目前大多數(shù)對(duì)于區(qū)塊鏈的文章都是停留在概念性的描述,大肆宣揚(yáng)其顛覆性,本文則反其道行之刮吧,以一個(gè)程序員的視角,通過300行代碼掖蛤,快速實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈原型杀捻。雖然沒有覆蓋區(qū)塊鏈的全部內(nèi)容(如Merkle樹),但對(duì)于理解區(qū)塊鏈的核心技術(shù)仍大有裨益蚓庭。
能夠點(diǎn)進(jìn)這篇文章水醋,說明你也像我一樣對(duì)加密貨幣的興起十分激動(dòng),并想了解加密貨幣的支撐技術(shù)—區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)侨绾喂ぷ鞯谋胫谩5斫鈪^(qū)塊鏈并不那么輕松,至少對(duì)我來說如此蝇恶。我看了很多相關(guān)的視頻和教程拳魁,卻沮喪地發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)例真是太少了。
我喜歡通過實(shí)踐學(xué)習(xí)撮弧。這種方式使我在代碼層面思考問題潘懊,并發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵所在。如果你和我一樣贿衍,那么在本文結(jié)尾你將構(gòu)建一個(gè)功能完備的區(qū)塊鏈并對(duì)其工作機(jī)制有深刻的理解授舟。
寫在開始之前。贸辈。释树。
首先,區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)且幌盗蟹Q作區(qū)塊(Block)的結(jié)構(gòu)順序鏈接而成的不可改變的記錄。塊中可以包含交易記錄奢啥、文件或者其他任何你想存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)秸仙。需要注意的是塊與塊之間通過hash值鏈接。如果你不清楚hash是什么桩盲,請(qǐng)參考What Are Hash Functions寂纪。
本文適合哪些人看?你應(yīng)該懂得一些基本的Python知識(shí)赌结,同時(shí)也應(yīng)該對(duì)HTTP請(qǐng)求有所理解捞蛋,因?yàn)槲覀兊膮^(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)沁\(yùn)行在HTTP協(xié)議之上的。
我需要準(zhǔn)備什么柬姚?請(qǐng)確保Python3.6及以上版本和pip工具已經(jīng)安裝拟杉。還需要安裝Flask和requests
庫。
pip install Flask==0.12.2 requests==2.18.4
對(duì)了伤靠,你還需要一個(gè)HTTP客戶端捣域,比如Postman或者cURL,當(dāng)然宴合,其他的也可以焕梅。
最終的代碼哪里可以獲仁手取晚唇?點(diǎn)擊這里
第一步:構(gòu)建區(qū)塊鏈
創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的Python文件,名為blockchain.py
糕篇,我們所有的邏輯都在一個(gè)文件完成阀蒂。
表示一個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈
我們創(chuàng)建一個(gè)BlockChain
類该窗,其構(gòu)造器會(huì)創(chuàng)建兩個(gè)列表,一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)區(qū)塊鏈蚤霞,另一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)交易酗失。下面是我們這個(gè)類的第一個(gè)版本:
class Blockchain(object):
def __init__(self):
self.chain = []
self.current_transactions = []
def new_block(self):
# Creates a new Block and adds it to the chain
pass
def new_transaction(self):
# Adds a new transaction to the list of transactions
pass
@staticmethod
def hash(block):
# Hashes a Block
pass
@property
def last_block(self):
# Returns the last Block in the chain
pass
我們的BlockChain
類負(fù)責(zé)管理整個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈,它會(huì)存儲(chǔ)交易并為新增區(qū)塊等操作提供輔助方法昧绣。下面规肴,我們來實(shí)現(xiàn)這些方法。
區(qū)塊是什么
每個(gè)區(qū)塊都有一個(gè)索引(index)夜畴,一個(gè)時(shí)間戳(timestamp)拖刃,一系列交易,一個(gè)工作量證明(稍后詳述)和前置區(qū)塊的哈希值贪绘。下面是單個(gè)區(qū)塊的一個(gè)簡單實(shí)例:
block = {
'index': 1,
'timestamp': 1506057125.900785,
'transactions': [
{
'sender': "8527147fe1f5426f9dd545de4b27ee00",
'recipient': "a77f5cdfa2934df3954a5c7c7da5df1f",
'amount': 5,
}
],
'proof': 324984774000,
'previous_hash': "2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824"
}
顯而易見兑牡,所有的區(qū)塊會(huì)構(gòu)成一條鏈—因?yàn)槊總€(gè)區(qū)塊都保存了前一區(qū)塊的hash值。這就是區(qū)塊鏈不可篡改的重要原因:如果攻擊者損壞了某一區(qū)塊税灌,那么后面所有的區(qū)塊都會(huì)作廢均函。
如果你不明白上面的話亿虽,請(qǐng)花一些時(shí)間理解,因?yàn)檫@是區(qū)塊鏈的核心思想边酒。
向區(qū)塊添加交易
我們需要一個(gè)方法來向區(qū)塊中添加交易記錄经柴,這里命名為new_transaction()
,代碼寫的十分直白易懂:
class Blockchain(object):
...
