Juvenile ravens performed just as well as chimps and orangutans in a battery of intelligence tests—except for assays of spatial skills. Christopher Intagliata reports.
在一系列的智力測(cè)驗(yàn)中，烏鴉的表現(xiàn)與黑猩猩和猩猩一樣，但對(duì)空間技能的測(cè)驗(yàn)除外秸弛。Christopher Intagliata報(bào)告构舟。
Ravens are known for their exceptional intelligence—in fact, they’re sometimes called “flying primates.”
烏鴉以其卓越的智力而著稱-實(shí)際上，它們有時(shí)被稱為“飛行的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物”架诞。
“We knew they are very smart, but nobody had really tested this using a big and comprehensive test battery, which also then really enabled us to say, ‘Is their cognitive performance similar to those of great apes or not?’”
“我們知道他們非常聰明拟淮，但是沒(méi)有人真正使用大型而全面的測(cè)試電池進(jìn)行過(guò)測(cè)試，這也確實(shí)使我們能夠說(shuō)谴忧，'他們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)是否與大猿猴相似很泊？”
Simone Pika is a cognitive scientist at the University of Osnabrück in Germany. She and her colleagues wanted to see how ravens would measure up to primates across a wide array of tasks, so they subjected eight ravens to something called the Primate Cognition Test Battery—a series of 33 different tasks designed to assess various aspects of intelligence among primates.
西蒙妮·皮卡（Simone Pika）是德國(guó)奧斯納布呂克大學(xué)的認(rèn)知科學(xué)家。她和她的同事們想看看烏鴉如何在各種各樣的任務(wù)中測(cè)量出靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物沾谓，因此他們對(duì)八只烏鴉進(jìn)行了一次稱為“靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物認(rèn)知測(cè)試電池”的試驗(yàn)-一系列33種不同的任務(wù)委造，旨在評(píng)估靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物智力的各個(gè)方面。
For example, one test is a game of cups you might have seen at a fair—put an object under one of three cups, move the cups around and guess which cup the object is under. Other tasks tested the ravens’ ability to determine cause and effect or to understand different quantities. Peanuts were a popular test item to keep the birds motivated.
例如均驶，一項(xiàng)測(cè)試是一場(chǎng)您可能在展覽會(huì)上見(jiàn)過(guò)的杯子游戲昏兆，將一個(gè)物體放在三個(gè)杯子之一的下面，移動(dòng)杯子妇穴，然后猜測(cè)該對(duì)象在哪個(gè)杯子下面爬虱。其他任務(wù)測(cè)試了烏鴉確定原因和結(jié)果或了解不同數(shù)量的能力√谒花生是保持鳥(niǎo)類動(dòng)力的流行測(cè)試項(xiàng)目跑筝。
Overall the researchers found that four-month-old ravens, which you might think of as “teenage” ravens, did just as well on most tasks as adult chimps and orangutans—except on tests of spatial skills.
總體而言，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)瞒滴，四個(gè)月大的烏鴉（您可能會(huì)把它們稱為“青少年”烏鴉）在成年黑猩猩和猩猩的大多數(shù)任務(wù)上表現(xiàn)出色曲梗，除了對(duì)空間技能的測(cè)試。
“And that was a little surprising to us. But we used a test battery that was designed to test primate cognition. And these are tasks which may make sense for human children and great apes. And now we use this for a species which is very different. They are flying; they have beaks, communicate with beaks, don’t have hands. So I would say here maybe the task we used to test their spatial skills could be improved.”
“這令我們有些驚訝妓忍。但是我們使用了旨在測(cè)試靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物認(rèn)知的測(cè)試電池虏两。這些都是人類兒童和大猿可能有意義的任務(wù)。現(xiàn)在我們將其用于非常不同的物種单默。他們?cè)陲w碘举；他們有喙，與喙交流搁廓，沒(méi)有手引颈。因此耕皮，我在這里說(shuō)，也許我們用來(lái)測(cè)試他們的空間技能的任務(wù)可能會(huì)得到改善蝙场×柰＃”
The results appear in the journal Scientific Reports. [Simone Pika et al., Ravens parallel great apes in physical and social cognitive skills]
結(jié)果顯示在《科學(xué)報(bào)告》雜志上。[西蒙·皮卡（Simone Pika）等人售滤，《烏鴉》（Ravens）在生理和社交認(rèn)知能力上與大猿并列]
Kaeli Swift is a behavioral ecologist who studies crows and other corvids at the University of Washington. She says she was impressed by the results—and how comprehensive the tests were—but says it can be hard to assess intelligence by comparing across species.
凱莉·斯威夫特（Kaeli Swift）是一名行為生態(tài)學(xué)家罚拟，他在華盛頓大學(xué)研究烏鴉和其他柯菲犬。她說(shuō)完箩，結(jié)果和測(cè)試的全面性給她留下了深刻的印象赐俗，但她說(shuō)，很難通過(guò)比較物種來(lái)評(píng)估智力弊知。
“I’d like to see a shift in our language from comparing ravens to primates, like calling them flying primates, to rethinking how we scale animals—and not putting them on such a linear scale, right, where we’re like, ‘Wow, birds are as smart as apes. That’s amazing. Who would have thought?’ It’s like, well, there’s a bunch of really smart animals, and their natural history informs a lot of their physical and social cognition. And it’s much less linear than the narrative we often tell.”
“我希望看到我們的語(yǔ)言已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化阻逮，從將烏鴉與靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物進(jìn)行比較（例如稱它們?yōu)轱w行靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物）到重新思考如何縮放動(dòng)物，而不是將它們線性地縮放秩彤，對(duì)叔扼，就像我們這樣，哇漫雷，鳥(niǎo)像猿一樣聰明瓜富。太棒了。誰(shuí)曾想到降盹？' 就像与柑，有一堆真正聰明的動(dòng)物一樣，它們的自然歷史告訴了他們?cè)S多生理和社會(huì)認(rèn)知澎现。而且它比我們經(jīng)常講的敘述少線性仅胞。”
Animal intelligence, she says, is much more complex and variable than we think.
她說(shuō)剑辫，動(dòng)物智能比我們想象的要復(fù)雜得多干旧，而且變化多端。
