寫在前面
下圖來自網(wǎng)絡上對《真實的幸钙螅》一書（by Martin Seligman）中美德的綜合整理圈纺，本文將結(jié)合此圖蔽莱，以淺層的視角簡單探索Odysseus與Alcinous的美德體現(xiàn)端仰。
這張表格的內(nèi)容很是豐富橡伞，但是要在里面挑選Odysseus和Alcinous盒揉，卻也著實犯愁，不知道哪些更為合適兑徘、貼切刚盈。難免有所不當，還望見諒挂脑。
對Alcinous這一人物，我從上述表格挑選了以下特征：
誠實崭闲，熱情肋联；愛，善良刁俭，社交智慧橄仍；領導力；社交智慧牍戚；謹慎侮繁。
【具體分析見下文】
This stranger here, our guest—
I don’t know who he is, or whether he comes
from sunrise lands or the western lands of evening,
but he has come in his wanderings to my palace;
he pleads for passage, he begs we guarantee it.
So now, as in years gone by, let us press on
and grant him escort. No one, I tell you, no one
who comes to my house will languish long here,
heartsick for convoy home.
Alcinous的話中表明他不知道Odysseus，也并未得知他從何處來如孝；但他能夠無條件向他施以援手宪哩，能去盡己所能幫助他，同大家伙一起滿足他的要求第晰，解決他的困境锁孟。而且，Alcinous的行為是沒有針對性的茁瘦，他對任何人“comes to my house”罗岖，都會給予幫助，幫助他們渡過難關(guān)腹躁。這善良且無私奉獻的品質(zhì)，擁有這般助人為樂的熱忱著實讓人欽佩南蓬。尤為贊嘆Alcinous所說的“No one, I tell you, no one who comes to my
house will languish long here, heartsick for convoy home.”相信這句話如今能做到之人更是寥寥無幾纺非，更何況是noone哑了。心中能容納任何人，對前來之人總能讓他們舒心烧颖、安樂和享受弱左。足見其好客之道，待人之熱情炕淮，其地民風之淳樸拆火。
但是這樣的行為是否是過于泛愛，對往來之人不加區(qū)分涂圆，也沒有針對性们镜。無論何人，均會予以援手润歉，想想這不免會讓有心人士所利用模狭；況且耗費自己較多的人力、物力踩衩，所做的是并無對自己多大益處嚼鹉。可能想的過于狹隘了驱富，我們所處的時代還是與Odysseus有所不同吧锚赤。
Let all hands lash their oars to the thwarts thendisembark,
come to my house and fall in for a banquet, quickly.
I’ll lay on a princely feast for all. So then,
these are the orders I issue to our crews.
For the rest, you sceptered princes here,
you come to my royal halls so we can give
this stranger a hero’s welcome in our palace—
no one here refuse.
Alcinous為了幫助Odysseus能夠坐船回家，征募52名鎮(zhèn)上最好的年輕水手褐鸥，且還要那種有實力的who’ve proved their strength before在這里Alcinous對Odysseus可謂是盡心盡力线脚，邀請這些水手到他的家中來享受盛宴，這大概是想犒勞這些人士晶疼，大概是希望他們能為這位陌生人更加盡心的付出酒贬，對他們也是委以重任。而且對這位陌生人予以英雄般得到歡迎翠霍，也叫來了Demodocus來為宴會增添色彩锭吨，讓人們得以盡情得享受盛宴。這些種種寒匙，充分體現(xiàn)著Alcinous的領導力零如，他的行為舉止也體現(xiàn)著親民、仁愛之心锄弱，而他的氣概更是令人欽佩考蕾。此外，在KING的盛宴中会宪，不僅有群羊佳肴肖卧，更有野豬和牛肉，讓人盡享盛宴之美味掸鹅，讓賓客們樂在其中塞帐。
The king slaughtered a dozen sheep to feed his guests,
eight boars with shining tusks and a pair of shamblingoxen.
These they skinned and dressed, and then laid out a feast
to fill the heart with savor.
在這里我又不免和我認知中的KING又不盡相同拦赠，在我認知中，KING擁有者絕對的領導權(quán)和統(tǒng)治權(quán)葵姥，讓子民干什么是義務荷鼠，斷然不會邀請他們來享受盛宴，而這盛宴往往也只有那些將領才有的榔幸。Alcinous的這些行為大大突破我對KING的認知允乐。
By now we’ve had our fill of food well-shared
and the lyre too, our loyal friend at banquets.
Now out we go again and test ourselves in contests,
games of every kind—so our guest can tell his friends,
when he reaches home, how far we excel the world
at boxing, wrestling, jumping, speed of foot.
