七夕節(jié)到了靡砌,我們先重溫一下牛郎織女的故事吧扩然。
本故事用著名畫家墨浪先生(1910-1963)創(chuàng)作的連環(huán)畫作品做配圖。墨浪先生在充分發(fā)揮中國工筆畫重彩人物畫的基礎(chǔ)上帝雇,巧妙吸收了民間年畫的特點涮俄,把圖案美、裝飾美尸闸、造型美等清新雅致的畫風(fēng)融匯到自己的作品中彻亲,為讀者留下了一幅幅經(jīng)典的畫面。
牛郎織女
?The Love Story of ?Cowherd and ?Girl Weaver?
很久很久以前吮廉,一個孤兒跟著哥嫂過日子苞尝。嫂子為人刻薄,經(jīng)常虐待他宦芦,叫他吃剩飯宙址,穿破衣,每天天沒亮调卑,就趕他上山放牛抡砂。他沒有名字,大家都叫他牛郎恬涧。每天放牛注益,牛郎他總是挑最好的草地,讓它吃又肥又嫩的青草溯捆;老懦笊Γ渴了,他就牽著它到小溪的上游提揍,去喝最干凈的溪水啤月。
The story begins with a poor orphan who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law after his parents passed away. He had to herd the old ox and worked on the farm fields with his ox before dusk everyday.Since he had no name, he was named as Niu Lang, the cowherd.
Each day, Niu Lang fed his ox with the tenderest grass and cleanest water at the upper reach of the brook.?
一天晚上,牛郎走進牛棚碳锈,忽然聽到一聲“牛郎顽冶!”原來是老牛在說話。老牛說:“明天黃昏的時候售碳,你翻過右邊那座山强重,山那邊有一個湖,湖邊有一片樹林贸人。在樹林里间景,你會遇到一位美麗的姑娘,她會做你的妻子艺智√纫”
One day, when Cowherd went into the cowshed, he heard someone call him. The cowherd’s ox, which was actually an immortal from heaven because he made mistakes in heaven and was reincarnated as an ox to toil on earth, suddenly said to the cowherd: “You are a nice person.If you want to get married, go to the brook and your wish will come true.”
第二天黃昏,牛郎翻過右邊那座山,來到湖邊的樹林里封拧。這時志鹃,遠處傳來輕盈的歡笑聲,牛郎循著笑聲望去泽西,只見湖邊有七個姑娘正在嬉戲曹铃。
At Dusk, NIU Lang climbed over the mountain and came to the lake?in the woods. There came light laughter from the distance. He followed?the laughter and saw seven girls playing in the lake.
過了一會兒,一個姑娘離開伙伴捧杉,向樹林走來陕见。
這姑娘是誰呢?原來她是王母娘娘的外孫女味抖,織得一手好彩錦评甜,名字叫織女,每天早晨和傍晚仔涩,王母娘娘拿她織的彩錦裝飾天空忍坷,那就是燦爛的云霞。原來红柱,這天下午王母娘娘多喝了幾杯美酒承匣,靠在寶座上睡著了蓖乘〈盖模織女和仙女們見機會難得,便一起飛到了人間嘉抒。
After a while, a girl left others and walked towards the woods. This beautiful girl was the granddaughter of the Queen Mother. As a great master of weaving Choi Jin (colorful brocade), she was named Girl Weaver. Every morning and evening, the Queen Mother decorated thesky with Girl Weaver’s brocade to produce the bright cloud. That afternoon the Queen Mother got drunk and fell asleep on the throne. Girl Weaver and the fairies seized this chance and flew to the earth.
牛郎和織女一見傾心零聚,在樹林里交談起來。
織女見牛郎心眼兒好些侍,又能吃苦隶症,便決心留在人間,做牛郎的妻子岗宣。
Cowherd and Girl Weaver appreciated each other and fell in love with?each other. Girl Weaver thought Cowherd a kind and hard working man and resolved to stay in the earthly world and marry him.
從此蚂会,牛郎在地里耕種,織女在家里紡織耗式,兩個人辛勤勞動胁住,日子過得美美滿滿。
Since then, Cowherd worked on farm and GirlWeaver weaved at home, industriously but happily.
轉(zhuǎn)眼間三年過去了刊咳,牛郎織女有了一兒一女彪见。
Three years passed at a blink, and this couple had a son and a daughter.
一天,牛郎去喂牛娱挨,那頭衰老的牛又講話了余指。
它眼眶里滿是淚花,說:“我不能幫你們下地干活了跷坝。我們要分別了酵镜。
我死了以后碉碉,你把我的皮剝下來留著,碰到緊急的事淮韭,你就披上我的皮……”
老牛話沒說完就死了誉裆。
One day, Cowherd went to feed the ox. The aged ox said to him, with tears in its eyes, “I can’t help you work in the field any longer. We will part soon. After I died, you decorticate my fur?
and keep it. Once you are in danger, put my fur on. …”
天上一日,人間數(shù)年缸濒。
天上王母娘娘一覺醒來足丢,得知織女下嫁人間,氣得暴跳如雷庇配,
發(fā)誓要把織女抓回天庭斩跌,嚴(yán)厲懲罰。
One day in heaven, some years on the earth. The Queen Mother woke up in heaven and found Girl Weaver marry a humble man on the earth. She got so furious that she vowed to recapture Girl Weaver back to heaven and punish her severely.
