一晾腔、發(fā)送郵件
- 發(fā)送郵件使用SMTP協(xié)議【Simple Mail Transfer Protocol簡單的郵件傳輸協(xié)議】剔应,SMTP協(xié)議是SMTP客戶端與SMTP服務(wù)器之間的通信協(xié)議。
- python中發(fā)送郵件使用的模塊有smtplib和email:
使用smtplib模塊進(jìn)行發(fā)送郵件峻贮;
使用email模塊來添加發(fā)送的郵件內(nèi)容。
1. smtplib模塊
導(dǎo)入模塊:import smtplib
1.1. 創(chuàng)建SMTP對象
smtplib.SMTP
和smtplib.SMTP_SSL
:均可以用來創(chuàng)建SMTP對象嚼黔;
smtplib.SMTP_SSL
:使用安全加密的SSL協(xié)議連接到SMTP服務(wù)器唬涧;
smtplib.SMTP
:沒有進(jìn)行安全加密碎节。
故若待測試郵箱不允許使用非SSL和非TLS頻道通信時捧搞,則無法使用smtp.SMTP方式來創(chuàng)建客戶端對象雅采。
【查看郵箱的通信方式:郵箱設(shè)置菜單中婚瓜,查看郵箱的接收服務(wù)器和發(fā)送服務(wù)器信息胡陪∮匏恚】
如:騰訊企業(yè)郵箱
接收服務(wù)器:
imap.exmail.qq.com(使用SSL廊营,端口號993)
發(fā)送服務(wù)器:
smtp.exmail.qq.com(使用SSL,端口號465)
- smtplib.SMTP(host, port, local_hostname, timeout, source_address)
- smtplib.SMTP_SSL(host, port, local_hostname, keyfile, certfile, timeout, source_address, context)
創(chuàng)建SMTP對象蜗巧。
host:SMTP發(fā)送服務(wù)器主機(jī)
port:SMTP服務(wù)器端哭口號
1.2. SMTP對象操作
- login(user, password, *, initial_response_ok=True)
SMTP對象登錄
user:授權(quán)登錄的用戶名
password:授權(quán)登錄的密碼 - sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=[], rcpt_options=[])
SMTP對象發(fā)送郵件
from_addr:發(fā)件人地址掌眠,字符串類型。
to_addr:收件人地址惧蛹,包括收件人和抄送人扇救。
多個收件人時to_addr參數(shù)為列表,單個收件人時to_addr參數(shù)可以為列表或字符串香嗓。
msg:要發(fā)送的信息 - quite()
終止SMTP會話
2. 發(fā)送郵件的實(shí)例
2.1. 添加郵件內(nèi)容迅腔,包括收件人、抄送人靠娱、正文沧烈、附件
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
import os
class EmailContent:
def __init__(self, senderAdr, emailSubject, toReceivers, ccReceivers):
# 郵件對象
self.msg = MIMEMultipart()
# 添加發(fā)件人頭
self.msg['From'] = Header("測試" + "<" + senderAdr + ">", 'utf-8')
# 添加收件人
if isinstance(toReceivers, str):
self.msg["To"] = toReceivers
elif isinstance(toReceivers, list):
self.msg['To'] = ";".join(toReceivers)
# 添加抄送人
if isinstance(ccReceivers, str):
self.msg["Cc"] = ccReceivers
elif isinstance(ccReceivers, list):
self.msg["Cc"] = ";".join(ccReceivers)
# 添加郵件主題
self.msg['Subject'] = Header(emailSubject, "utf-8")
def addBody(self, bodyType):
"""
添加不同的郵件正文的實(shí)例
1. body為字符串:(如)"這是一個郵件正文內(nèi)容"
2. body為html格式的字符串:(如)"<div><p>第一段</p><p> 第二段</p></div>"
3. body正文中包含有圖片:
"""
if bodyType == "string":
body = "這是一個郵件正文內(nèi)容"
mimeText = MIMEText(body, "plain", "utf-8")
self.msg.attach(mimeText)
elif bodyType == "html":
body = "<div><p>第一段</p><p> 第二段</p></div>"
mimeText = MIMEText(body, "html", "utf-8")
self.msg.attach(mimeText)
elif "image" in bodyType:
imageFile = "E://log//test.png"
imageId = os.path.split(imageFile)[1]
# 添加內(nèi)容
body = '''
<p>測試圖片為:</p>
<p><img src="cid:{imageId}"></p>
'''.format(imageId=imageId)
mimeText = MIMEText(body, "html", "utf-8")
self.msg.attach(mimeText)
# 讀取圖片,并設(shè)置圖片id用于郵件正文引用
with open(imageFile, "rb") as fp:
mimeImage = MIMEImage(fp.read())
mimeImage.add_header("Content-ID", imageId)
self.msg.attach(mimeImage)