def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
"""
Creates a new transaction to go into the next mined Block
:param sender: <str> Address of the Sender
:param recipient: <str> Address of the Recipient
:param amount: <int> Amount
:return: <int> The index of the Block that will hold this transaction
"""
self.current_transactions.append({
'sender': sender,
'recipient': recipient,
'amount': amount,
})
return self.last_block['index'] + 1
在new_transaction()
方法將交易添加進(jìn)區(qū)塊之后墩朦,區(qū)塊索引將會(huì)被返回坯认,該區(qū)塊將可能被開采為鏈的最新區(qū)塊,這在之后用戶提交交易的時(shí)候十分有用氓涣。
創(chuàng)建新區(qū)塊
當(dāng)BlockChain
類初始化的時(shí)候牛哺,我們需要產(chǎn)生一個(gè)創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊(genesis block,即沒有前置區(qū)塊的區(qū)塊)作為區(qū)塊鏈的第一個(gè)區(qū)塊劳吠。我們還需要添加一個(gè)proof
字段在創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊中作為挖礦的結(jié)果(或者說本次工作量的證明)引润,我們將在后文繼續(xù)討論挖礦。
除了產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊痒玩,我們還需要完成一些其他輔助方法(new_block()
,new_transaction()
和hash()
):
import hashlib
import json
from time import time
class Blockchain(object):
def __init__(self):
self.current_transactions = []
self.chain = []
# Create the genesis block
self.new_block(previous_hash=1, proof=100)
def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None):
"""
Create a new Block in the Blockchain
:param proof: <int> The proof given by the Proof of Work algorithm
:param previous_hash: (Optional) <str> Hash of previous Block
:return: <dict> New Block
"""
block = {
'index': len(self.chain) + 1,
'timestamp': time(),
'transactions': self.current_transactions,
'proof': proof,
'previous_hash': previous_hash or self.hash(self.chain[-1]),
}
# Reset the current list of transactions
self.current_transactions = []
self.chain.append(block)
return block
def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
"""
Creates a new transaction to go into the next mined Block
:param sender: <str> Address of the Sender
:param recipient: <str> Address of the Recipient
:param amount: <int> Amount
:return: <int> The index of the Block that will hold this transaction
"""
self.current_transactions.append({
'sender': sender,
'recipient': recipient,
'amount': amount,
})
return self.last_block['index'] + 1
@property
def last_block(self):
return self.chain[-1]
@staticmethod
def hash(block):
"""
Creates a SHA-256 hash of a Block
:param block: <dict> Block
:return: <str>
"""
# We must make sure that the Dictionary is Ordered, or we'll have inconsistent hashes
block_string = json.dumps(block, sort_keys=True).encode()
return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()
上面的代碼十分直白淳附,我還添加了一些注釋幫助理解。我們幾乎完成了表示一個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈的工作蠢古。但此時(shí)奴曙,你應(yīng)該思考下一個(gè)區(qū)塊是如何產(chǎn)生或者說被開采出來的。
理解工作量證明機(jī)制(Proof of Work)
工作量證明(PoW)算法是用來產(chǎn)生或開采區(qū)塊的一種機(jī)制草讶,PoW的目標(biāo)是找到一個(gè)符合要求的數(shù)字洽糟,從算力的角度來說這個(gè)數(shù)字對(duì)任何人來說都很難找到卻十分容易驗(yàn)證(是否符合要求)。這就是PoW算法的核心思想堕战。
我們舉一個(gè)非常簡單的例子來幫助理解:
假定我們需要找到一個(gè)整數(shù)y坤溃,使得他和整數(shù)x的乘積的哈希值以0結(jié)尾,即hash(x*y) = ac23dc...0
嘱丢。如果x=5
那么用Python實(shí)現(xiàn)如下:
from hashlib import sha256
x = 5
y = 0 # We don't know what y should be yet...
