第一節(jié)時(shí)態(tài)

1.時(shí)態(tài)的分類(lèi)：一般時(shí)；完成時(shí)；進(jìn)行時(shí)艇劫。

1.1.一般時(shí)：

①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：

He writes a letter every day.

②一般過(guò)去時(shí)：

He wrote a letter yesterday.

③一般將來(lái)時(shí)：

He will write a letter tomorrow.

1.2.完成時(shí)：

①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

He has written the letter.

②過(guò)去完成時(shí)：

He had written the letter when I came.

③將來(lái)完成時(shí)：

He will have written the letter before I come.

1.3.進(jìn)行時(shí)：

①一現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):

He is writing a letter now.

②過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：

He was writing a letter when I came.

③將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：

He will be writing a letter when I come.

1.4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：

①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：

He has been writing for two hours.

②過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：when I called,he had been writing a letter for two hours.

2.使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞掉缺。

2.1.表知覺(jué)、狀態(tài)工育、所有：

I smell something burning.

You look worried.

This medicine tasts bitter to me.

He has a book.

Your hands feel cold.

I see a man standing there.

He is a student.

2.2.表習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作，常以時(shí)間副詞修飾：

He goes to school every day.

He writes a letter every day.

He always take a bus home.

2.3.表真理搓彻，事實(shí)如绸，格言：

The sun rises in the east.

He ,who is lazy is doomed to failure.=he, who is lazy is doomed to fail.

Honest is the best policy.

2.4.表將來(lái)：begin/start/arrive/go/come等動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。Does he come tomorrow?

3.使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞

3.1.表過(guò)去的動(dòng)作旭贬、習(xí)慣怔接、狀態(tài)：

I saw him yesterday.

He was born in 1978.

3.2.表過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)（也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）：

Did you ever see her before?=Have you ever see her before?

3.3.句中若有before,after,until等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句，由于時(shí)間先后很清楚稀轨，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)扼脐。

4.用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+will+原形動(dòng)詞表將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

It will rain tomorrow.

注意：①由連詞when,unless,if,once等所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示某條件要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)奋刽，主句要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)瓦侮。

When I have money,I will buy a car.

②be going to=will

He is going to come.=he will come.

5.使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：

主語(yǔ)+have+p.p.（have譯作：曾經(jīng)）

5.1.用以表示到現(xiàn)在為止完成的動(dòng)作：

I have just finished my work.

5.2.用以表示到現(xiàn)在為止的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，

I have met him several times.

5.3.用以表示到現(xiàn)在為止仍在繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：

I have lived here 10 years.

She has studied English since 2000.

注意：表“曾去過(guò)”的經(jīng)歷時(shí)佣谐，用“have been”而非“have gone”

He has gone toHong Kong.已經(jīng)去了肚吏，現(xiàn)在人在香港；he has been to Hong Kong.曾去過(guò)狭魂，現(xiàn)在又回來(lái)了罚攀。

6.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+had+p.p.（had譯作已經(jīng)，或曾經(jīng)）用以表示截止過(guò)去某時(shí)所完成的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)歷雌澄。

He had studied English for10 years before he left for the States.

He told me that he had seen the movies once.注意過(guò)去完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)存在斋泄，必須有一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句或表過(guò)去的時(shí)間副詞短語(yǔ)連用方可體現(xiàn)出不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩種動(dòng)作。

I lost the book which she had given me.

7.使用將來(lái)完成時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：

主語(yǔ)+will have+p.p.譯作“將已經(jīng)”镐牺，表示到將來(lái)某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成或仍在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)歷等炫掐。

He will have arrived in Chicago by this time tomorrow.

When you come ,everything will have been finished.

8.使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+is/am/are+現(xiàn)在分詞

①用以表示正在做的動(dòng)作。

I am doing laundry.

②用以表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作睬涧，常與表將來(lái)的時(shí)間副詞連用募胃。

He is coming today.=he will be coming today.

9.使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞①表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在做的動(dòng)作：

He was taking a bath when you called.

②表一般過(guò)去時(shí)中即將發(fā)生的事：

He was dying=he was going to die.=he was about to die.

10.使用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+willbe+現(xiàn)在分詞沛厨，表于將來(lái)某時(shí)將進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

He will be reading book this time tomorrow.

