第一章句子的形成：

概說(shuō)1任一句子定由主語(yǔ)（subject.S）和動(dòng)詞(verb.V)形成。

2有時(shí)主語(yǔ)可以省略，形成祈使句如：Work hard＝(you should) work hard.

3祈使句變否定形式片林，在動(dòng)詞原形前加Don't.

例:Don't be silly.（別傻了）Don't fool around.（別游手好閑）

第一節(jié)可作主語(yǔ)的詞類包括：名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞码荔、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞短語(yǔ)感挥、名詞性從句缩搅、表的距離的地點(diǎn)副詞短語(yǔ)等

1.名詞(n.noun)

The ?tulip is purple.

2.代詞(pron.pronoun)

She uses her charm to manipulate people.

3.動(dòng)名詞（verbal noun)

Wasting your time is stupid.

4.動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)(infinitive phrase)

To read ? books is the purpose of learning more knowledge.

用it做形式主語(yǔ)

It makes me calm to listen to light music .

*固定搭配it ?is no use＋~ing

＝it ?is useless＋to do

＝it is of no use＋to do

It ?is no use crying over spilt milk.（覆水難收）

5.名詞性從句（nominal clauses）三種：

5.1That從句，任何以主語(yǔ)起首的句子冠以that即成that從句触幼。

5.2whether從句一般疑問(wèn)句冠以whether且將主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞位置還原為陳述句順序硼瓣，例如：Is she ugly?→Whether she is ugly.或did he come?→Whether he came.

5.3疑問(wèn)詞從句由6w,1h(who,what,why,which,when,where,how)引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，動(dòng)詞還原到主語(yǔ)之后置谦。

例：what are you doing?→what you are doing.

When did he come?→when he came.

Where did she see him?→where she saw him.

Who are you?→who you are.

Why did he write the article?→why he wrote the article.

Which did they choose?which they chose.

Which was bought?→which was bought.

How can we get more money?→how we can get more money.

5.4名詞性從句的功用：名詞性從句是由陳述句和疑問(wèn)句變化而成和動(dòng)名詞或不定式短語(yǔ)一樣堂鲤，也可被視為名詞，故可作主語(yǔ)媒峡、賓語(yǔ)或中be動(dòng)詞之后做表語(yǔ)筑累。

5.4.1名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)That honesty is the best policy （名詞性從句主語(yǔ)）is a ?proverb(which)we should always keep in mind（定語(yǔ)從句）。

上句主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)可變形為It is a proverb(which) we should always keep in mind that honesty is the best pilicy.

5.4.2名詞性從句作及物動(dòng)詞（transitive verb vt.）賓語(yǔ)（object）

例：I know that he will go aboard in the near future.

They didn't care how i would deal with the tact.

He wonders whether she has completed the object.

5.4.3名詞性從句作介詞（preposition prep. ）賓語(yǔ)（object）

5.4.3.1不能接that從句丝蹭，只可用whether從句和疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句慢宗。

I am worried about whether he can catch the train in time.

He remains curious about why she neglects him.

I wonder about ?what happened.

Don't break in when he is ?telling the story.

5.4.3.2the fact that遇介詞后，非得用that從句時(shí)奔穿，在介詞后加the fact作介賓镜沽，接that從句作the fact的同位語(yǔ)。

I'm sure of the fact that he went out in the second round ?of the tounament.

5.4.3.3習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)in that和except that及notwithstanding that

He is talented in that he can speak eight different languages.＝He is talented ?because he can speak eight different languages.

He is nice except that sometimes he lies

Notwithstanding that she is nice,I don't like her.＝Despite the fact that she is nice,I don't like her.＝In spite of the fact that she is nice,I don't like her.

5.5名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)由疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式短語(yǔ)形成

5.5.1疑問(wèn)副詞where,when,how,whether

When to meet ?them is the question which we have to consider＝when we should meet them is the question ?we have to consider.

Where to redeem the coupon was appointed＝where we should redeem the coupon was appointed.

Whether to divorce ?annoys me＝whether we should divorce annoys me.

How to increase our profit is the point of the conference.

5.5.2疑問(wèn)代詞what whom

What to do was wroten in the brochure.＝what we should do was wroten in the brochure.

Whom to see is ?a mystery.＝whom we should see is a mystery.

Which to annul is apuzzl.＝which we should annul is a puzzl.

5.6地點(diǎn)副詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)from＋地點(diǎn)名詞＋to＋地點(diǎn)名詞與單數(shù)be動(dòng)詞連用

From Beijing to Moscow is about 7000 kilometers.＝It is 7000 kilometers from ?Moscow to Beijing.

