Exploring Different Types

什么是流利居兆？探索語(yǔ)言流利的不同類(lèi)型

文章來(lái)源：www.italki.com

文章作者：Lynkusu

Fluency. As a member of the language community, you’ve surely heard the term everywhere. People constantly ask you if you’re fluent in your target language yet, or claim fluency in their own. Famous polyglots write books or run blogs about hacking into fluency, and pop-ups on the web assure you that (only with their top secret! method, of course), can you reach fluency in two weeks.

流利绞呈。作為語(yǔ)言家族的成員之一校焦，你一定在各種地方聽(tīng)到它的名字阅虫。人們不斷會(huì)問(wèn)你外語(yǔ)說(shuō)得流利不流利缩宜，或者自稱(chēng)自己說(shuō)得很流利粘都。精通多門(mén)語(yǔ)言的名人也會(huì)寫(xiě)書(shū)或者博客告訴大家流利的訣竅廓推，許多網(wǎng)站上的彈窗小廣告也會(huì)告訴大家自己有頂級(jí)的訣竅讓你在兩周內(nèi)說(shuō)話流利起來(lái)。

You might dream of fluency in this or that language, and maybe you’ve already achieved fluency in a foreign language. But, in all the instances of fluency you encounter in your day to day life as a language enthusiast, have you ever considered what fluency really means? What does fluency mean?

你可能做夢(mèng)都想要讓某種語(yǔ)言流利起來(lái)翩隧，也許你已經(jīng)說(shuō)一種外語(yǔ)說(shuō)的很流利了樊展。不過(guò)，作為一名語(yǔ)言狂熱愛(ài)好者堆生，對(duì)于日常語(yǔ)言流利的各種狀況专缠，你有沒(méi)有想過(guò)流利究竟意味著什么？流利到底是什么意思淑仆？

Well, actually, I can’t tell you what fluency means. The only person who can tell you what fluency means is you. Fluency, like all abstract terms, has no universal meaning, and each individual must determine what the term means. Think about the subjectivity of the term the next time you encounter it “out in the wild.” Does fluency have the same meaning to the person that used it, the blogger or optimistic pop-up ad as it does to you? Why not? How does it differ? What is your definition of fluency?

可惜我真不能告訴你流利是什么意思唯一你能告訴你流不流利的是你自己涝婉。流利，就像所有抽象的術(shù)語(yǔ)蔗怠，并不是某一個(gè)通用的概念墩弯，每一個(gè)人對(duì)流利的理解也不同吩跋。想想下一次你面對(duì)到流利的情況。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言使用者來(lái)說(shuō)流利是不是都有同一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)渔工？博主和廣告對(duì)流利的定義和你一致嗎锌钮？為什么不一致？區(qū)別在哪里引矩？流利的定義到底是什么梁丘？

Establishing your personal definition of fluency is an important step to achieving it. Blindly venturing forward without a concrete idea of what it is that you wish to achieve will get you somewhere. But, you won’t know where, and you may not feel like you’ve gotten very far, especially if you’re not yet a linguistic veteran. Setting a more defined goal will help you to structure your journey through your target language and help you to recognize the progress you make on your way there.

要想達(dá)到流利，就要定義你的流利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)旺韭，這一步很重要兰吟。盲目探索，沒(méi)有具體目標(biāo)茂翔，可能會(huì)讓你有改變混蔼。但是你也不知道改變?cè)谀睦铮苍S你會(huì)覺(jué)得進(jìn)步得并不明顯珊燎，尤其對(duì)于你還是初級(jí)水平惭嚣。確定一個(gè)目標(biāo)，可以幫助你有計(jì)劃地學(xué)習(xí)悔政，從而幫助你意識(shí)到自己的進(jìn)步晚吞，最終達(dá)到目標(biāo)。

To assist you in determining what fluency is, I’ll describe a few different types of fluency.

為了幫助你定義什么是真正的流利谋国，我會(huì)描述幾種流利的類(lèi)型槽地。

Perfect Fluency

完美語(yǔ)流

Perfect fluency is how many people who have little to no language experience tend to define “fluency.” Perfect fluency means knowing every word you encounter. It means speaking quickly, clearly and easily and never stumbling or having to search for words. It means having no accent, or only one that is faint and charming. It means never having any semblance of difficulty with the language anymore.

