在多線程開發(fā)中貌矿,常常在線程間進(jìn)行切換或調(diào)度虎敦,那么就會(huì)出現(xiàn)線程協(xié)作滔岳。線程協(xié)作有幾種方式如下:
- 阻塞/喚醒
- 讓步
- 取消(中斷)
先上一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)圖吧
阻塞/喚醒
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suspend()/resume()(已過時(shí),建議不用)
在早期java中采用suspend()驻仅、resume()對(duì)線程進(jìn)行阻塞與喚醒,但這種方式產(chǎn)生死鎖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大登渣,因?yàn)榫€程被掛起以后不會(huì)釋放鎖噪服,可能與其他線程、主線程產(chǎn)生死鎖胜茧。
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wait()/notify()
wait粘优、notify形式通過一個(gè)object作為信號(hào),wait和notify是Object的實(shí)例方法竹揍,和線程安全敬飒、線程協(xié)作都有關(guān)系邪铲,線程安全指wait和notify方法只能在synchronized臨界區(qū)內(nèi)調(diào)用芬位,wait使當(dāng)前線程釋放cpu和鎖進(jìn)入等待阻塞,notify/notifyAll喚醒因調(diào)用當(dāng)前對(duì)象wait方法進(jìn)入等待阻塞的線程带到。notify()準(zhǔn)許阻塞的一個(gè)線程通過昧碉,notifyAll()允許所有線程通過。
/** * @Author 安仔夏天勤奮 * Create Date is 2019/3/29 * Des Java程序演示如何在線程中使用notify()和notifyAll() * notify()和notifyAll()如何通知線程揽惹,哪個(gè)線程被喚醒等被饿。 */ public class TestDiff { private volatile boolean isWait = false; private final static TestDiff test = new TestDiff(); public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException { WaitThread waitTask = new WaitThread(); NotifyThread notifyTask = new NotifyThread(); Thread t1 = new Thread(waitTask, "wait_1"); Thread t2 = new Thread(waitTask, "wait_2"); Thread t3 = new Thread(waitTask, "wait_3"); Thread t4 = new Thread(notifyTask,"notify_1"); t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); Thread.sleep(200); t4.start(); } //線程等待 static class WaitThread implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { try { test.shouldWait(); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " 等待 異常 InterruptedException"); } System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " 等待 finished Execution"); } } //通知喚醒 static class NotifyThread implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { test.wokeUp(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " 喚醒 finished Execution"); } } /* * wait、notify只能synchronized方法或鎖中調(diào)用 */ private synchronized void shouldWait() throws InterruptedException { while(isWait != true){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+ " 正在等待Object對(duì)象"); wait(); //釋放鎖和獲取喚醒 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " 被喚醒"); } isWait = false; } /** * wait搪搏、notify只能synchronized方法或鎖中調(diào)用 * 線程都被鎖定在“this”關(guān)鍵字引用的當(dāng)前對(duì)象上 狭握,notify()或notifyAll()喚醒線程 */ private synchronized void wokeUp() { while (isWait == false){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+ " 將通知所有或一個(gè)線程等待這個(gè)對(duì)象"); isWait = true; //使等待線程的條件為真 notify(); //等待線程wait_1, wait_2,wait_3只能有一個(gè)被喚醒 // notifyAll(); // 等待線程wait_1, wait_2,wait_3 都被喚醒 } } }
結(jié)果打印
調(diào)用notify()的打印結(jié)果 Thread[wait_1,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[wait_2,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[wait_3,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[notify_1,5,main] 將通知所有或一個(gè)線程等待這個(gè)對(duì)象 Thread[wait_1,5,main] 被喚醒 Thread[notify_1,5,main] 喚醒 finished Execution Thread[wait_1,5,main] 等待 finished Execution 調(diào)用notifyAll()的打印結(jié)果 Thread[wait_1,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[wait_2,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[wait_3,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[notify_1,5,main] 將通知所有或一個(gè)線程等待這個(gè)對(duì)象 Thread[wait_3,5,main] 被喚醒 Thread[wait_2,5,main] 被喚醒 Thread[wait_3,5,main] 等待 finished Execution Thread[wait_2,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[wait_1,5,main] 被喚醒 Thread[wait_1,5,main] 正在等待Object對(duì)象 Thread[notify_1,5,main] 喚醒 finished Execution
