經常有同學抱怨“考場上寫英語作文感到無從下筆去团，每次讀完題目后頭腦一片混亂抡诞，而且總是寫不清楚”。問題出現(xiàn)在哪些地方呢土陪？
我們先來看看文章的評判標準昼汗。一般情況下，我們可以通過這幾個標準來衡量一篇文章的優(yōu)劣：詞匯的豐富與準確性鬼雀，語法的準確性顷窒，文章的連貫與流暢度，觀點是否清晰扣題取刃，論證是否嚴謹有力。
對大部分人來說出刷，詞匯和語法并不是最大的問題璧疗，多閱讀多練習，假以時日馁龟，總可以慢慢掌握崩侠。實際上，在英文寫作中最讓人頭疼的往往是后面幾項：觀點的提出以及論證坷檩，文字的銜接和耦合却音。
文章要做到連貫流暢，觀點清晰矢炼，論證有力系瓢，僅僅靠背單詞和學語法是不夠的，因為它還涉及到一個更深層次的問題：邏輯思維能力句灌。
寫作活動是一種嚴密而有序的邏輯思維過程夷陋。很多作文中出現(xiàn)的表達混亂欠拾，層次不清等問題，往往是寫作時邏輯思維混亂導致的骗绕。還沒想清楚就下筆藐窄，寫出來的東西自然不會清晰到哪里去。
那我們應該要怎樣做酬土，才能提高邏輯思維能力荆忍，寫出清晰嚴謹的文章呢？
之前一直有這樣的說法“英語是一門邏輯性很強的語言”撤缴，為什么這么說呢刹枉？
因為仔細觀察你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，英語在遣詞造句上是遵循嚴密的的邏輯形式的：用詞上要求人稱腹泌、數嘶卧、格的一致；句子有嚴謹的主謂結構凉袱，多用關聯(lián)詞語芥吟，重視形式的對應和顯性銜接。而在語篇中多突出主題句专甩，直線式地展開段落钟鸵。
對于寫作來說，一篇好的文章要遵循句子和句子之間涤躲，段落和段落之間的銜接和連貫棺耍。一篇好文章并不是句子的機械堆砌，而是一個有機整體种樱，句子和句子之間是存在嚴謹的邏輯關系的蒙袍。舉個例子，下面是一篇常見的說明文段落：
AIDS seems to follow a pattern of recognizable symptoms. First, after being exposed to the virus, the AIDS patients tend to complain of a fever, sore throat, sore muscles,and diarrhea. Then there seems to be a dormant period ,which can last for three years or longer. Finally, after this period, more serious symptoms begin to emerge.
仔細閱讀之后會發(fā)現(xiàn)嫩挤，文章中的句子之間在邏輯上環(huán)環(huán)相扣害幅，每一個都不可或缺。如果句子之間的銜接沒做好岂昭，寫出來的文章可能會是這樣的：
Every summer, I go traveling with my family or my best friends. When the new term comes, I will surprisingly find my oral English is much improved. So I firmly believe book is not only the source of knowledge.
上面的句子讀起來感覺很奇怪以现，為什么？因為句子與句子之間并沒有一個很好的邏輯關系："go traveling with my family" 與后面的"my oral English is much improved" 并沒有必然聯(lián)系约啊，邏輯上講不通邑遏。
除了句子的銜接外，段落與段落之間的銜接也非常重要恰矩。這一點在經濟學人等外刊文章上體現(xiàn)得很好记盒，比如這篇文章The weaker sex, 段落的結構非常清晰，開頭都有主題句來引領全段外傅，而且段落與段落之間是層層遞進的關系孽鸡。
1. What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural attitudes.
2. Policymakers also need to lend a hand, because foolish laws are making the problem worse.
3. Even more important than scrapping foolish policies is retooling the educational system, which was designed in an age when most men worked with their muscles.
4. More generally, schools need to become more boy-friendly.
從上面可以看到蹂午，要寫出邏輯清晰的文章，我們要特別注意句子以及段落的銜接和連貫彬碱。這就要求我們要用好連接詞以及語義承接豆胸。
在寫作中常見的連接詞有"because, as, while, if, however, therefore, although, similarly, consequently, nevertheless "等，它們屬于“明連接”巷疼。
語義承接則是通過上下文之間的承接關系來自然行文晚胡，比如通過指示代詞、人稱代詞等對前一句中出現(xiàn)過的內容進行指代嚼沿，或者對前一句話中出現(xiàn)的關鍵詞進行轉述估盘，解釋，從而形成自然的承接關系骡尽。語義承接屬于“暗承接”遣妥。
下面這篇雅思9分作文片段就很好地體現(xiàn)了連接詞以及語義承接的效果（仔細體會加黑以及帶下劃線的單詞，感受一下連接詞的效果）攀细。
I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer everyday. This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for.
