ?1.7.4 Syntax
SYNTAX?is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax.
? ? ?1.7.5 Semantics
SEMANTICS examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g. meanings of morphemes and sentences.
? ? ?1.7.6 Pragmatics
PRAGMATICS is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is internally structured.
1.8 Macrolinguistics
Although "Saussure's goal was to establish the autonomy of linguistics, giving it a well-defined subject of study and freeing it from reliance on other with other sciences. The central goal o f describing the underlying system remains; this is the province of general, descriptive linguistics.
? ? ?1.8.1 Psycholinguistics
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example.
? ? ?1.8.2 Sociolinguistics
SOCIOLINGUISTICS is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society. It is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.
*An umbrella term?is a word or phrase that covers a broad interval or set of functions or items that all fall under a single common category.
? ? ?1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics
Anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years.
? ? ?1.8.4?Computational?Linguistics
COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language (aka "natural language", to distinguish it from computer languages.) To this field, linguistics contributes an understanding of the special properties of language data, and provide theories and descriptions of language structure and us.
詞匯整理：
discredited (1) to injure the credit?or reputation of; defame:?an effort to discredit honest politicians. (2 )?to show to be undeserving of trust or belief; destroy confidence in:?Later research discredited earlier theories. (3)?to give no credence to; disbelieve:?There was good reason to discredit the witness.
pooh is an interjection, an exclamation of disdain, contempt, or disgust 呸
Something that is?problematic?involves problems and difficulties. 有問題的
speculation?投機(jī)放妈；推測泻拦；思索啥么；投機(jī)買賣：The theory is again at most a speculation.
A?rhythmic?movement or sound is repeated at regular intervals, forming a regular pattern or beat. 有節(jié)奏的
If you?grunt, you make a low sound, especially because you are annoyed or not interested in something. (尤指厭煩或不感興趣時(shí)) 嘟噥著說; 嘟噥
A?chant?is a word or group of words that is repeated over and over again. 重復(fù)的話語：He was greeted by the chant of "Judas! Judas!"?他迎來的是不絕于耳的呼喊“叛徒戒良！叛徒！”妹沙。?A?chant?is a religious song or prayer that is sung on only a few notes. 圣歌; 贊美詩：...a Gregorian chant.…一首格列高利圣歌膘壶。?If you?chant?something or if you?chant, you repeat the same words over and over again. 反復(fù)地說：Demonstrators chanted slogans.?示威者們反復(fù)地喊著口號版保。
prosodic?詩體學(xué)的；作詩法的颅痊；韻律學(xué)的：We do have prosodic use of thythms in language, but rhythmic grunts are far different from language in its present sense.
in conjunction with 互相協(xié)調(diào)
Prague school (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
[beginning]
The?Prague school?or?Prague linguistic circle[1]was an influential[2]group ofliterary criticsandlinguistsinPrague. Its proponents developed methods ofstructuralist literary analysis[3]and a theory of the standard language and of language cultivation during the years 1928–1939. The linguistic circle was founded in the Café Derby in Prague, which is also where meetings took place during its first years.[4]
The Prague School has had a significant continuing influence on?linguistics?and?semiotics. Following the?Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948, the circle was disbanded in 1952, but the Prague School continued as a major force in?linguistic functionalism?(distinct from the?Copenhagen schoo lor English Firthian — later?Hallidean— linguistics). American scholar?Dell Hymes?cites his 1962 paper, "The Ethnography of Speaking," as the formal introduction of Prague functionalism to American linguistic anthropology.[5]The Prague structuralists also had a significant influence on?structuralist film theory, especially through the introduction of th eostensive?sign.[6]
The Prague linguistic circle included the Russian émigrésRoman Jakobson,Nikolai Trubetzkoy, andSergei Karcevskiy, as well as the famous Czech literary scholarsRené WellekandJan Muka?ovsky. The instigator of the circle, and its first president until his death in 1945, was theCzechlinguistVilém Mathesius.
In 1929 the Circle promulgated its theses in a paper submitted to the First Congress of?Slavists. "The programmatic 1929 PragueTheses, surely one of the most imposing linguistic edifices of the 20th century, incapsulated [sic] the functionalist credo."[7]In the late 20th century, English translations of the Circle's seminal works were published by the Czech linguist?Josef Vachek?in several collections.