while sha256(f'{x*y}'.encode()).hexdigest()[-1] != "0":
y += 1
print(f'The solution is y = {y}')
第一個(gè)符合要求的數(shù)是y=21
薪介,因?yàn)椋?/p>
hash(5 * 21) = 1253e9373e...5e3600155e860
在比特幣世界中,PoW算法被稱為哈显阶ぃ現(xiàn)金(Hashcash),它和我們上面的例子沒有本質(zhì)區(qū)別昭灵。在這算法中,礦工們開始了解決問題的競賽伐谈,優(yōu)勝者可以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新的區(qū)塊。通常來說试疙,難度取決于限制字符的數(shù)量诵棵。礦工將會(huì)因?yàn)檎业揭粋€(gè)合法的解答收到一些比特幣作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),整個(gè)比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)能夠很容易驗(yàn)證礦工挖掘的區(qū)塊是否合法有效祝旷。
實(shí)現(xiàn)基本的PoW算法
下面來為我們的區(qū)塊鏈實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)類似的算法履澳,我們的規(guī)則將會(huì)和上面的例子十分接近:找到一個(gè)數(shù)p嘶窄,使得它與前置區(qū)塊的哈希值由4個(gè)0開頭。
import hashlib
import json
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4
class Blockchain(object):
...
def proof_of_work(self, last_proof):
"""
Simple Proof of Work Algorithm:
- Find a number p' such that hash(pp') contains leading 4 zeroes, where p is the previous p'
- p is the previous proof, and p' is the new proof
:param last_proof: <int>
:return: <int>
"""
proof = 0
while self.valid_proof(last_proof, proof) is False:
proof += 1
return proof
@staticmethod
def valid_proof(last_proof, proof):
"""
Validates the Proof: Does hash(last_proof, proof) contain 4 leading zeroes?
:param last_proof: <int> Previous Proof
:param proof: <int> Current Proof
:return: <bool> True if correct, False if not.
"""
guess = f'{last_proof}{proof}'.encode()
guess_hash = hashlib.sha256(guess).hexdigest()
return guess_hash[:4] == "0000"
我們可以通過設(shè)置前導(dǎo)0的個(gè)數(shù)調(diào)整算法的難度距贷,但4個(gè)足夠了柄冲,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)增加一個(gè)0會(huì)使找到一個(gè)答案的時(shí)間大大增加。我們的類幾乎完成了忠蝗,現(xiàn)在我們將通過HTTP請(qǐng)求與區(qū)塊鏈進(jìn)行交互现横。
第二步:將區(qū)塊鏈作為API
我們將使用Flask,它是一個(gè)輕量級(jí)的框架阁最,可以很容易將一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)映射為Python函數(shù)戒祠,這讓我們可以通過HTTP請(qǐng)求與區(qū)塊鏈交互。我們將創(chuàng)建以下方法:
-
/transactions/new
建立一個(gè)新的區(qū)塊速种。 -
/mine
告訴服務(wù)器開采一個(gè)新的區(qū)塊 -
/chain
返回整個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈
設(shè)置Flask
我們的每個(gè)服務(wù)器將對(duì)應(yīng)區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一個(gè)單一節(jié)點(diǎn)姜盈。下面是樣板代碼:
import hashlib
import json
from textwrap import dedent
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4
from flask import Flask
class Blockchain(object):
...