天兵天將闖進牛郎家里捞慌,來抓織女耀鸦。
Heavenly generals and soldiers descended to the earth and broke into Cowherd’s home to recapture Girl Weaver.
牛郎得知織女被王母娘娘抓走,心急如焚啸澡。
可是怎么上天搭救呢袖订?
忽然,他想起老牛臨死前說的話嗅虏,便趕緊找出牛皮洛姑,披在身上,
然后將一兒一女放在兩只竹筐里皮服,挑起來就往外跑楞艾。
一出屋門,他就飛了起來龄广。
Cowherd’s heart was broken when he knew his wife had been recaptured by the Queen Mother. But how could he save her?Suddenly he thought of what the old ox said before death. He took out the hide, put it on, put two kids in two bamboo baskets, and ran after the heavenly generals and soldiers. Once he ran out of his house, he flied.
他越飛越快硫眯,眼看就要追上織女了。
王母娘娘拔下頭上的玉簪往背后一劃择同,
霎時間两入,牛郎的面前出現(xiàn)了一條天河。
天河很寬敲才,波濤洶涌裹纳,牛郎飛不過去了。
從此以后归斤,牛郎在天河的這邊痊夭,織女在天河的那邊,兩人只能隔河相望脏里。
Cowherd flied faster and faster and was about to catch up with Girl Weaver.? At that moment, Queen Mother pulled off her hairpin and made a stoke with her hairpin and created a river in the sky. That was the Milky Way. The river was so wide and turbulent that Cowherd could never fly over. From then on, the Milky Way kept the lovers apart.
他們的愛情感動了喜鵲她我,無數(shù)喜鵲飛來,
用身體搭成一道跨越天河的彩橋,
讓牛郎織女在天河上相會番舆。
Cowherd and Girl Weaver’s love touched the magpies. Numerous magpies flew here and made a colorful bridge across the Milky Way with their body to help them meet in the Milky Way.
玉帝無奈酝碳,讓牛郎住在牛郎星球上,織女住在織女星球上恨狈,
允許牛郎織女每年七月七日在鵲橋上會面一次疏哗。
The Emperor of Heaven felt ashamed for them. Girl Weaver was forced to move to the star Vega and the cowherd, to the star Altair. The two lovers were allowed to meet on the Magpie Bridge on the seventh day of seventh lunar month once a year.
現(xiàn)在讀牛郎織女的故事,至少可以得到三點啟示:
1. 對世界溫柔以待禾怠,即使生命總以刻薄相欺
牛郎織女故事里返奉,牛郎是孤兒,跟著哥嫂過日子吗氏。嫂子為人刻薄芽偏,經(jīng)常虐待他,叫他吃剩飯弦讽,穿破衣污尉,每天天沒亮,就趕他上山放牛往产。牛郎放牛被碗,總是挑最好的草地,讓老牛吃又肥又嫩的青草仿村;老湃衿樱渴了,他就牽著它到小溪的上游奠宜,去喝最干凈的溪水包颁。
這只被牛郎溫柔以待的老牛,投之以木桃压真,報之以瓊瑤,泄露了七仙女下凡到人間的機密蘑险,于是就有了牛郎織女的故事滴肿。
2. 如果你知道去哪,全世界都會為你讓路
摩西奶奶說:
“生活是我們自己創(chuàng)造的佃迄,
如果一直堅持走下去泼差,
終會結(jié)出豐碩的果實『乔危”
牛郎織女的故事里堆缘,牛郎和織女的愛情,不僅打動了喜鵲普碎,為他們搭起了鵲橋吼肥;就連玉帝也允許他們每年在鵲橋上一年見面一次。
3. 永遠注意保存生產(chǎn)資料
生產(chǎn)資料是勞動者進行生產(chǎn)時所需要使用的資源或工具,一般包括土地缀皱、廠房斗这、機器設(shè)備、工具啤斗、原料等等表箭。
在牛郎織女的故事里,正是因為牛郎特別注意保護他唯一的生產(chǎn)資料——老牛钮莲,所以他才能在七夕之夜得到仙人指路免钻,俘獲織女的芳心;也才能在追趕織女時崔拥,穿上牛皮飛到天上伯襟。
牛圖騰
中國作為農(nóng)耕民族,牛是農(nóng)耕時期重要的代力牲畜握童,人們對牛的感恩之情姆怪,體現(xiàn)在牛郎織女故事里。
中國民俗中有很多與牛相關(guān)的活動澡绩,例如:打春牛稽揭、錐牛、獻牛王等肥卡。
可以說溪掀,牛與中國人的生產(chǎn)生活息息相關(guān),被賦予了豐富的文化內(nèi)涵步鉴。
有空到博物館看看遠古時代的牛吧?