Also in 1929, the group launched a journal,Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague. World War II brought an end to it. TheTravauxwas briefly resurrected in 1966–1971. The inaugural issue was devoted to the political science concept of?center and periphery. It was resurrected yet again in 1995. The group's Czech language work is published inSlovo a slovesnost(Word and Literature).
[ending]
conative denotes an aspect of verbs in some languages used to indicate the effort of the agent in performing the activity described by the verb 意動的 / [Grammar] expressing endeavor or effort:?a conative verb.
An?imperative?is a verb in the base form that is used, usually without a subject, in an imperative clause. 祈使語氣動詞
A?vocative?is a word such as "darling" or "sir" that is used to address someone or attract their attention. 呼格
Your?intonation?is the way that your voice rises and falls as you speak. 語調(diào); 聲調(diào)：His voice had a very slight German intonation.?他的嗓音中有一點(diǎn)德語語調(diào)殖熟。
phatic (of speech, esp of conversational phrases) used to establish social contact and to express sociability rather than specific meaning (言語，尤指談話)僅僅是交際的
metalinguistic?元語言的八千；純理語言的
metalanguage is any language or symbolic system used to discuss, describe, or analyze another language or symbolic system. [計(jì)] 元語言吗讶；純理語言
metafunction?純理功能；元功能
ideational is of, relating to, or?involving ideas or concepts. 概念的恋捆；觀念的照皆；構(gòu)想的；設(shè)想的
textual means relating to written texts, especially literary texts. 文本的：...close textual analysis of Shakespeare.?...對莎士比亞作品文本的仔細(xì)分析沸停。
Something's?relevance?to?a situation or person is its importance or significance in that situation or to that person. 相關(guān)性：Politicians' private lives have no relevance to their public roles.?政治家的私生活與他們的公眾角色沒有相關(guān)性膜毁。
In a?representational?painting, the artist attempts to show things as they really are. (繪畫)具象的; 寫實(shí)的：His painting went through both representational and abstract periods.他的繪畫風(fēng)格經(jīng)歷了具象和抽象兩個(gè)階段。
A?heuristic?method of learning involves discovery and problem solving, using reasoning and past experience. (學(xué)習(xí)方法)啟發(fā)式的
If one thing is a?prerequisite?for?another, it must happen or exist before the other thing is possible. 先決條件：Good self-esteem is a prerequisite for a happy life.?良好的自尊心是幸福生活的先決條件愤钾。
functional grammar 功能語法
discourse situation 語境
If you?delimit?something, you fix or establish its limits. 定界限：This is not meant to delimit what approaches social researchers can adopt.?這并不是說要?jiǎng)澏ㄉ鐣芯空咚軌虿捎梅椒ǖ慕缦蕖?/p>
voiceprint is a graphic representation of a person's voice recorded electronically, usually having time plotted along the horizontal axis and the frequency of the speech on the vertical axis 聲波紋
If a group of people show?solidarity, they show support for each other or for another group, especially in political or international affairs. 團(tuán)結(jié)一致; 相互支持
performative denotes an utterance that constitutes some act, esp the act described by the verb. For example, "I confess that I was there"?is itself a confession, and so is performative in the narrower sense, while?"I'd like you to meet …"?(effecting an introduction) is performative only in the looser sense 施事話語的 (ADJ as NOUN)
ritualize is?to engage in ritualism or devise rituals 使禮儀化
Ritualistic?actions or behavior follow a similar pattern every time they are used. 例行公事般的 ; 慣常的：Each evening she bursts into her apartment with a ritualistic shout of "Honey I'm home!"?每天晚上她都是一邊嚷著“親愛的瘟滨，我回來啦！”一邊沖進(jìn)公寓能颁。Ritualistic?acts are the fixed patterns of behaviour that form part of a religious service or ceremony. 宗教儀式的; 固守儀式的：...the meditative and ritualistic practices of Buddhism....佛教的冥想和儀式杂瘸。
adverse (1 )unfavorable or antagonistic in purpose or effect:?adverse criticism.?(2)?opposing one's interests or desire:?adverse circumstances. (3)?being or acting in a contrary direction; opposed or opposing:?adverse winds. (4)?opposite; confronting:?the adverse page.