讀到此處，不免被Alcinous暖到了削咆。在眾人均沒有察覺Odysseus的情況牍疏，他竟然察覺到了，而且所做的事更是不讓Odysseus繼續(xù)沉浸在悲傷之中态辛，所以Alcinous停罷唱歌麸澜，讓大家到去參加競技，向這位陌生人Odysseus看看他們的競技特長奏黑。這體現(xiàn)著Alcinous洞察力之強炊邦，對待Odysseus更是關(guān)心入微焊切。
“Stranger,
friend—nothing you say among us seems ungracious.
You simply want to display the gifts you’re born with,
stung that a youngster marched up to you in the games,
mocking, ridiculing your prowess as no one would
who had some sense of fit and proper speech.
…
So our guest can tell his friends,
when he reaches home, how far we excel the world
in sailing, nimble footwork, dance and song.
在Odysseus奮起反擊后讼撒，眾人緘默嚷往；Alcinous站出來化解了尷尬場面涕刚，而且也為Odysseus充分考慮命爬，說他并不是無理笔宿，只是講了自己與生俱來的本領律姨，來回擊那些冒犯之人米苹，這并無不妥限寞。Alcinous竟能如此為Odysseus考慮忍啸。同時也轉(zhuǎn)移了話題，讓這位陌生的朋友Odysseus離開后能像大家多多講述他們這里的美好履植，善于航海计雌，能歌善舞等等。Alcinous在此之后玫霎，又邀Odysseus去聽Demodocus的歌唱凿滤，充分體現(xiàn)著他的社交智慧和為人處世之道，做人謹慎庶近。
Hear me, my lords and captains of Phaeacia,
our guest is a man of real taste, I’d say. Come,
let’s give him the parting gifts a guest deserves.
...
Gather the gifts together, hurry, so our guest
can have them all in hand when he goes to dine,
his spirit filled with joy.
As for Broadsea, let him make amends,
man-to-man, with his words as well as gifts.
His first remarks were hardly fit to hear.”
Alcinous真是為這位遠處而來的Odysseus關(guān)懷備至翁脆，還為他準備臨行的禮物。以及讓Broadsea為他之前說的話做出了道歉鼻种，真是“嚴以律己反番，寬以待人”，對待朋友的親切關(guān)懷，對待自己人的嚴格恬口。
But his weeping went unmarked by all the others;
only Alcinous, sitting close beside him,
noticed his guest’s tears,
heard the groan in the man’s labored breathing
and said at once to the master mariners around him,
…
Let Demodocus rest his ringing lyre now—
this song he sings can hardly please us all.
Ever since our meal began and the stirring bard
launched his song, our guest has never paused
in his tears and throbbing sorrow.
Clearly grief has overpowered his heart.
Break off this song! Let us all enjoy ourselves,
the hosts and guest together. Much the warmer way.
All these things are performed for him, our honored guest,
the royal send-off here and gifts we give in love.
Treat your guest and suppliant like a brother:
又一次校读，在眾人均沒有察覺Odysseus的情況，Alcinous察覺到了Odysseus沉浸在悲傷之中祖能，所以Alcinous讓Demodocus停罷唱歌，不讓這歌繼續(xù)讓Odysseus低落蛾洛，讓大家自己娛樂消遣养铸，放開玩。同時也讓大家?guī)е鳲dysseus轧膘，對待兄弟般钞螟，可見著Alcinous洞察力之強，對待Odysseus更是關(guān)心入微谎碍。
對Odysseus這一人物鳞滨，我從上述表格挑選了以下特征：
勇敢，誠實蟆淀；善良拯啦；謹慎，自制熔任；
【具體分析見下文】
在Demodocus的歌唱著那些著名的圣戰(zhàn)士褒链，那場特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭的時候，讓一旁Odysseus不免回想起過去疑苔，過往的種種似乎又浮現(xiàn)于自己的腦海之后甫匹。戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，自己更是常年漂泊在外惦费，內(nèi)心的惆悵油然而生兵迅，其內(nèi)心的痛苦更是流露在臉上，只是在眾人面前不得不有所掩飾薪贫，但是并未過多壓抑恍箭，而是真性情流露。但這里可以看出Odysseus真性情后雷、真男人季惯。
That was the song the famous harper sang
but Odysseus, clutching his flaring sea-blue cape
in both powerful hands, drew it over his head
and buried his handsome face,
ashamed his hosts might see him shedding tears
…
But soon as the bard would start again, impelled to sing
by Phaeacia’s lords, who reveled in his tale,
again Odysseus hid his face and wept.
Odysseus情感流露，只是默默地在掩飾臀突，并未在眾人面前太過流露勉抓，這點是可以理解，畢竟Odysseus也曾馳騁于戰(zhàn)場候学，浴血奮戰(zhàn)過藕筋，怎能過分流露情感呢，而且是這種悲傷的情感呢梳码？所以隐圾，我覺得這處地方對Odysseus描寫得如此細膩伍掀，也是突出了在眾人為有所察覺下，Alcinous卻能觀察至微暇藏，卻能發(fā)現(xiàn)Odysseus的內(nèi)心悲傷之情蜜笤。
“why do you taunt me so with such a challenge?