所謂“完美語(yǔ)流”，許多沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)的人覺(jué)得這就是流利芦瘾。完美語(yǔ)流表示你知道每一個(gè)遇到的詞捌蚊。表示說(shuō)話快、清晰近弟、簡(jiǎn)單缅糟，從不打嗝，或者在腦中尋找詞語(yǔ)祷愉。也表示說(shuō)話沒(méi)口音窗宦，或者有輕微但迷人的口音。表示再也不會(huì)對(duì)這種語(yǔ)言的口語(yǔ)有任何困難二鳄。

If this sounds like how you picture fluency, pay attention, because this article was mostly intended for you. Perfect fluency does not exist. Nobody is “perfectly fluent” in any language. You aren’t familiar with every word of your native language, and sometimes you have to search for the right word, even in your mother tongue.

如果你覺(jué)得這是你想要的流利赴涵，那么就要注意了，這篇文章就是為你度身定做的订讼。完美語(yǔ)流并不存在髓窜。沒(méi)有人可以說(shuō)任何語(yǔ)言到達(dá)完美的水平。你的母語(yǔ)你也不是字字都認(rèn)識(shí)躯嫉，有時(shí)候你會(huì)要找合適的詞纱烘。

Most languages have many regional accents and dialects, and you may sometimes even have trouble understanding someone with the same native language from the same country. And that’s not weird. You already knew that these things happen in one’s native language. Natives are able to take a few seconds to search for their next word, but when foreigners do the same thing, why is it assumed they’re simply not fluent? If imperfect fluency is good enough for native speakers, it’s good enough for you.

許多語(yǔ)言會(huì)有方言，有時(shí)候來(lái)自同一個(gè)國(guó)家的人方言不同你可能理解起來(lái)也會(huì)有困難祈餐。這并不奇怪擂啥。你的母語(yǔ)也是如此。用自己的母語(yǔ)說(shuō)有時(shí)候也會(huì)要想想下面要說(shuō)的詞語(yǔ)帆阳，但是如果說(shuō)外語(yǔ)的人這么做了哺壶，為什么我們要說(shuō)他們說(shuō)話不流利呢？如果不完美的語(yǔ)流對(duì)母語(yǔ)者來(lái)說(shuō)足夠了蜒谤，那對(duì)你也足夠了山宾。

Quick Fluency

快速語(yǔ)流

This is the type of fluency you see in advertisements, because “Master a Language in Two Months!” sounds way catchier than “Fluency in Twenty Years!” It sounds too good to be true, because, well, it mostly is. It is possible, of course, to achieve quick fluency, but the fluency achieved after such a short time frame will be a very thin, superficial fluency.

這種流利你可能在廣告中看到過(guò)，諸如“在兩個(gè)月內(nèi)掌握一門(mén)語(yǔ)言”聽(tīng)上去一定比“在兩年內(nèi)掌握”吸引人得多鳍徽。聽(tīng)上去好像太好了一點(diǎn)资锰。因?yàn)榇_實(shí)是有點(diǎn)言過(guò)其實(shí)了。如果有可能這么快就能流利起來(lái)阶祭，那么所說(shuō)的流利也只不過(guò)是表面上的流利绷杜，經(jīng)不起推敲。

You’ll only know the most common words and you’ll probably have to make use of key words and context to figure out what natives are saying when they respond to you. However, if you are able to successfully utilize a foreign language to obtain relevant information, then you very well may be “fluent enough” for your purposes.

你只知道大部分的常用詞濒募，你必須要通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞和情景來(lái)理解老外所說(shuō)的話的意思鞭盟。不過(guò)你如果能夠成功利用外語(yǔ)來(lái)獲得相關(guān)信息，那么你的語(yǔ)流也差不多能夠達(dá)到你交流的目的瑰剃。

Quick fluency is good if you have some sort of deadline. Say, for example, that you’re visiting the country and you don’t want to flip through a phrasebook, butcher a foreign language, and not understand the response you receive. I would recommend drilling phrases and vocabulary that you determine to be important (and here’s a free, handy flashcard program to help you), and getting as much passive practice (reading, listening) in as possible. You can also use LingQ to read along with texts, read out loud and improve your listening comprehension.

如果有那么一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)期限齿诉，快速流利也不是壞事。就好比晌姚，如果你要在一個(gè)月之內(nèi)去一個(gè)新的國(guó)家粤剧，但你又不想看詞匯書(shū)，扼殺外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)挥唠，不想聽(tīng)不懂對(duì)方無(wú)以作答俊扳。我會(huì)建議你鉆研一本你覺(jué)得很重要的詞匯書(shū)，這里有方便免費(fèi)的記憶卡片游戲幫助你學(xué)習(xí)猛遍，盡可能獲得足夠的被動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)（閱讀馋记、聽(tīng)力）。你也可以用LingQ來(lái)閱讀詞組懊烤，大聲閱讀梯醒，提高聽(tīng)力理解能力。

Again, listening comprehension is extremely important if you actually want to understand the answers to your questions (which, let’s face it, is probably one of the main reasons you asked them). Of course, make sure to also arm yourself with the ever-important phrases,?“Could you repeat that?”,?“Could you speak more slowly?” and “Sorry, I didn’t understand that.”