obscenity?is behavior, art, or language that is sexual and offends or shocks people. 猥褻 (行為、語言等)：He insisted these photographs were not art but obscenity.?他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這些照片不是藝術(shù)而是淫穢品伙菊。obscenity?is a very offensive word or expression. 猥褻言辭：They shouted obscenities at us and smashed bottles on the floor.?他們沖我們罵臟話败玉，還往地板上砸瓶子。
If you make an?involuntary?movement or exclamation, you make it suddenly and without intending to because you are unable to control yourself. 不由自主的：Another surge of pain in my ankle caused me to give an involuntary shudder.?踝關(guān)節(jié)的又一陣疼痛使我不由自主地顫抖了一下镜硕。You use?involuntary?to describe an action or situation that is forced on someone. 非自愿的：...insurance policies that cover death, accident, sickness and involuntary unemployment.…承保死亡运翼、事故、疾病和非自愿性失業(yè)的保險(xiǎn)兴枯。
A performer's repertoire is all the plays or pieces of music that he or she has learned and can perform. (表演者的) 全部曲目; 保留劇目 (1) the list of dramas, operas, parts, pieces, etc., that a company, actor, singer, or the like, is prepared to perform. (2)?the entire stock of works existing in a particular artistic field:?A new play has been added to the theatrical repertoire. (3)?the entire stock of skills, techniques, or devices used in a particular field or occupation:?a magician's repertoire.
hearty?people or actions are loud, cheerful, and energetic. 喧鬧活潑的：Wade was a hearty, athletic sort of guy.?韋德是那種精力充沛血淌、身體強(qiáng)壯的家伙。Hearty?feelings or opinions are strongly felt or strongly held. (感情或觀點(diǎn)等) 強(qiáng)烈的：With the last sentiment, Arnold was in hearty agreement.?對于最后一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)财剖，阿諾德強(qiáng)烈贊同悠夯。A?hearty?meal is large and very satisfying. (飯菜) 豐盛的：The men ate a hearty breakfast.男士們吃了一頓豐盛的早餐癌淮。heartily?胃口很大地：He ate heartily but would drink only beer.?他吃飯的胃口很大，但只喝啤酒疗疟。hale and hearty?精神充沛的该默，矍鑠的；老當(dāng)益壯的策彤，健壯的拢驾。
A?duel?is a formal fight between two people in which they use guns or swords in order to settle a quarrel. 雙人決斗: song dueling 對歌傲绣。
nonsensical?(1) (of words or language) having little or no meaning; making little or no sense:?A baby's babbling is appealingly nonsensical. (2)?(of behavior, conduct, actions, etc.) foolish, senseless, fatuous, or absurd:?His nonsensical behavior was unusual for such a serious person. (3)?objectionable, impudent, insubordinate:?I refuse to listen to that nonsensical gossip. (4)?of trifling importance or of little or no use:?I've had more than enough of your nonsensical advice!
sheer (1)?transparently thin; diaphanous, as some fabrics:?sheer stockings. (2)?unmixed with anything else:?We drilled a hundred feet through sheer rock. (3)?unqualified; utter:?sheer nonsense. (4)?extending down or up very steeply; almost completely vertical:?a sheer descent of rock.
mesh with (1)?(齒輪)嚙合：There is something wrong with this machine, the wheels aren't meshing properly with each other.?這臺機(jī)器出了毛病抗俄，齒輪相互間嚙合不當(dāng)盏混。(2)?一致；適合庞瘸；符合：This doesn't mesh with the idea that I was given of the work in this office.?這個(gè)辦公室的工作情況和過去告訴我的不一樣捧弃。I'm afraid that your ideas don't quite mesh with mine.?恐怕你的想法和我的想法不一致。
You use?intricate?to describe something that has many small parts or details. 復(fù)雜精細(xì)的
Your?intuition?or your?intuitions?are unexplained feelings that something is true even when you have no evidence or proof of it. 直覺
A?corpus?is a large collection of written or spoken texts that is used for language research. 語料庫
Empirical?evidence or study relies on practical experience rather than theories. 實(shí)證的
Qualitative?means relating to the nature or standard of something, rather than to its quantity. 質(zhì)的; 品質(zhì)上的
Quantitative?means relating to different sizes or amounts of things. 數(shù)量的; 與數(shù)有關(guān)的
Parameters?are factors or limits that affect the way something can be done or made. 參數(shù); 界限
morphological?[,m?:f?'l?d?ik?l]?形態(tài)的;形態(tài)學(xué)的[亦作 morphologic?