The main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract children. These are often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather violent. The player is usually the "hero" of the game and too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centred and insensitive to others.
上面的作文片段中箫踩，"This" 用來指代"I tend to agree..." 一整句的內容，連接詞"because"用來連接從句說明原因谭贪，"regardless of" 后面連接名詞性從句做進一步說明境钟。"These"用來指代上一句中出現(xiàn)的 "computer activities"，用定冠詞"the"修飾的"player" 和 "game" 則與上一句呼應俭识，指代游戲中的玩家和游戲慨削。
由此可以看出，通過用好連接詞以及語義承接的方式套媚，我們可以將句子甚至段落有機聯(lián)系起來缚态，使之符合邏輯。
事實上，銜接和連貫性(Coherence and Cohesion)一直是雅思寫作中的一個重要評分標準，雅思官方也給出了一個指導視頻：IELTS Writing 雅思寫作連貫性（http://v.qq.com/boke/page/u/0/4/u0176w0hz94.html)
由于種種原因，我們的中學教育甚至大學教育都沒有對學生進行系統(tǒng)的邏輯學訓練，這也在一定程度上對寫作造成了影響督笆。基本邏輯學知識的缺失會造成寫作中語言不通淤毛，層次混亂负芋，主題不明確等問題。要寫出思維嚴謹调窍，脈絡清晰的文章宝冕，我們必須掌握基本的邏輯學規(guī)律。
具體到英文寫作中邓萨，常用的邏輯學基本規(guī)律主要有排中律地梨，同一律菊卷，矛盾律這三種。
排中律是指：文章的立意要明確宝剖，旗幟鮮明洁闰，千萬不要和稀泥。比如像這樣的作文題目 "Some people think that students should go to boarding schools instead of living at home. Do you agree or disagree?"? 我們應該在文章中明確給出自己的意見：贊同上寄宿學型蛳福或者反對扑眉，而不是模棱兩可，觀點不清赖钞。
同一律是指：在思考過程中腰素，使用的概念或判斷必須始終不變，保持同一雪营。在英文寫作中弓千，要確保文章的立意和體裁符合要求并且在行文中始終如一，語體風格得體献起。比如下面的例子：
Judging from the current tendency, I am inclined to believe that traditional shopping will disappear gradually and the reasons are as follows: For one thing, the online shopping can bring convenience to people’s life ... For another, the merchandizes in online shops are much cheaper than that in those real shops because... Everybody tends to choose the online shopping in this case.
讀起來是不是感覺有點怪洋访？因為它出現(xiàn)了前后不一致的問題，前半部分給出的論點是傳統(tǒng)購物會逐漸消失征唬，后面的論證過程卻在說網購的好處捌显，兩者失去了同一性，不能銜接总寒。
矛盾律是指：文章論述必須首尾相貫扶歪，避免出現(xiàn)自相矛盾，跑題離題的現(xiàn)象摄闸。比如對" Asking students to evaluate their teachers is a good idea" 這樣的題目善镰，文章中應該闡述學生評分帶來的好處，而不應該把闡述重點放在學生評分帶來的壞處上年枕。
以上三個基本規(guī)律雖然看起來很簡單炫欺，但在實際寫作過程中卻經常有人違反，下次寫作的時候不妨仔細檢查一下熏兄，看看有沒有遵循這幾個規(guī)律品洛。
當然，邏輯學遠不止上面提到的三種規(guī)律那么簡單摩桶，它是一門非常精深的學科桥状，建議有時間的同學去系統(tǒng)學習一下邏輯學的著作。這里推薦一本入門書籍 How To Think Logically硝清。
事實上，我們不能把一件事說清楚芦拿，很多時候并不是語言技巧的問題士飒，而是在于查邢，我們對這件事情不夠了解，知識儲備不夠多酵幕。設想一下扰藕，讓你寫文章分別討論自己最擅長的領域和最不擅長的領域，哪一個會寫得更有條理芳撒？