def addAttachment(self, attachmentName):
"""
添加附件
:return:
"""
file = "E://log//test.txt"
# file = "E://log//test.zip"
# file = "E://log//test.png"
filePath, fileName = os.path.split(file)
print("fileName =", fileName)
enclosure = MIMEText(open(file, 'rb').read(), 'base64', 'utf-8')
enclosure['Content-Type'] = 'application/octet-stream'
if attachmentName == "英文":
enclosure['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % fileName
elif attachmentName == "中文":
enclosure.add_header("Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=("gbk", "", fileName))
self.msg.attach(enclosure)
2.2. 發(fā)送郵件
import smtplib
def SendEmail():
"""發(fā)送郵件"""
# SMTP的服務(wù)器信息
smtpHost = "smtp.exmail.qq.com"
sslPort = 465
senderAdr = "xx@xx.cn"
senderPwd = "XXXX"
# 創(chuàng)建SMTP對象
smtpServer = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtpHost, sslPort)
# # 設(shè)置debug模塊
# smtpServer.set_debuglevel(True)
# 登錄
smtpServer.login(senderAdr, senderPwd)
# 添加郵件內(nèi)容
toReceivers = ["a@xx.cn", "b@xx.cn"]
ccReceivers = ["d@xx.cn", "e@xx.cn"]
toAddrs = toReceivers + ccReceivers
emailSubject = "這是個自動發(fā)送的郵件"
emailContent = EmailContent(senderAdr, emailSubject, toReceivers, ccReceivers)
emailContent.addBody("html")
emailContent.addAttachment("英文")
message = emailContent.msg
# 發(fā)送
smtpServer.sendmail(senderAdr, toAddrs, message.as_string())
# 終止SMTP會話
smtpServer.quit()
SendEmail()
二像云、讀取郵件
- 收取郵件使用POP3協(xié)議锌雀;
- 解析郵件:需要將收取的郵件轉(zhuǎn)化為email.message.Message對象,再使用email模塊解析內(nèi)容迅诬。
1. 讀取郵件的實(shí)例
1.1. 獲取某封郵件的對象
import poplib
from email.parser import Parser
"""POP的服務(wù)器信息"""
popHost = "pop.exmail.qq.com"
userAdr = "xx@xx.cn"
userPwd = "xxxxx"
""" 創(chuàng)建POP3對象腋逆,添加用戶名和密碼"""
pop3Server = poplib.POP3(popHost)
pop3Server.user(userAdr)
pop3Server.pass_(userPwd)
"""獲取郵件數(shù)量和占用空間"""
messageCount, mailboxSize = pop3Server.stat()
"""獲取郵件請求返回狀態(tài)碼、每封郵件的字節(jié)大小(b'第幾封郵件 此郵件字節(jié)大小')侈贷、"""
response, msgNumOctets, octets = pop3Server.list()
""" 獲取任意一封郵件的郵件對象【第一封郵件的編號為1惩歉,而不是0】"""
msgIndex = random.randint(1,messageCount)
print(msgIndex)
# 獲取第msgIndex封郵件的信息
response, msgLines, octets = pop3Server.retr(msgIndex)
# msgLines中為該郵件的每行數(shù)據(jù),先將內(nèi)容連接成字符串,再轉(zhuǎn)化為email.message.Message對象
msgLinesToStr = b"\r\n".join(msgLines).decode("utf8", "ignore")
messageObject = Parser().parsestr(msgLinesToStr)
print(messageObject)
""" 終止POP3服務(wù)"""
pop3Server.quit()
1.2. 解析郵件對象
1.2.1. 獲取郵件日期
msgDate = messageObject["date"]
print(msgDate)
1.2.2. 獲取郵件發(fā)件人實(shí)名、郵箱地址
獲取郵件實(shí)名時撑蚌,名稱一般是加密的上遥,此時就需要對頭文件進(jìn)行解碼才可獲取它的實(shí)際內(nèi)容
from email.header import decode_header
def decodeMsgHeader(header):
"""
解碼頭文件
:param header: 需解碼的內(nèi)容
:return:
"""
value, charset = decode_header(header)[0]
if charset:
value = value.decode(charset)
return value