牛是商周青銅器喜歡刻畫的對象揪胃,或圓雕、或淺浮雕氛琢、或平面表現(xiàn)喊递,有的具體、有的抽象阳似。牛之所以如此受歡迎骚勘,是因為牛在商周祭祀活動中,是最重要的祭品(犧牲)撮奏,甲骨文中稱之為“牛牲”俏讹,西周以后稱“太牢”。
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?殷墟牛尊
2001年1月畜吊,在殷墟花園莊東地發(fā)掘的54號墓泽疆,殷墟發(fā)現(xiàn)第三座保存完整、面積較大玲献、出土文物豐富的高級貴族墓葬殉疼,其中最引人注目的是一件牛尊梯浪。
在殷人觀念中,體格健壯株依、有一雙彎曲而有力的大角的水牛更具靈性驱证,充當(dāng)人與神溝通的媒介,擔(dān)負通天地神獸的重要角色恋腕,主要用于祭祀抹锄。同時牛尊的器身滿飾動物紋,在商周時代的神話和美術(shù)中荠藤,動物或動物紋樣占有很重要的地位伙单,在祭祀中被視作神奇力量,扮演溝通天地的助手哈肖。
這件商晚期的“牛尊”集鑄造吻育、設(shè)計、雕刻藝術(shù)于一身淤井。既是精美的藝術(shù)品又是生活中的實用品布疼,承載著大量的歷史文化信息,是一件不可多得的青銅精品币狠。
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 青銅牛尊(湖南省博物館藏)
這件殷商時期的青銅牛尊1977年11月游两,出土于衡陽市包家臺子。
尊是盛酒器漩绵,湖南寧鄉(xiāng)出土的四羊方尊即屬于此類器物贱案,但這件牛尊屬于尊中的另一特殊形制,即犧尊止吐,犧尊是采用象宝踪、羊、豕碍扔、牛瘩燥、鳥等動物形象作為器物外形進行塑造,湖南省博物館內(nèi)收藏的著名犧尊有象尊蕴忆、豕尊颤芬、牛尊等。
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 牛尊(上海博物館藏)
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 西周牛尊(陜西歷史博物館)
1967年陜西歧山縣賀家村出土牛尊套鹅,通高24cm,長38cm汰具,腹深10.7cm卓鹿。盛酒器。整體作牛形留荔,身體渾圓吟孙,頭部較大澜倦,吻部平,開一小流可傾酒杰妓。背有方蓋藻治,上立一虎。整體造型簡練巷挥,手法夸張桩卵。
牛尊的整體造型在不失生物形態(tài)的情況下,巧妙地利用了牛的各個部位實現(xiàn)了酒器的實用功能倍宾,使其既實用又美觀雏节。牛尊通體以云紋和夔龍紋裝飾。構(gòu)圖疏朗高职,莊重大氣钩乍,與商末周初青銅器上神秘怪誕的裝飾風(fēng)格截然不同,給人以強烈的藝術(shù)美感和容易理解的親切感怔锌。
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 牛尊局部(陜西歷史博物館)
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 牛尊局部(陜西歷史博物館)
牛身上裝飾的鳥類紋飾包括牛本身寥粹,更多與春天、春耕等農(nóng)業(yè)活動有關(guān)埃元,其與象征秋天的虎組合在一起涝涤,想要表達的象征意義,最合理的推測就是春秋兩季的農(nóng)業(yè)祭祀亚情,相當(dāng)于后世春社秋社活動中的所謂“春祈秋報”妄痪。
牛作為犧牲、作為祭品楞件,被送上祭壇時衫生,有很多規(guī)矩,其中一個重要的規(guī)矩是要依一定的程式進行裝扮土浸。
《史記·老子韓非列傳》中記載了一個這樣的故事:
楚威王聞莊周賢罪针,使使厚幣迎之,許以為相黄伊。莊周笑謂楚使者曰:“千金泪酱,重利;卿相还最,尊位也墓阀。子獨不見郊祭之犧牛乎?養(yǎng)食之?dāng)?shù)歲拓轻,衣以文繡斯撮,以入大廟。當(dāng)是之時扶叉,雖欲為孤豚勿锅,豈可得乎帕膜?子亟去,無污我溢十。我寧游戲污瀆之中自快垮刹,無為有國者所羈,終身不仕张弛,以快吾志焉荒典。”
莊子沒有明說千金卿相不好乌庶,重點說了祭祀的“胖值”的結(jié)局——被人喂養(yǎng)了幾年,最后披紅戴花成為祭品瞒大,那時即使牛想做一頭孤獨的小豬螃征,還能做到嗎?宰相位尊透敌,大王看重盯滚,但是最后還是任人擺布難有善終啊酗电!所以他寧愿做個能自由嬉戲的小豬魄藕。
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 老子騎青牛出關(guān)