如果沒有基本的知識儲備实胸，空談語言技巧和邏輯思維方法并沒有意義。假如你不知道Uber,Lyft或者Airbnb, 碰到“共享經濟”(sharing economy)這類話題時可能會無從下手——清晰的邏輯番官，有力的論證庐完，一定是建立在對話題有足夠多了解的基礎之上的。所以才有這句話“讀書破萬卷徘熔，下筆如有神”门躯。
更現(xiàn)實一點，對于考場作文來說酷师，常見的話題包括教育讶凉，科技，發(fā)展山孔，媒體懂讯，政府，文化台颠，環(huán)境褐望，犯罪，全球化等串前，要寫好這類文章瘫里，一定要對這些話題有足夠多的了解。而了解它們最好的方法是通過大量的閱讀荡碾，要廣泛閱讀關于這些題材的文章谨读，積累起足夠多的素材，肚子里有貨才能寫出東西來坛吁。
應該尋找什么樣的閱讀材料劳殖？外刊就是一個很好的選擇。因為外刊文章（比如經濟學人和衛(wèi)報）往往篇幅適中拨脉，信息量大哆姻，所討論的主題又與考場作文話題息息相關，非常適合用來做素材積累女坑√罹撸可以留意一下自己對哪些話題最不熟悉统舀，然后想辦法通過閱讀來積累素材匆骗。
在這里也推薦一本書劳景，劍橋大學出版社的 English Vocabulary in Use Advanced。
這本書詳細列出了常見的100個話題下可能出現(xiàn)的詞匯以及表達碉就。比如對于學習考試類的話題盟广，它會列出"cram for exam,bury yourself in your books,know the subject inside out" 等地道的詞語和表達，還有相關素材瓮钥，寫作文時可以直接用上筋量。
目前這本書在國內比較難買到紙質版，價格也相對昂貴碉熄，不過網上可以找到電子版桨武，感興趣的同學可以去搜索下載。
除了積累素材之外锈津，做一個積極的閱讀者也很重要呀酸。“積極的閱讀者”是指琼梆，在閱讀中要學會多次重復性誉，主動思考。
一篇外刊文章讀一遍是不夠的茎杂，至少要讀上三遍五遍错览，在閱讀的過程要不斷思考：作者的觀點是什么？他是怎樣論述這個觀點的煌往？文章的結構是怎樣的倾哺？段落與段落之間有哪些聯(lián)系？有哪些銜接詞刽脖？讓我來寫的話悼粮，我會怎么寫？
閱讀時多問自己一些這樣的問題曾棕，并嘗試著模仿這些優(yōu)秀文章扣猫，這樣才能不斷提升。
要寫出一篇脈絡清晰翘地，表述嚴謹的文章申尤，除了詞匯和語法基本功之外，還要有完備的邏輯思維能力衙耕，即在寫作過程中要保持句子與句子之間昧穿，段落和段落之間的銜接和連貫性，同時應用邏輯學的基本規(guī)律比如排中律橙喘，同一律时鸵，矛盾律等對文章進行檢查。
除此之外，知識儲備也非常關鍵饰潜，平時要大量閱讀初坠，有意識地對各種話題進行素材積累，并學習優(yōu)秀文章的篇章結構彭雾，思維模式碟刺，從而讓自己的文章水平不斷提升。
寫作的六種邏輯結構
每一種寫作薯酝，無論是求職信半沽、申請信、新聞報道吴菠、科幻小說都有各自的結構者填。這種結構就是文章的骨架，額是文章的基本要素做葵，在這個堅實的基礎上你才能寫出獨特的文章幔托。每個人都有骨架，但每個個體之所以獨特蜂挪，卻是因為我們的肌肉重挑、面部特征、身材棠涮、曲線谬哀、性格、甚至是服裝和配飾严肪。
還記得小學的時候老師布置的五段式作文嗎史煎？通常題目會是“我的暑假”：老師會要求你先一段介紹、3段文章主體和一段結論驳糯。而這種通用格式篇梭，是六種常見正式/非正式寫作結構的根基。
Every piece of writing, whether it is a cover letter for a job application, a news article, or a fictional short story, has its own structure. Think of structure as the skeleton of a piece of writing. It is the bare bones of the piece, all connected to form a solid, uniform foundation upon which you, the writer and the creator, will build something unique. Humans, for example, all have nearly identical basic skeletons. However, it’s everything that goes on top of those skeletons-the muscles, the facial features, the shape, the curves, the personality, and even the clothes and accessories-that makes each human unique.