phonological?[,fon?'lɑd??kl]??音韻學(xué)的
In linguistics,?phonetics?is the study of speech sounds. 語音學(xué);?Phonetic?means relating to the sound of a word or to the sounds that are used in languages. 語音的; 發(fā)音的
Anatomy?is the study of the structure of the bodies of people or animals. 解剖學(xué)：...a course in anatomy.…一門解剖學(xué)課程擦囊。You can refer to your body as your?anatomy. 身體：The ball hit him in the most sensitive part of his anatomy.?這個(gè)球打中了他身體的最敏感部位违霞。
articulatory?[ɑr't?kjul?t?ri]?關(guān)節(jié)的；分節(jié)的瞬场；發(fā)音清晰的
An?acoustic?guitar or other instrument is one whose sound is produced without any electrical equipment. 自然聲的;?If you refer to the?acoustics?of a space, you are referring to the structural features which determine how well you can hear music or speech in it. 傳聲效果：In this performance, Rattle had the acoustics of the Symphony Hall on his side.?在這場演出中买鸽，拉特爾有著交響音樂廳傳聲效果的翼助。?Acoustics?is the scientific study of sound. 聲學(xué)：...his work in acoustics.?…他在聲學(xué)方面的工作贯被。
Auditory?means related to hearing. 聽覺的：...the limits of the human auditory range.…人類聽覺范圍的局限眼五。
A?phoneme?is the smallest unit of significant sound in a language. 音位; 音素
morphophonology?[,m?rfof?'nim?ks]?[語] 形態(tài)音位學(xué)；詞素音位學(xué)
entailment Linguistics.a relationship between two sentences such that if the first is true, the second must also be true, as in Her son drives her to work every day and Her son knows how to drive.
A?presupposition?is something that you assume to be true, especially something that you must assume is true in order to continue with what you are saying or thinking. (尤指必須的)假設(shè); 預(yù)想; 預(yù)設(shè)
Ethnography?is the branch of anthropology in which different cultures are studied and described. 人種志
the science of law 法學(xué)
artificial intelligence 人工智能
If you say that a subject or activity is a particular person's?province, you mean that this person has a special interest in it, a special knowledge of it, or a special responsibility for it. (學(xué)識或活動的) 領(lǐng)域; (興趣或職責(zé)的) 范圍：Tattooing is not just the province of sailors.?紋身不只是水手們才感興趣的事彤灶。
Cognition?is the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things. 認(rèn)知
differentiation the act or process of differentiating, or the state of being differentiated. 變異看幼，[生物] 分化；區(qū)別
Societal?means relating to society or to the way society is organized. 社會的; 社會組織方式的: societal rules.
To?constrain?someone or something means to limit their development or force them to behave in a particular way. 限制; 迫使：Women are too often constrained by family commitments and by low expectations. 女性往往受家庭職責(zé)及低期望值約束幌陕。
You use?ancestral?to refer to a person's family in former times, especially when the family is important and has property or land that they have had for a long time. 祖先的
If someone?mediates?between?two groups of people, or?mediates?an agreement?between?them, they try to settle an argument between them by talking to both groups and trying to find things that they can both agree to. 調(diào)解
The?retrieval?of information from a computer is the process of getting it back. (電腦中信息的) 讀人薪：?...electronic storage and retrieval systems.?…電子存儲和讀取系統(tǒng)。The?retrieval?of something is the process of getting it back from a particular place, especially from a place where it should not be. 找回; 取回：Its real purpose is the launching and retrieval of small aeroplanes in flight.?它的真正目的是發(fā)射和找回飛行中的小型飛機(jī)搏熄。
Normative?means creating or stating particular rules of behavior. 規(guī)范的; 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的：Normative sexual?behavior?in our?society remains heterosexual.我們社會的性行為規(guī)范依然是異性間的茅诱。...a normative model of teaching....一種教學(xué)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式。
Extraneous?things are not relevant or essential to the situation you are involved in or the subject you are talking about. 無關(guān)的; 不必要的：To avoid delays, she wanted the disaster relief legislation to be kept free of extraneous matters.?為避免延誤搬卒，她希望無關(guān)緊要的事不被摻雜進(jìn)災(zāi)害救濟(jì)立法程序中。
The?infinitive?of a verb is the basic form, for example, "do," "be," "take," and "eat." The infinitive is often used with "to" in front of it. (動詞的) 不定式
A?grammarian?is someone who studies the grammar of a language and writes books about it or teaches it. 語法學(xué)家
diachronic?of, relating to, or studying the development of a phenomenon through time; historical 歷時(shí)的; 研究歷時(shí)現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展的; 歷史的?