notify()與notifyAll()這兩個(gè)方法區(qū)別
Java提供了兩個(gè)方法notify和notifyAll來喚醒在某些條件下等待的線程,你可以使用它們中的任何一個(gè)疯溺,但是Java中的notify和notifyAll之間存在細(xì)微差別论颅,從上面的例子打印出的結(jié)果更能他們兩者的差別。這使得它成為Java中流行的多線程面試問題之一囱嫩。當(dāng)你調(diào)用notify時(shí)恃疯,只有一個(gè)等待線程會(huì)被喚醒而且它不能保證哪個(gè)線程會(huì)被喚醒,這取決于線程調(diào)度器墨闲。雖然如果你調(diào)用notifyAll方法今妄,那么等待該鎖的所有線程都會(huì)被喚醒,但是在執(zhí)行剩余的代碼之前鸳碧,所有被喚醒的線程都將爭(zhēng)奪鎖定盾鳞,這就是為什么在循環(huán)上調(diào)用wait,因?yàn)槿绻鄠€(gè)線程被喚醒瞻离,那么線程是將獲得鎖定將首先執(zhí)行腾仅,它可能會(huì)重置等待條件,這將迫使后續(xù)線程等待琐脏。因此攒砖,notify和notifyAll之間的關(guān)鍵區(qū)別在于notify()只會(huì)喚醒一個(gè)線程缸兔,而notifyAll方法將喚醒所有線程。
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await()/singal()
Condition類提供吹艇,而Condition對(duì)象由new ReentLock().newCondition()獲得惰蜜,與wait和notify相同,因?yàn)槭褂肔ock鎖后無法使用wait方法受神。
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park()/unpark()
LockSupport提供的park和unpark方法抛猖,提供避免死鎖和競(jìng)態(tài)條件,很好地代替suspend和resume組合鼻听。park與unpark方法控制的顆粒度更加細(xì)小财著,能準(zhǔn)確決定線程在某個(gè)點(diǎn)停止,進(jìn)而避免死鎖的產(chǎn)生撑碴。
/** * @Author 安仔夏天勤奮 * Create Date is 2019/3/29 */ public class TestThread { public static void main(String []arg){ XThread xThread = new XThread(); xThread.setName("AN"); xThread.start(); try { Thread.sleep(10); xThread.park(); Thread.sleep(10000); xThread.unPark(); Thread.sleep(10000); xThread.park(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } private static class XThread extends Thread{ private boolean isPark = false; @Override public void run() { System.out.println("我正在運(yùn)行撑教。。醉拓。"); while (true) { if (isPark) { System.out.println("Thread is Park....."); LockSupport.park(); } } } public void park() { isPark = true; } public void unPark() { isPark = false; LockSupport.unpark(this); System.out.println("Thread is unpark....."); } } }
park與unpark組合真正解耦了線程之間的同步伟姐,不再需要另外的對(duì)象變量存儲(chǔ)狀態(tài),并且也不需要考慮同步鎖亿卤。
讓步 join()/yield()
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join:線程聯(lián)合
JDK文檔的定義:public final void join()throws InterruptedException: Waits for this thread to die.
join為Thread的實(shí)例方法愤兵,用于線程聯(lián)合,在線程thread1中調(diào)用線程thread2.join()方法排吴,thread1會(huì)讓出CPU使用進(jìn)入阻塞直到thread2線程執(zhí)行結(jié)束秆乳;如果調(diào)用thread2.join()指定時(shí)間參數(shù),則表示thread1的最多等待時(shí)間钻哩。也可以這樣融解:t.join()方法阻塞調(diào)用此方法的線程(calling thread)屹堰,直到線程t完成,此線程再繼續(xù)憋槐;通常用于在main()主線程內(nèi)双藕,等待其它線程完成再結(jié)束main()主線程。
下面輸出不調(diào)用join()的一段代碼
/** * @Author 安仔夏天勤奮 * Create Date is 2019/3/29 */ public static void main(String[] args){ System.out.println("MainThread run start."); //啟動(dòng)一個(gè)子線程 Thread threadA = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { System.out.println("threadA run start."); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("threadA run finished."); } }); threadA.start(); System.out.println("MainThread join before."); System.out.println("MainThread run finished."); }
打倒輸出結(jié)果
MainThread run start. threadA run start. MainThread join before . MainThread run finished. threadA run finished.
下面輸出調(diào)用join()的一段代碼
/** * @Author 安仔夏天勤奮 * Create Date is 2019/3/29 */ public static void main(String[] args){ System.out.println("MainThread run start."); //啟動(dòng)一個(gè)子線程 Thread threadA = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { System.out.println("threadA run start."); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("threadA run finished."); } }); threadA.start(); System.out.println("MainThread join before."); try { threadA.join(); //調(diào)用join() } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("MainThread run finished."); }
打倒輸出結(jié)果
MainThread run start. threadA run start. MainThread join before. threadA run finished. MainThread run finished.