Remember being assigned five-paragraph essays on your first day back to grade school every fall? They’d usually be titled "What I Did This Summer," and they’d be assigned to have an introduction, three supporting paragraphs making up the body of the work, and a conclusion. This general format is the root of the six common writing structures that can be used for both formal and informal written communication.
1
分類結構：在分類結構中酝枢，一系列同樣重要的主題將被闡述恬偷。政治演說，如競選演說帘睦，甚至國情咨文演說袍患，都是分類結構的例子。求職信中你可能會使用類似的結構竣付，因為你會描述使你成為這個職位理想人選的所有特質诡延。
Categorical: In a categorical structure, a series of equally important topics are addressed. A political speech, like a campaign speech or even The State of the Union Address, is a good example of categorical writing. You might use a similar structure in a cover letter for a job application, in which you describe all of your traits that would make you an ideal candidate for the position.
2
評價結構：在評價結構中，一個問題會首先被引入古胆，然后作者再進行利弊的權衡肆良。在寫電子郵件時，你可以使用一個評價結構來詢問一個好朋友的建議。
Evaluative: In an evaluative structure, a problem is introduced, and thenpros and cons are weighed. You might employ an evaluative structure when writing an e-mail to ask a close friend for advice.
3
時間邏輯結構：當你的注意力更多地是真實地講述故事而不是最終結果時惹恃，就采用時間順序結構夭谤。想想笑話是怎么講的：”三個家伙走進酒吧……“ 設置一系列事件來傳遞最后的Punchline（關鍵語、笑料）座舍。同樣的，大多數短篇故事和小說都是以時間順序進行的陨帆。
Chronological: When your focus is more the actual telling of the story than the end result, employ a chronological structure. Think of joke telling. "Three guys walk into a bar…" sets up a sequence of events to deliver that final punch line. Similarly, most short stories and novels are written chronologically.
4
對比結構：對比結構類似于評價結構曲秉，但是這種結構用于要分析的目標有更多的層級需要衡量的情況。在準備辯論賽的辯論稿時疲牵，你可以用對比結構來闡述你的觀點比對方的觀點強的原因承二。你也可以用對比結構闡述你為什么覺得市議會提高當地稅收的決定是不正確的。
Comparative: This structure is similar to evaluative, but it is used when there are more layers to the situation at hand that is being weighed. You might use a comparative structure if you were writing a speech for a debate team to explain the various reasons why you feel your point is stronger than your opponent’s. Or you might use a comparative structure to write a letter to the editor explaining all the reasons you disagree with the city council’s decision to raise local taxes.
5
順序結構：順序結構與時間邏輯結構相似纲爸，但是這種結構通常會包含一種指引性的語氣和一步一步的過程的說明亥鸠。如果你想要教別人怎么做巧克力千層蛋糕、或者怎么找到當地的住宿识啦，你都應該用這種結構寫作负蚊，用上“首先“、“然后”颓哮、“接著”家妆、“最后”等詞。
Sequential: This structure is similar to Chronological, but is normally employed with a how-to voice when a step-by-step process is being described. If you were going to write about how to make your famous chocolate layer cake, or how to get to a great bed-and-breakfast you discovered out in the country, you would write sequentially, using words like, "First," "Next," "Then," and "Finally" to clarify your instructions.
6
因果結構：這個結構一看其來似乎跟對比結構相似冕茅，但這種結構里面不包含不同內容之間的比較伤极，而是探討一件事情的起因和結果。你可以用這種結構探討空氣污染的原因姨伤，或者寫信說明你為什么要辭職哨坪。
Causal: This structure might at first glance seem similar to Comparative structures, but it differs in that it does not involve weighing options against one another. Instead, it discusses the causes and then the effects regarding a particular topic or issue in that order. You might use this structure if you were writing an article on how something has come about, such as the contributing factors to air pollution. Or you might employ this technique in a letter explaining why you have decided to resign from your job.
在知道了各種不同的寫作邏輯結構之后，開始去關注你接觸到的文章的“骨架”吧乍楚。無論是看報紙雜志或者網絡文章当编，你都應該留意一下它們的基本論點都是怎么組織的。好的寫作者會持續(xù)不斷地關注自己所閱讀的東西來磨練自己的技巧徒溪。
Now that you know about the different kinds of structures, start paying attention to the skeletons of all the pieces of writing around you. The next time you flip through a magazine in a doctor’s waiting room, or skim through a weekly e-newsletter that you subscribe to, or even read a letter from a friend, take some time to x-ray the writing and see how its bare bones are connected. Good writers hone their skills by being constantly aware of what they’re reading.