synchronic?concerned with the events or phenomena at a particular period without considering historical antecedents 不考慮歷史背景的?
If something is a?fiction, it is not true, although people sometimes pretend that it is true. 假象：Total recycling is a fiction.?完全回收利用是假象翎卓。
Something, especially something bad, that is?pervasive?is present or felt throughout a place or thing. (尤指不好的事物) 無處不在的：...the pervasive influence of the army in national life.?…軍隊(duì)在國民生活中無處不在的影響契邀。
Darwinist?['dɑ:winist]?進(jìn)化論者；崇拜達(dá)爾文之學(xué)說者.?達(dá)爾文的
langue/lɑ??ɡ/considered as an abstract system or a social institution, being the common possession of a speech community 語言
parole [p?'rol] n. 語言失暴；誓言坯门，諾言微饥；釋放宣言 vt. 有條件釋放，假釋古戴；使假釋出獄欠橘；宣誓后釋放 If a prisoner is given?parole, he or she is released before the official end of their prison sentence and has to promise to behave well. 假釋：Although sentenced to life, he will become eligible for parole after serving 10 years.?盡管被判無期，服刑10年后他將有資格獲得假釋现恼。?...a parole violation.?…一次假釋違紀(jì)肃续。(2) a prisoner ison parole, he or she is released before the official end of their prison sentence and will not be sent back to prison if their behaviour is good. 獲假釋 (3) If a prisoner?is paroled, he or she is given parole. 獲假釋：He faces at most 12 years in prison and could be paroled after eight years.?他面臨最多12年的監(jiān)禁，可以在8年后獲得假釋叉袍。
The?lexicon?of a particular subject is all the terms associated with it. The?lexicon?of a person or group is all the words they commonly use. (某一學(xué)科始锚、個(gè)人或群體的)全部詞匯：...the lexicon of management.?...管理學(xué)詞匯。?Chocolate equals sin in most people's lexicon.?巧克力在大多數(shù)人的字典里等同于罪惡喳逛。(2) .N-COUNT A?lexiconis an alphabetical list of the words in a language or the words associated with a particular subject. (某一語言或?qū)W科的)詞匯表
if you?transcribe?a speech or text, you write or type it out, for example, from notes or from a tape recording. (根據(jù)筆記或磁帶錄音等) 寫下; 用打字機(jī)打出：She is transcribing, from his dictation, the diaries of Simon Forman.?她正在根據(jù)他的口述記錄西蒙·福曼的日記瞧捌。
N-VAR An?inventoryis a supply or stock of something. 存貨：...one inventory of twelve sails for each yacht.…為每艘游艇配備12張帆的存貨。(2) N-COUNT An?inventory?is a written list of all the objects in a particular place such as all the merchandise in a shop. 清單:?Before starting, he made an inventory of everything that was to stay.?出發(fā)前润文，他把要留下的所有東西列了一份詳細(xì)清單姐呐。
If something is?generative, it is capable of producing something or causing it to develop. 有生產(chǎn)能力的; 令…生長的：?...the generative power of the sun.?...太陽催生萬物的能力。(2) ADJ In linguistics,?generative?is used to describe linguistic theories or models which are based on the idea that a single set of rules can explain how all the possible sentences of a language are formed. (語言學(xué))生成的
Homogeneous?is used to describe a group or thing which has members or parts that are all the same. 同種類的：The unemployed are not a homogeneous group.?失業(yè)者并不都是同一類人典蝌。