11.使用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+have/has been+現(xiàn)在分詞摔认，譯作“一直都在”逆皮，表示一直繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且仍將繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。

She has been working with this company for 5 years.

12.使用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+had been+現(xiàn)在分詞参袱，譯作“一直都在”电谣，表示一直繼續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)，而且當(dāng)時(shí)仍在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作抹蚀。要注意的是：與過(guò)去完成時(shí)一樣剿牺，不能單獨(dú)存在，須有一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用环壤。

I had been sleeping when he came.

13.使用將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)機(jī)：主語(yǔ)+will have been+現(xiàn)在分詞晒来，譯作“將一直在”，表一直到將來(lái)某時(shí)郑现，仍將繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作湃崩。

I will have been studying English for ten yearsby the end of this year.

14.時(shí)態(tài)的前后一致

14.1主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句不能用過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)接箫，其它均可攒读。

14.2.主句若為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則從句不能用表現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)辛友。

14.3.從句表示真理時(shí)薄扁，恒用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不必與主句一致废累。

15."for+一段時(shí)間"與完成時(shí)的關(guān)系：

（for/during/in/through/down through） the （past/last）five years.=since five years ago.自從5年前起邓梅，這些短語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)連用。

I have been studying English for the past two weeks.

16.since和完成時(shí)的關(guān)系:

①表“自從”時(shí)邑滨，可作介詞日缨，之后接名詞或者動(dòng)名詞②since也可作副詞連詞引導(dǎo)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)驼修。

I have been studying English since I went to college.

He has lived here since 2000.

③since之后接明確的時(shí)點(diǎn)作賓語(yǔ)殿遂，不能接時(shí)段作賓語(yǔ)

④since后若是時(shí)段诈铛，一定要這段時(shí)間之后加ago乙各。

Peter has lived here since two years ago.

⑤現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞與"for+一段時(shí)間"連用時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作必須可連續(xù)進(jìn)行幢竹。否則采用下列結(jié)構(gòu)才能與since連用：it is+一段時(shí)間＋since+非連續(xù)動(dòng)詞/時(shí)點(diǎn)

It is twenty years since he married.

第二節(jié)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1.語(yǔ)態(tài)的種類(lèi)：分主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種耳峦，用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的必須是及物動(dòng)詞。

2.授予動(dòng)詞有兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

I gave him a book.（主動(dòng)）

①He was given a book by me.（被動(dòng)）

②A(yíng) book was given him by me.（被動(dòng)）

3.動(dòng)詞＋介詞結(jié)構(gòu)焕毫，也可變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

They laugh at me.→I was laughed at by them.

Police looked into the case.→The case was looked into by police.

4.否定句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

They don't love him.→He is not loved by them.

第三節(jié)虛擬語(yǔ)氣（subjunctive mood）

虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種表示假設(shè)狀態(tài)的句型蹲坷，由if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句與主句構(gòu)成驶乾。依時(shí)態(tài)的不同形成四種基本句型：

1.純條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣~用現(xiàn)在時(shí)

If he is here,I will beat him.

2.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣～用過(guò)去時(shí)

If he were here,I would beat him.(but he is not here)

3.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)

If he had been here,I would have beaten him.kbut he was not here)

4與將來(lái)的事實(shí)相反的用虛擬語(yǔ)氣有~if從句要用助動(dòng)詞should，譯作“萬(wàn)一”循签，主句則用過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞级乐。

If he should be here,I (would/will)beat him.

第四節(jié)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣應(yīng)注意事項(xiàng)

1.表示強(qiáng)烈與真理相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句型：

If主語(yǔ)＋were to+原形動(dòng)詞,主語(yǔ)＋would等助動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞

If the cat were tosmile,I would pass out.

If the sun were to rise in the west,how surprised these sunflowers would be.

2.if的省略：

虛擬語(yǔ)氣的if從句中若有表“完成”的助動(dòng)詞had或表“萬(wàn)一”的助動(dòng)詞should或were的出現(xiàn)時(shí)可將其置于主語(yǔ)前，而省略if县匠。

If he had done it,he would have felt sorry.→Had he done it.he would have felt sorry.

He should tell lies,i would punish him.→should he tell lies,i would punish him.

If he were lazy,he might fail.→were he lazy,he might fail.