from email.utils import parseaddr
senderContent = messageObject["From"]
# parseaddr()函數(shù)返回的是一個元組(realname, emailAddress)
senderRealName, senderAdr = parseaddr(senderContent)
# 將加密的名稱進(jìn)行解碼
senderRealName = decodeMsgHeader(senderRealName)
print(senderRealName)
print(senderAdr)
1.2.3. 獲取郵件主題
獲取的郵件的主題也是加密的,此時就需要對頭文件進(jìn)行解碼才可獲取它的實(shí)際內(nèi)容
msgHeader = messageObject["Subject"]
# 對頭文件進(jìn)行解碼
msgHeader = decodeMsgHeader(msgHeader )
print(msgHeader)
1.2.4. 獲取郵件正文
一封郵件的正文內(nèi)容争涌,可能是由幾部分構(gòu)成粉楚,每部分的格式不同。
"""獲取郵件正文內(nèi)容"""
msgBodyContents = []
if messageObject.is_multipart(): # 判斷郵件是否由多個部分構(gòu)成
messageParts = messageObject.get_payload() # 獲取郵件附載部分
for messagePart in messageParts:
bodyContent = decodeBody(messagePart)
if bodyContent:
msgBodyContents.append(bodyContent)
else:
bodyContent = decodeBody(messageObject)
if bodyContent:
messageBodyContents.append(bodyContent)
print(msgBodyContents)
def decodeBody(msgPart):
"""
解碼內(nèi)容
:param msgPart: 郵件某部分
"""
contentType = msgPart.get_content_type() # 判斷郵件內(nèi)容的類型,text/html
textContent = ""
if contentType == 'text/plain' or contentType == 'text/html':
content = msgPart.get_payload(decode=True)
charset = msgPart.get_charset()
if charset is None:
contentType = msgPart.get('Content-Type', '').lower()
position = contentType.find('charset=')
if position >= 0:
charset = contentType[position + 8:].strip()
if charset:
textContent = content.decode(charset)
return textContent
1.2.5. 獲取郵件附件
郵件附件名為中文時亮垫,需借助頭文件解碼方式進(jìn)行解碼模软,否則會為亂碼。
messageAttachments = []
if messageObject.is_multipart(): # 判斷郵件是否由多個部分構(gòu)成
messageParts = messageObject.get_payload() # 獲取郵件附載部分
for messagePart in messageParts:
name = messagePart.get_param("name") # 名字存在包警,則表示此部分為附件
if name:
fileName = decodeMsgHeader(name) # 解碼
messageAttachments.append(fileName)
else:
name = messageObject.get_param("name")
if name:
fileName = decodeMsgHeader(name) # 解碼
messageAttachments.append(fileName)
print(messageAttachments)
2. 讀取郵件時遇到的問題
2.1. 提示“poplib.error_proto: line too long”
File "XXX/EmailInfo.py", line 22, in getMessageObject
return parser.Parser().parsestr(b"\n".join(self.popServer.retr(i)[1]).decode("utf8", "ignore"))
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 248, in retr
return self._longcmd('RETR %s' % which)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 183, in _longcmd
return self._getlongresp()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 168, in _getlongresp
line, o = self._getline()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 130, in _getline
raise error_proto('line too long')
poplib.error_proto: line too long
POP3對行長度做了限制撵摆,默認(rèn)為_MAXLINE = 2048
,故若是郵件超過此長度就會提示“poplib.error_proto: line too long”害晦。
解決方案:在讀取郵件代碼中重新定義最大行長度特铝,即給poplib._MAXLINE
設(shè)置新值。
import poplib
poplib._MAXLINE=20480