再次聲明腌紧，如你要聽(tīng)懂別人的回答茸习，聽(tīng)力非常重要，這也正是為什么你會(huì)給對(duì)方提問(wèn)的原因把壁肋。當(dāng)然号胚，確保要學(xué)一些很可能很重要的詞組籽慢，比如“你可以重復(fù)一下嗎？”“你可以說(shuō)的慢一點(diǎn)嗎猫胁？”以及焕妙，“我不理解你說(shuō)的話”寒砖。

Native-Like Fluency

母語(yǔ)水平的流利

Unlike perfect fluency, native-like fluency is a reasonable and attainable goal. Native-like fluency does not mean that you will be mistaken for a native; very few people ever reach that stage. However, it means that you generally know all the same words that a native knows and can speak at the same pace with the same amount of ease as a native speaker. You will likely have an accent, but as long your conversation partner can understand you without difficulty, it doesn’t matter. Tip: If people can’t figure out where you’re from, your accent is probably pretty good.

不想“完美語(yǔ)流”那樣，母語(yǔ)水平的流利是合理的可以達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。母語(yǔ)水平的流利并不代表你就是說(shuō)母語(yǔ)的人嚷炉。很少的人可以達(dá)到這樣的水平舞蔽。不過(guò)租副，這也就意味著你和說(shuō)母語(yǔ)者所知道的詞差不多多抗愁，口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)速基本一致，說(shuō)話緊張程度也差不多衡查。你可能會(huì)有口音瘩欺，但是只要你說(shuō)話的對(duì)方能夠理解你，就沒(méi)關(guān)系拌牲。訣竅：如果對(duì)方不知道你來(lái)自哪里击碗，你的口音應(yīng)該還不重。

Contrary to popular belief, you do not need to live in the country to achieve native-like fluency. But, you do need connections to the country. Luckily, you have the internet, so that’s not much of an issue. Making friends with native speakers helps immensely. Try to find friends, and not just language partners; look for someone whom you’d still enjoy talking to even in your native language. You’ll get much more out of the relationship if it actually means something to you.

跟大家理解不一樣的地方是们拙，你不需要生活在當(dāng)?shù)貋?lái)獲得母語(yǔ)者的流利水平稍途。但是你確實(shí)需要和這個(gè)國(guó)家有聯(lián)系。幸運(yùn)的是我們有網(wǎng)絡(luò)砚婆，所以問(wèn)題不大械拍。和老外多交朋友幫助很大。試著多交一些朋友装盯，而不是單純的語(yǔ)言伙伴坷虑。找到你能夠喜歡用自己母語(yǔ)交流的朋友。那么你可以從這段朋友關(guān)系中獲益匪淺埂奈。

Friends will not only provide you with the opportunity to practice your writing or speaking skills, but they also provide real, casual native input and introduce you to an insider’s view of their culture. They can hook you up with native media and equip you with music and TV series in their language. If you have native friends and consume media made for natives by natives, then you are practically living in the country.

朋友可以讓你練習(xí)寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)技巧迄损，他們還可以為你提供一個(gè)真實(shí)的外語(yǔ)場(chǎng)景，從業(yè)內(nèi)角度了解他們的文化账磺。他們可以幫你介紹當(dāng)?shù)氐墓?jié)目芹敌、音樂(lè)、電視劇垮抗。如果你有當(dāng)?shù)氐囊恍┡笥芽串?dāng)?shù)氐墓?jié)目氏捞，那么基本就相當(dāng)于你生活在那個(gè)國(guó)家了。

Okay, so there are certain aspects of the language that are pretty difficult to learn if you don’t live in the country, but these are also things that you generally don’t need unless you live in the country. Household vocabulary like “burner” or “whisk” doesn’t come up often on TV (unless you’re watching cooking shows, I guess), and they’re probably not the topic of discussion between you and your friends. You won’t learn childhood words either, like the names of the equipment on a playground, unless you’re around native children. However, the fact that these types of words are fairly difficult to learn outside the country also show how little you really need them in practice.