# Instantiate our Node
app = Flask(__name__)
# Generate a globally unique address for this node
node_identifier = str(uuid4()).replace('-', '')
# Instantiate the Blockchain
blockchain = Blockchain()
@app.route('/mine', methods=['GET'])
def mine():
return "We'll mine a new Block"
@app.route('/transactions/new', methods=['POST'])
def new_transaction():
return "We'll add a new transaction"
@app.route('/chain', methods=['GET'])
def full_chain():
response = {
'chain': blockchain.chain,
'length': len(blockchain.chain),
}
return jsonify(response), 200
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)
下面是簡單的解釋:
- 15行:實(shí)例化節(jié)點(diǎn),關(guān)于Flask點(diǎn)擊Quick Start
- 18行:為節(jié)點(diǎn)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)隨機(jī)名字
- 21行:實(shí)例化
BlockChain
類 - 24-26行:創(chuàng)建
/mine
節(jié)點(diǎn)配阵,這是一個(gè)GET
請(qǐng)求馏颂。 - 28-30行:創(chuàng)建
/transactions/new
節(jié)點(diǎn),因?yàn)樾枰l(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)棋傍,所以是POST
請(qǐng)求救拉。 - 32-38行:創(chuàng)建
/chain
節(jié)點(diǎn),返回整個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈 - 40-41行:運(yùn)行服務(wù)器5000端口
交易節(jié)點(diǎn)
用戶會(huì)想服務(wù)器發(fā)送交易請(qǐng)求舍沙,格式類似下面這樣:
{
"sender": "my address",
"recipient": "someone else's address",
"amount": 5
}
因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了將交易加入?yún)^(qū)塊的方法近上,所以剩余部分十分容易:
import hashlib
import json
from textwrap import dedent
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
...
@app.route('/transactions/new', methods=['POST'])
def new_transaction():
values = request.get_json()
# Check that the required fields are in the POST'ed data
required = ['sender', 'recipient', 'amount']
if not all(k in values for k in required):
return 'Missing values', 400
# Create a new Transaction
index = blockchain.new_transaction(values['sender'], values['recipient'], values['amount'])
response = {'message': f'Transaction will be added to Block {index}'}
return jsonify(response), 201
挖礦節(jié)點(diǎn)
挖礦節(jié)點(diǎn)很簡單但也很神奇,他需要完成以下任務(wù):
1. 計(jì)算執(zhí)行PoW算法
2. 通過添加一筆交易獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)礦工1比特幣
3. 產(chǎn)生新的區(qū)塊并添加入鏈
import hashlib
import json
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
...
@app.route('/mine', methods=['GET'])
def mine():
# We run the proof of work algorithm to get the next proof...
last_block = blockchain.last_block
last_proof = last_block['proof']
proof = blockchain.proof_of_work(last_proof)