注意:如果join和synchronized同時(shí)使用時(shí)需要注意阳仔,線程thread1中調(diào)用thread2.join方法忧陪,thread1只讓出CPU使用但不釋放鎖,這很容易死鎖近范。
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yield:線程切換
yield為Thread靜態(tài)方法嘶摊,線程放棄繼續(xù)執(zhí)行,讓出cpu釋放鎖進(jìn)入可運(yùn)行狀態(tài)评矩。理論上叶堆,yield意味著放手,放棄斥杜,投降虱颗。一個(gè)調(diào)用yield()方法的線程告訴虛擬機(jī)它樂意讓其他線程占用自己的位置沥匈。這表明該線程沒有在做一些緊急的事情。注意忘渔,這僅是一個(gè)暗示高帖,并不能保證不會(huì)產(chǎn)生任何影響。Thread.java中yield()源碼定義
/** * A hint to the scheduler that the current thread is willing to yield its current use of a processor. The scheduler is free to ignore * this hint. Yield is a heuristic attempt to improve relative progression between threads that would otherwise over-utilize a CPU. * Its use should be combined with detailed profiling and benchmarking to ensure that it actually has the desired effect. */ public static native void yield();
隨意的創(chuàng)建了名為生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者的兩個(gè)線程畦粮。生產(chǎn)者設(shè)定為最小優(yōu)先級(jí)散址,消費(fèi)者設(shè)定為最高優(yōu)先級(jí)。在Thread.yield()注釋和非注釋的情況下我將分別運(yùn)行該程序宣赔。沒有調(diào)用yield()方法時(shí)预麸,雖然輸出有時(shí)改變,但是通常消費(fèi)者行先打印出來儒将,然后事生產(chǎn)者吏祸。
上代碼/** * @Author 安仔夏天勤奮 * Create Date is 2019/3/29 */ public class TestYieldExample{ public static void main(String[] args){ Thread producer = new Producer(); Thread consumer = new Consumer(); producer.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); //Min Priority consumer.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); //Max Priority producer.start(); consumer.start(); } } class Producer extends Thread{ public void run(){ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++){ System.out.println("I am Producer : Produced Item " + i); Thread.yield(); } } } class Consumer extends Thread{ public void run(){ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++){ System.out.println("I am Consumer : Consumed Item " + i); Thread.yield(); } } }
打倒輸出結(jié)果
沒有調(diào)用yield()方法情況下的輸出 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 0 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 1 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 2 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 3 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 4 I am Producer : Produced Item 0 I am Producer : Produced Item 1 I am Producer : Produced Item 2 I am Producer : Produced Item 3 I am Producer : Produced Item 4 在調(diào)用yield()方法情況下的輸出 I am Producer : Produced Item 0 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 0 I am Producer : Produced Item 1 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 1 I am Producer : Produced Item 2 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 2 I am Producer : Produced Item 3 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 3 I am Producer : Produced Item 4 I am Consumer : Consumed Item 4
注意:執(zhí)行yield只是讓線程暫停一下,讓系統(tǒng)重新調(diào)度椅棺,大多數(shù)情況犁罩,yield后系統(tǒng)會(huì)繼續(xù)選擇當(dāng)前線程執(zhí)行(所以不好驗(yàn)證)
取消(中斷)
每個(gè)線程都有一個(gè)標(biāo)志位齐蔽,標(biāo)志當(dāng)前線程是否中斷两疚,Thread類中有獲取當(dāng)前線程中斷狀態(tài)及設(shè)置當(dāng)前線程為中斷狀態(tài)的方法:
- interrupted:Thread的類方法,獲取當(dāng)前線程的中斷狀態(tài)含滴,并重置當(dāng)前線程為非中斷狀態(tài)诱渤。
- isInterrupted:Thread的實(shí)例方法,獲取當(dāng)前線程的中斷狀態(tài)谈况。
- interrupt:Thread的實(shí)例方法勺美,設(shè)置當(dāng)前線程為中斷狀態(tài);(只是單純的設(shè)置線程的中斷標(biāo)志碑韵,至于線程中斷后做什么在線程驅(qū)動(dòng)的任務(wù)中可以通過捕獲異成娜祝或獲取中斷狀態(tài)后自己定義)。
/**
* @Author 安仔夏天勤奮
* Create Date is 2019/3/29
*/
public class TestInterrupt{
public class InterruptRunnableDemo extends Thread {
@Override
//這種設(shè)計(jì)比較好,當(dāng)調(diào)用阻塞操作時(shí),會(huì)因?yàn)閽伋霎惓M顺?當(dāng)不調(diào)用阻塞操作時(shí),會(huì)因?yàn)闄z查中斷狀態(tài)而退出
public void run(){
try{
while(!Thread.interrupted()){
// 循環(huán)代碼
}
System.out.println("Exit normal");
}catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("interrupted");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new InterruptRunnableDemo();
thread.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
thread.interrupt();
}
}
注意
- 如果線程因wait/sleep/join方法進(jìn)入等待阻塞祝闻,或因調(diào)用Lock對(duì)象的lockInterrupity/tryLock(time)進(jìn)入同步阻塞狀態(tài)占卧,其他線程中調(diào)用interrupt方法會(huì)導(dǎo)致阻塞線程中拋出InterruptException異常;
- 阻塞狀態(tài)的線程拋出InterruptException時(shí)會(huì)重置中斷標(biāo)志(標(biāo)志位false)联喘;
- 類方法interrupted獲取中斷狀態(tài)后會(huì)清除中斷狀態(tài)华蜒,實(shí)例方法isInterrupted()只是獲取中斷狀態(tài);
- 除使用interrupt方法中斷線程外豁遭,還有2種方式中止線程執(zhí)行叭喜,a. 退出標(biāo)志使線程正常退出(線程通信);b.使用stop()方法強(qiáng)行終止線程(不推薦蓖谢,可能發(fā)生不可預(yù)料的結(jié)果)