3.時(shí)態(tài)不一致的假設(shè)：

也就是if從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反风科，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反乞旦，則置助動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)贼穆。句型如下：if主語(yǔ)+had+p.p.,主語(yǔ)+（would/could/might/should）+V+(now/today)

If I had started saving then,I would have been able to buy a car now.

4.可取代if的其它連詞：

If=in case(that)/on condition that/provided/providing(that)/so long as/as long as/此類(lèi)連詞一般只能用于純條件情況下，其引導(dǎo)的從句均為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)兰粉。

In case he comes,let me know.

I will take the trip with you on condition that you bear the expense.

Iwill pardon him provided/providing(that)he acknowledges his mistake.

Any book will do as long as it is interesting.

注意：in case +(that)從句 萬(wàn)一……

In case of+名詞 萬(wàn)一……

In case of an accident,don't panic=in case (that) an accident,don't panic.

5.but for……若非/要不是……

此類(lèi)句型僅限于與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)及過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

5.1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：若非/要不是……就……

If it （were not/but for+名詞）+(for+名詞/一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)that從句）故痊，主語(yǔ)＋（could/would/might/should)+not+原形動(dòng)詞

If it were not that he works hard,I wouldn't like him.=If itwere not for his hard work,…

=were it not for his hard work,…（要不是他努力工作，我才不喜歡他）

=but for his hard work,…

5.2.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣玖姑，若非當(dāng)時(shí)……就……

If it had not been(for+名詞/一般過(guò)去時(shí)that從句）愕秫，＋主語(yǔ)（would/could/might/should/ought to)+not+have+p.p.

If it had not been that he lent me the money,I could not have bought the book.=if it had not been for the money(which)he lent me,i could not have bought the book.=but for the money he lent me,i could not have bought the book.要不是他當(dāng)初借錢(qián)給我，我就買(mǎi)不了那書(shū)了焰络。

But for可用介詞without代替之后仍接名詞豫领。

But for his help,I couldn't have done it.=without his help,I couldn't have done it.

6.lest…(should)…以免……

Lest為副詞連詞，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句舔琅，在該從句中助動(dòng)詞只用should等恐，should往往省略。

I got up early,lest I miss the train.

注意：lest should=for fear that+主語(yǔ)+may+V.（表現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況）

+might+V.（表過(guò)去的情況）

You muststudy hard lest you should fail the exam.=you must study hard for fear that you may fail the exam.=you must study hard for fear of failing the exam.

7.as if=as yhough譯作“仿佛……”备蚓，均為副詞連詞课蔬，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，使用時(shí)有三種時(shí)態(tài)：

7.1.表極大可能性郊尝，動(dòng)詞使用一般時(shí)態(tài)

It looks as if(as though) it is going to rain.

7.2.表與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反二跋，要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)

Mr.wang loves me as if(though)I were his own child.

7.3.表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)流昏。

He looked as if (though)nothing had happened.

7.4.as if或as though之后可接不定式扎即，表示即將發(fā)生的狀況。

She opened her lips ss if(as though)(she was going)to speak.

8.what if…should…?要是……的話(huà)會(huì)怎么樣?本句型表對(duì)將來(lái)狀況存疑的虛擬語(yǔ)氣况凉，if從句用助動(dòng)詞should谚鄙。

What if he should come?=what might happen if he should come?=what should we do if he should come?

What if it should rain?=what if it rains?=what may happen if it rains?

9.It is （about time/time/high time) +that從句的一般過(guò)去時(shí)譯作“該是……的時(shí)候了”注意在使用本句型時(shí)that從句的動(dòng)詞要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。It is time(that)he went to bed.（本句暗示現(xiàn)在該是睡覺(jué)時(shí)候了卻沒(méi)睡刁绒，其動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)闷营。）

It is high time we did it.

It is time our children learned some maners.

上列結(jié)構(gòu)可改為不定式，

It is time he went to bed.=It is time for him togo to bed.

10.if only…要是……就好了：本句型只用于與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，即該句型只能用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)

If only he were here=I wish he were here.

If only I had known it earlier.=I wish I had known it earlier.

11.wish的用法：

11.1wish之后接that從句時(shí)傻盟，一定要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣有速蕊，一般過(guò)去時(shí)表與現(xiàn)在相反；過(guò)去完成時(shí)與過(guò)去相反娘赴。

I wish he were here.

I wish he had been here.=I would rather he had been here.