# We must receive a reward for finding the proof.
# The sender is "0" to signify that this node has mined a new coin.
blockchain.new_transaction(
sender="0",
recipient=node_identifier,
amount=1,
)
# Forge the new Block by adding it to the chain
previous_hash = blockchain.hash(last_block)
block = blockchain.new_block(proof, previous_hash)
response = {
'message': "New Block Forged",
'index': block['index'],
'transactions': block['transactions'],
'proof': block['proof'],
'previous_hash': block['previous_hash'],
}
return jsonify(response), 200
需要注意的是接受被開采區(qū)塊的地址就是我們的節(jié)點(diǎn)拂铡,并且我們的大部分工作就是和BlockChain
類的方法交互壹无。我們已經(jīng)完成了這部分,現(xiàn)在可以開始和區(qū)塊鏈交互了感帅。
第三步:和區(qū)塊鏈交互
你可以使用簡單古老的cURL或者Postman來和這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的API交互斗锭,首先啟動(dòng)服務(wù)器:
$ python blockchain.py
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
讓我們發(fā)送一個(gè)GET
請(qǐng)求來開采一個(gè)區(qū)塊:
http://localhost:5000/mine
再向http://localhost:5000/transactions/new
發(fā)送一個(gè)POST
請(qǐng)求,參數(shù)是JSON格式的交易數(shù)據(jù):
如果不想用Postman失球,cURL也可以做到:
$ curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
"sender": "d4ee26eee15148ee92c6cd394edd974e",
"recipient": "someone-other-address",
"amount": 5
}' "http://localhost:5000/transactions/new"
我重啟了服務(wù)器并開采了兩個(gè)區(qū)塊岖是,所以現(xiàn)在總共有3個(gè)了,通過http://localhost:5000/chain
節(jié)點(diǎn)可以獲取整個(gè)區(qū)塊:
{
"chain": [
{
"index": 1,
"previous_hash": 1,
"proof": 100,
"timestamp": 1506280650.770839,
"transactions": []
},
{
"index": 2,
"previous_hash": "c099bc...bfb7",
"proof": 35293,
"timestamp": 1506280664.717925,
"transactions": [
{
"amount": 1,
"recipient": "8bbcb347e0634905b0cac7955bae152b",
"sender": "0"
}
]
},
{
"index": 3,
"previous_hash": "eff91a...10f2",
"proof": 35089,
"timestamp": 1506280666.1086972,
"transactions": [
{
"amount": 1,
"recipient": "8bbcb347e0634905b0cac7955bae152b",
"sender": "0"
}
]
}
],
"length": 3
}
第四步:共識(shí)機(jī)制
我們已經(jīng)擁有了一個(gè)能接收交易的初級(jí)區(qū)塊鏈实苞,并且能夠開采出新的區(qū)塊豺撑。但整個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈最核心的是去中心化,如果去中心了黔牵,我們又如何保證所有節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的是統(tǒng)一區(qū)塊鏈呢聪轿?這就是共識(shí)問題,如果我們希望網(wǎng)絡(luò)中有不止一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)猾浦,就必須實(shí)現(xiàn)共識(shí)算法陆错。
注冊(cè)新節(jié)點(diǎn)
在實(shí)現(xiàn)共識(shí)算法之前灯抛,我們需要讓節(jié)點(diǎn)知道有其他節(jié)點(diǎn)加入了網(wǎng)絡(luò)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的每一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)應(yīng)該存留其他全部節(jié)點(diǎn)的注冊(cè)表音瓷,因此我們需要一些其他的服務(wù)器節(jié)點(diǎn):
1. /nodes/register
用來從URL中接收一系列節(jié)點(diǎn)
2. /nodes/resolve
實(shí)現(xiàn)共識(shí)算法对嚼,并解決沖突以保證節(jié)點(diǎn)擁有正確的鏈
我們需要修改BlockChain
類的構(gòu)造器并提供一個(gè)方法來注冊(cè)節(jié)點(diǎn):
...
from urllib.parse import urlparse
...
class Blockchain(object):
def __init__(self):
...
self.nodes = set()
...
def register_node(self, address):
"""
Add a new node to the list of nodes
:param address: <str> Address of node. Eg. 'http://192.168.0.5:5000'
:return: None
"""
parsed_url = urlparse(address)
self.nodes.add(parsed_url.netloc)
現(xiàn)在可以使用set()
來存儲(chǔ)節(jié)點(diǎn)列表。這保證了節(jié)點(diǎn)的添加是冪等的绳慎,即一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)無論添加多少次只會(huì)出現(xiàn)一次纵竖。
實(shí)現(xiàn)共識(shí)算法
當(dāng)一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的區(qū)塊鏈和另一節(jié)點(diǎn)的區(qū)塊鏈不同時(shí),沖突就發(fā)生了偷线。為了解決這個(gè)問題磨确,我們需要制定規(guī)則:最長有效鏈最有權(quán)威性,即網(wǎng)絡(luò)中最長的那條鏈?zhǔn)钦嬲膮^(qū)塊鏈声邦。使用這個(gè)算法乏奥,我們能夠達(dá)成大多數(shù)節(jié)點(diǎn)的一致。
...