當(dāng)然冒版，如果你不生活在當(dāng)?shù)氐脑捯壕ィ幸恍┱Z(yǔ)言比較難學(xué)。但是這些東西基本你不需要，除非你真的生活過(guò)去了捆等。居家用詞諸如“煤氣頭”滞造、“攪拌器”基本不會(huì)在電視上出現(xiàn)（除非你看的時(shí)廚房節(jié)目），所以也不會(huì)是你和朋友交流的主題栋烤。你也不會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)兒童用詞谒养，比如在操場(chǎng)上的一些設(shè)施，除非你要和當(dāng)?shù)氐男『⒃谝黄稹?/p>

所以班缎，生活在國(guó)外不在當(dāng)?shù)睾猓@些詞比較難學(xué)她渴，這一點(diǎn)也證明了在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中你不太需要用到达址。

Literary Fluency

文學(xué)流利性

Literary fluency is like graduating from native-like to educated-native-like fluency. Now, all of a sudden, you know words that even natives might not know, and you can string sentences together more eloquently than some natives. If that sounds impossible, just keep in mind that as someone who frequents language learning websites in their spare time, you may be on an intellectually higher level than the average person, and many people really kind of suck at their native language.

文學(xué)流利性就好像從當(dāng)?shù)厝诉^(guò)度到了有文化的當(dāng)?shù)厝恕Ｍ蝗恢g趁耗，你所知道的許多詞連當(dāng)?shù)厝硕加锌赡懿恢莱吝搿Ｇ苍~造句比起許多當(dāng)?shù)厝藖?lái)說(shuō)你都更厲害。如果這一點(diǎn)你覺(jué)得不可能做到苛败，那你要記住了满葛，作為一直利用空余時(shí)間在出入各大語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)站的人，現(xiàn)身說(shuō)法是你可能比一般人的智力水平高罢屈，許多人連自己的母語(yǔ)都用得不怎么好嘀韧。

Literary fluency focuses on the more intellectual side of a language: indulging in literature, attending university, composing song lyrics, etc. Native-like fluency is not a required prerequisite; it will just improve your feel for the language. You can, however, certainly master reading literature and writing poetry without the ability to converse casually with a native. Literary fluency calls for an almost exclusively passive input. Read novels and texts from specific fields until it all makes sense. Learn in the language instead of reading about the language in your own native language.

文學(xué)的流利性更專(zhuān)注語(yǔ)言的文化水平：在文學(xué)作品中，上大學(xué)缠捌，寫(xiě)歌詞等等锄贷。達(dá)到近似母語(yǔ)水平并不是一個(gè)預(yù)設(shè)要求。這僅僅是提升你對(duì)語(yǔ)言的感覺(jué)曼月。你當(dāng)然可以掌握閱讀文學(xué)作品谊却，撰寫(xiě)詩(shī)歌，但還是不不能自然和當(dāng)?shù)厝私徽勓魄邸Ｎ膶W(xué)流利性要求的是比較特定的被動(dòng)灌輸炎辨。看某一領(lǐng)域的小說(shuō)聪姿，知道你能夠理解碴萧。用外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)而不是閱讀外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

There are a ton of other things that fluency could potentially be, but that’s up to you to figure out. Considering why you started studying the language in the first place should help you determine what kind of fluency you should target. Once you’ve reached your desired fluency, that doesn’t mean you’re done; you can go for another type of fluency and round off your language skills quite a bit. In the very least, you’ll have to work to maintain what you’ve achieved.

語(yǔ)言流利可能還有許多其他的類(lèi)型末购。但這都取決與你自己的理解勿决。想想自己最初是出于什么目的學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的，這可以幫助你確定你要哪一種流利招盲。一旦你打到自己想要的流利低缩，這不代表你已經(jīng)學(xué)完了；你可以學(xué)學(xué)其他類(lèi)型的流利，這讓你的語(yǔ)言技巧更完美咆繁。最后讳推，你要學(xué)會(huì)保持這樣的水平。

The question you might have about all these fluencies is,?“How long will it take me?” Well, that depends entirely on how you study, how much you study, how similar the language is to the one(s) you already speak, and your personal ability to absorb and retain information. Nobody can answer this for you. Just get studying and figure it out for yourself!

有可能你對(duì)各種語(yǔ)流的類(lèi)型會(huì)提出這樣的問(wèn)題“要多久才能達(dá)到這樣的水平玩般？”這完全取決于你學(xué)習(xí)的方法银觅，學(xué)多少內(nèi)容，你的母語(yǔ)和外語(yǔ)的接近程度坏为，你對(duì)信息獲取的能力究驴。沒(méi)有人能夠?yàn)槟慊卮疬@些問(wèn)題。還是開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)匀伏，才能知道自己要什么洒忧！