12.hope的用法：之后接that從句時(shí)规哲，用一般時(shí)態(tài)表示極大可能性：表現(xiàn)在情況用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；表將來(lái)情況用將來(lái)時(shí)诽表；表完成的狀況用完成時(shí)媳叨；表進(jìn)行的狀況用進(jìn)行時(shí)。各that 都可省略

Ihope (that) he is safe.

Ihope he will beback.

I hope they are having a good time.

I hope they have finished the work.

13.I hope與祈使句的關(guān)系：I hope接that從句時(shí)关顷，句中可使用助動(dòng)詞may糊秆，形成祈使句，此時(shí)將I hope that刪掉议双，再將may置于that從句的主語(yǔ)之前痘番，動(dòng)詞仍用原形，改句號(hào)為感嘆號(hào)平痰。

I hope that he may live long.→May he live long!

I hope you may pass the exam.→May you pass the exam!

注意：①上述結(jié)構(gòu)變化中汞舱，以God為主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省略may宗雇。例如：

I hope God may bless you.→May God bless you!→God bless you!

②表君主萬(wàn)歲時(shí)昂芜，可倒裝：

I hope the king may live long.→May the king live long!→ long live the king!

14wish&hope的異同：

14.1.相同點(diǎn)：

①均可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。

Iwish to travel abroad.=I hope to travel abroad.

②都可作不及物動(dòng)詞赔蒲，與介詞for連用泌神，表“期望獲得”之意，以名詞作for賓語(yǔ)舞虱。

I wish for a chance to try it.

14.2.不同之處：表“祝富都剩”時(shí)，只能用wish矾兜，之后接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)（類(lèi)似授予動(dòng)詞）

I wish you a good time.=I hope (that) you (may)have a good time.

I wish my parents longevity.=I hope (that) my parents can live long.

15.對(duì)過(guò)去事物猜測(cè)的三種句型：

①must have+p.p.一定曾經(jīng)……h(huán)e is learned,he must have recieved a good education.

②may have+p.p.可能曾經(jīng)……h(huán)e may have atayed up late last night.

③從cannot have+p.p.不可能曾經(jīng)……h(huán)e is honest,he cannot have stolen her money.

④表猜測(cè)的結(jié)構(gòu)為疑問(wèn)句時(shí)损趋，要用Can…h(huán)ave…?句型之Can he have done it?

16.didn't need to do和need not have done的區(qū)別：

didn't need to V是表過(guò)去的事實(shí)，即“不必……”同時(shí)也沒(méi)有如此做椅寺；但need not have +p.p.表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣浑槽，乃“本不必……但做了”

I had enough money,Ididn't needborrow any from him.（事實(shí)是沒(méi)借錢(qián)）

Since you have enough money,you needn't have borrowedmoney from me.Whydid you still borrow some?（事實(shí)是借錢(qián)了）

17.意志動(dòng)詞：有“建議”、“要求”返帕、“規(guī)定”桐玻、“命令”、“主張”五大類(lèi)溉旋。之后用that從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)從句中用助動(dòng)詞should且should可省略畸冲。

建議：Suggest,advise,recommend,propose,yrge（呼吁）move（提議）

要求：ask,require,desire,demand,request,insist（堅(jiān)持要求）

命令：order.command

規(guī)定：stipulate,rule,regulate

主張：advocate,maintain

18.suggest.insist.maintain的另類(lèi)用法：

Suggest表“暗示”insist表“堅(jiān)信”,maintain表“堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為”時(shí)，其后的that從句采用一般時(shí)態(tài)观腊。

19.insist on+動(dòng)名詞邑闲，堅(jiān)決要……

He insisted on doing it that way.

注意insist on doing和persist in doing的區(qū)別是：insist on doing含有固執(zhí)的意味；persist in doing含有能力堅(jiān)持梧油，不輕易放棄的意思苫耸。

20.表“有必要的”形容詞與that從句的關(guān)系：該從句用助動(dòng)詞須用should，且可省略儡陨。

該類(lèi)形容詞有八個(gè)：necessary,important,esential,imperative,urgent,desirable,recommendable,advisable褪子。

21.that從句作同位語(yǔ)：

That從句若是位于意志動(dòng)詞變形的名詞之后，與該名詞形成同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系時(shí)骗村，從句中的should可省略嫌褪。

It is my suggestion that he (should) study abroad.