import requests
class Blockchain(object)
...
def valid_chain(self, chain):
"""
Determine if a given blockchain is valid
:param chain: <list> A blockchain
:return: <bool> True if valid, False if not
"""
last_block = chain[0]
current_index = 1
while current_index < len(chain):
block = chain[current_index]
print(f'{last_block}')
print(f'{block}')
print("\n-----------\n")
# Check that the hash of the block is correct
if block['previous_hash'] != self.hash(last_block):
return False
# Check that the Proof of Work is correct
if not self.valid_proof(last_block['proof'], block['proof']):
return False
last_block = block
current_index += 1
return True
def resolve_conflicts(self):
"""
This is our Consensus Algorithm, it resolves conflicts
by replacing our chain with the longest one in the network.
:return: <bool> True if our chain was replaced, False if not
"""
neighbours = self.nodes
new_chain = None
# We're only looking for chains longer than ours
max_length = len(self.chain)
# Grab and verify the chains from all the nodes in our network
for node in neighbours:
response = requests.get(f'http://{node}/chain')
if response.status_code == 200:
length = response.json()['length']
chain = response.json()['chain']
# Check if the length is longer and the chain is valid
if length > max_length and self.valid_chain(chain):
max_length = length
new_chain = chain
# Replace our chain if we discovered a new, valid chain longer than ours
if new_chain:
self.chain = new_chain
return True
return False
valid_chain()
通過遍歷每一區(qū)塊并檢查proof和hash的正確與否判斷鏈的有效性亥曹。resolve_conflicts()
遍歷所有節(jié)點(diǎn)邓了,并通過上面的方法驗(yàn)證其有效性。如果一個(gè)有效鏈的長度大于當(dāng)前鏈媳瞪,那么當(dāng)前鏈將會(huì)被替換∑現(xiàn)在添加兩個(gè)API端口,一個(gè)用來添加節(jié)點(diǎn)蛇受,一個(gè)用來解決沖突:
@app.route('/nodes/register', methods=['POST'])
def register_nodes():
values = request.get_json()
nodes = values.get('nodes')
if nodes is None:
return "Error: Please supply a valid list of nodes", 400
for node in nodes:
blockchain.register_node(node)
response = {
'message': 'New nodes have been added',
'total_nodes': list(blockchain.nodes),
}
return jsonify(response), 201
@app.route('/nodes/resolve', methods=['GET'])
def consensus():
replaced = blockchain.resolve_conflicts()
if replaced:
response = {
'message': 'Our chain was replaced',
'new_chain': blockchain.chain
}
else:
response = {
'message': 'Our chain is authoritative',
'chain': blockchain.chain
}
return jsonify(response), 200
現(xiàn)在你可以用不同的計(jì)算機(jī)來構(gòu)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的這些節(jié)點(diǎn)句葵,當(dāng)然也可以用同一機(jī)器的不同端口。例如兢仰,將5001
端口也注冊(cè)進(jìn)區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò):
現(xiàn)在乍丈,如果我在第二個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)開采一個(gè)新的區(qū)塊,當(dāng)我在節(jié)點(diǎn)1調(diào)用GET /nodes/resolve
的時(shí)候把将,共識(shí)算法會(huì)保證鏈被更新到現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的最長鏈:
現(xiàn)在你可以找一些朋友來和你一起測(cè)試這個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈了轻专。
后記
我希望這篇文章能夠激發(fā)你的靈感,畢竟我對(duì)加密貨幣十分狂熱察蹲,我相信他會(huì)改變我們對(duì)金融请垛、政府和記錄存儲(chǔ)的思考方式。