…
“Indecent talk, my friend.
You, you’re a reckless fool—I see that.
…
Just like you, my fine, handsome friend. Not even
a god could improve those lovely looks of yours
but the mind inside is worthless.
Your slander fans the anger in my heart!
…
Your insults
cut to the quick—you rouse my fighting blood!”
在一心想著回家的Odysseus，競技也沒有激起他的興趣盐碱。原本對別人的挑釁本并未放在心上把兔，也不想作為回應，只是單純的表達自己的想法瓮顽。但面對別人的一再刺激县好，讓他感到收到侵犯，而他準備奮起接受挑戰(zhàn)時的一番陳詞暖混，講述自己的能力缕贡，這些令眾人無話可說。這也說了Odysseus是一個有能力拣播，敢于去為自己奮起反擊的人晾咪。
That was the song the famous harper sang
and Odysseus retished every note as the islanders,
the lords of the long oars and master mariners rejoiced.
…
King Alcinous, shining among your island people,
you boasted Phaeacia’s dancers are the best—
they prove your point—I watch and I’m amazed!”
Odysseus認真的聽了Demodocus的歌唱，并且對Alcinous贊美了一番诫尽，這也讓Alcinous歡欣雀躍禀酱，這是Odysseus，相信也是能得到這位陌生朋友的贊賞內(nèi)心難免激動吧牧嫉。
Tactful Odysseus answered him in kind:
“And a warm farewell to you, too, my friend.
May the gods grant you good fortune—
may you never miss this sword, this gift you give
with such salutes. You’ve made amends in full.”
Odysseus接受Broadsea的道歉剂跟，但并未收取那把劍。因而酣藻，Odysseus并非無理取鬧或是心胸狹隘的人曹洽，相反，相對較為豁達辽剧，處世比較老練吧送淆。
Nausicaa, daughter of generous King Alcinous,
may Zeus the Thunderer, Hera’s husband, grant it so—
that I travel home and see the dawn of my return-
Even at home I’ll pray to you as a deathless goddess
all my days to come. You saved my life, dear girl.
對于Nausicaa表達了自己的感激之情，并且將為她祈禱怕轿，真心地祝愿她偷崩。Odysseus是一個知恩、感恩的人撞羽。
I respect you, Demodocus, more than any man alive—
surely the Muse has taught you, Zeus’s daughter,
or god Apollo himself. How true to life,
all too true … you sing the Achaeans’ fate,
all they did and suffered, all they soldiered through,
as if you were there yourself or heard from one who was.
…
That was the song the famous harper sang
but great Odysseus melted into tears,
running down from his eyes to wet his cheeks …
as a woman weeps, her arms flung round her darling husband,
a man who fell in battle, fighting for town and townsmen,
trying to beat the day of doom from home and children.
Odysseus對Demodocus的歌唱贊美了一番阐斜，說他的歌如此真性情，貼近生活诀紊，如此的真實谒出。這在之后Odysseus再次沉浸悲傷之中則是更好地體現(xiàn)，Demodocus的歌如此的動容，不只一次讓他落下了眼淚笤喳。
后記
讀罷此篇为居，腦海中對于Odysseus的哭泣畫面尤為印象深刻。Odysseus的哭泣杀狡，出現(xiàn)兩次蒙畴，而且每次的出現(xiàn)和兩個人物有關(guān)聯(lián)，一是盲人歌手Demodocus捣卤，另一位則是Phaeacia’sking, Alcinous忍抽。Odysseus的真情流露是因為盲人歌手Demodocus的歌唱中讓Odysseus想起過往的種種，在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭中的十年董朝，而且在返途中的歲月，勾起自己多年漂泊在外干跛、返家不成的悵惘之情子姜，內(nèi)心的五味陳雜只得以眼淚訴說。當然盲人歌手Demodocus的歌中與著Odysseus的實際是緊緊貼切著楼入，唱特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭和其中的勇士英雄哥捕；更值得說的是，Odysseus對盲人歌手Demodocus是贊嘆的嘉熊，如此地真實遥赚，讓Odysseus真情落淚。我們Phaeacia’sking Alcinous對待這位陌生朋友Odysseus更是令人欽羨阐肤，在不知道對方的任何信息凫佛，卻能為他真心付出，予以無微不至的照顧孕惜。在眾人無所察覺下愧薛，Alcinous注意到Odysseus的落淚，第一次是以競技賽場轉(zhuǎn)移衫画，讓Demodocus停罷歌唱毫炉，讓Odysseus感受Phaeacia的競技特色，了解Phaeacia削罩；第二次則是讓大家一起為Odysseus排憂瞄勾，讓他遠離悲傷，待之如兄弟弥激，其情之真切进陡，令人贊嘆。
