1. Empirical：based on experience or experiments rather than ideas or theories
Eg. There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis .
--> Empiricalism VS Rationalism
Empiricism,in philosophy, the view that all concepts originate in experience, that all concepts are about or applicable to things that can be experienced, or that all rationally acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable or knowable only through experience. This broad difinition?accords with the derivation of the termempiricismfrom the ancient Greek wordempeiria,“experience.”
Rationalism vs. Empiricism
First published Thu Aug 19, 2004; substantive revision Thu Mar 21, 2013
The dispute between rationalism and empiricism concerns the extent to which we are dependent upon sense experience in our effort to gain knowledge. Rationalists claim that there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience. Empiricists claim that sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge.
Rationalists generally develop their view in two ways. First, they argue that there are cases where the content of our concepts or knowledge outstrips the information that sense experience can provide. Second, they construct accounts of how reason in some form or other provides that additional information about the world. Empiricists present complementary lines of thought. First, they develop accounts of how experience provides the information that rationalists cite, insofar as we have it in the first place. (Empiricists will at times opt for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism: if experience cannot provide the concepts or knowledge the rationalists cite, then we don't have them.) Second, empiricists attack the rationalists' accounts of how reason is a source of concepts or knowledge.
2. pick holes in sth?
to find the weak points in sth such as a plan, suggestion, etc.挑刺兒柳譬；挑毛材髡邸小作；找漏洞
雞蛋里挑骨頭
3. gold leaf?金箔
4.?four bodily humours
humour n. (old use) one of the four liquids that were thought in the past to be in a person’s body and to influence health and character 體液（舊時認(rèn)為存在人體內(nèi)，有四種奏纪，可影響健康和性格）
Alhazen阿爾哈曾(965-1040)埃及物理學(xué)家泳炉。他最感興趣的領(lǐng)域是光學(xué)较幌，認(rèn)為光是由太陽或其他發(fā)光體發(fā)射出來的，然后通過被看見的物體反射入人眼而感知的結(jié)果。他還正確地解釋了透鏡的原理，即透鏡的聚焦滤灯，并制作了無透鏡的針孔成像機。他還制出了拋物面鏡曼玩，一種今天用于望遠(yuǎn)鏡上的部件鳞骤。他的著作《光學(xué)寶鑒》在16世紀(jì)被譯成拉丁文出版，對像開普勒這樣的科學(xué)家產(chǎn)生了重大影響演训。
2RenéDescartes勒內(nèi)·笛卡爾1596年3月31日生于法國安德爾-盧瓦爾省的圖賴訥(現(xiàn)笛卡爾弟孟，因笛卡兒得名)，1650年2月11日逝世样悟，法國哲學(xué)家拂募、數(shù)學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家窟她。他對現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展做出了重要的貢獻(xiàn)陈症，因?qū)缀巫鴺?biāo)體系公式化而被認(rèn)為是解析幾何之父。他還是西方現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)思想的奠基人震糖，是近代唯物論的開拓者且提出了"普遍懷疑"的主張录肯。黑格爾稱他為"現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)之父"。他的哲學(xué)思想深深影響了之后的幾代歐洲人吊说，開拓了所謂"歐陸理性主義"哲學(xué)论咏∮啪妫堪稱17世紀(jì)的歐洲哲學(xué)界和科學(xué)界最有影響的巨匠之一，被譽為"近代科學(xué)的始祖"厅贪。
4Edmond Halley埃德蒙多·哈雷(1656-1742)蠢护。英國天文學(xué)家、地理學(xué)家养涮、數(shù)學(xué)家葵硕、氣象學(xué)家和物理學(xué)家，曾任牛津大學(xué)幾何學(xué)教授贯吓，第二任格林尼治天文臺臺長懈凹。他把牛頓定律應(yīng)用到彗星運動上，并正確預(yù)言了那顆現(xiàn)被稱為哈雷的彗星作回歸運動的事實悄谐，他還發(fā)現(xiàn)了天狼星介评、南河三和大角這三顆星的自行，以及月球長期加速現(xiàn)象尊沸。
Ernest Rutherford歐內(nèi)斯特·盧瑟福(1871年-1937年)威沫，新西蘭著名物理學(xué)家，著名的原子核物理學(xué)之父洼专。學(xué)術(shù)界公認(rèn)他為繼法拉第之后最偉大的實驗物理學(xué)家。盧瑟福領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團隊成功地證實在原子的中心有個原子核孵构，創(chuàng)建了盧瑟福模型(行星模型)屁商。他最先成功地在氮與α粒子的核反應(yīng)里將原子分裂，他又在同實驗里發(fā)現(xiàn)了質(zhì)子颈墅，并且為質(zhì)子命名蜡镶。第104號元素為紀(jì)念他而命名為"爐"。
事跡：1909年盧瑟福在英國曼徹斯特大學(xué)同他的學(xué)生Marsden用α粒子撞擊一片薄金箔恤筛，他發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分的粒子都能通過金箔官还，只有極少數(shù)會跳回。他笑說這是海軍用15吋巨炮射擊一張紙毒坛，但炮彈卻會被彈回而打到自己望伦。最后他提出了一個類似于大陽系行星系統(tǒng)的原子模型，認(rèn)為原子空間大都是空的煎殷，電子像行星圍繞原子核旋轉(zhuǎn)屯伞，推翻了當(dāng)時所使用的梅子布丁原子模型。
摘自同學(xué)筆記豪直。
2.27 ? ?23:50