第二節(jié) 動(dòng)詞的種類及用法

1.動(dòng)詞分為五大類

1.1完全不及物動(dòng)詞（complete intransitive verb 簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)c.vi.）

1.2不完全不及物動(dòng)詞（incomplete intransitive verb簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)i.vi.）

1.3完全及物動(dòng)詞（complete transitive verb簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)c.vt.）

1.4不完全及物動(dòng)詞（incomplete transitive verb簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)i.vt.）

1.5授予動(dòng)詞（dative verb簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)d.v.）

2.如何判斷是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞

我_____他（主動(dòng)）贱田；他被我_______（被動(dòng)）在上列空格中放入一個(gè)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞缅茉，譯成中文后意思都沒(méi)毛病則是及物動(dòng)詞，否則是不及物動(dòng)詞男摧。例如see我看到他蔬墩；他被我看到.意思沒(méi)毛病译打，所以see是及物動(dòng)詞，再如:dance我跳舞他拇颅，他被我跳舞所以dance是不及物動(dòng)詞奏司。上列公式中賓語(yǔ)可任意替換以符合文意，如I climbed the wall;The wall was climbed by me.可見(jiàn)climb是及物動(dòng)詞樟插。

3.兼作及物和不及物的動(dòng)詞韵洋，有些動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)意思，套用上法可判斷區(qū)別其具體情況的語(yǔ)意

Sing 唱歌vi. 唱（一首歌）vt.

Run 經(jīng)營(yíng)（企業(yè)）vt. 跑步vi.

Study研究（問(wèn)題）vt. ?學(xué)習(xí)vi.

Kill殺死（人或物）vt. ?殺戮vi.

4.不及物動(dòng)詞變及物動(dòng)詞黄锤，用同系名詞作賓語(yǔ)

Dream your dream;live a happy life;smile a bright smile;laugh a hearty laugh;sigh a deep sigh;sleep asound sleep

5完全不及物動(dòng)詞即意思完全的不及物動(dòng)詞搪缨，其單獨(dú)在主語(yǔ)后，意思就很完全鸵熟，之后不需要加名詞或形容詞補(bǔ)充其意思的不足副编。例如：he laughed.

5.1完全不及物動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)的形態(tài)

主語(yǔ)（S.）＋完全不及物動(dòng)詞（c.vi.）

Something is happening.

He died.

5.2.完全不及物動(dòng)詞后可接副詞（adverb簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)adv.）或副詞對(duì)等語(yǔ)（如狀語(yǔ)從句等），以修飾該動(dòng)詞流强。

He dided in an accident.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）

She left because she didn't want to hear noise.（原因狀語(yǔ)）

He study hard.（副詞,努力地痹届，hard修飾完全不及物動(dòng)詞，學(xué)習(xí)煮盼，study）

6.不完全不及物動(dòng)詞incomplete intransitive verb即系動(dòng)詞短纵，自身意思不完全，所以無(wú)法單獨(dú)存在僵控，之后需要有名詞香到、形容詞或名詞對(duì)等語(yǔ)（如代詞、動(dòng)名詞报破，不定式悠就，名詞性從句名詞短語(yǔ)等）作表語(yǔ)（subjective complement 簡(jiǎn)稱s.c.）以補(bǔ)充意思的不足。

You are a good ?student.

My trouble is that ?i have no money.

She became happy.

6.1完全不及物動(dòng)詞的種類（6種）及其表語(yǔ)的用法

6.1.1be動(dòng)詞之后可用名詞（含名詞對(duì)等語(yǔ)）或形容詞（含作形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞充易、過(guò)去分詞梗脾、介詞短語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)副詞或地點(diǎn)副詞短語(yǔ)等）作表語(yǔ)盹靴。用名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)be譯為是炸茧；用形容詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)be不用譯；用地點(diǎn)副詞和地點(diǎn)副詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)be譯成在稿静。be之后的11種表語(yǔ)：

①名詞He is a great hero.

②名詞性從句The problem is whether he can join us.

③名詞短語(yǔ)The question is when to set out.

④作名詞的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)My hobby is collecting stamps.

⑤作名詞的不定式短語(yǔ)My purpose here is to see her.

⑥形容詞she is beautiful.

⑦作形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞The story is interesting.

⑧作形容詞的過(guò)去分詞I am interested in the story.

⑨昨形容詞的介詞短語(yǔ)The book is of great value.

⑩地點(diǎn)副詞They are upstairs.

11地點(diǎn)副詞短語(yǔ)she is in danger.

They are at home.

注意be動(dòng)詞 后面的現(xiàn)在分詞有倆種詞性梭冠，一種是作形容詞譯作……的，另一種是動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞譯作正在……改备；be動(dòng)詞之后的過(guò)去分詞也有兩種詞性控漠，一種是形容詞譯作感到……的，另一種是及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)譯作被……

The man is tired.譯作這人感到很累。（形容詞作表語(yǔ)）

例：

The man was killed.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）若譯作這人感到很殺盐捷，則語(yǔ)意不通偶翅，所以是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，應(yīng)譯作這人被殺了碉渡。

現(xiàn)在分詞：be后和主語(yǔ)不能互換He is washing the car.他正在洗車聚谁。

動(dòng)名詞:be后和主語(yǔ)可互換位置His job is washing ?the car.他的工作是洗車washing the car is his job.洗車是他的工作。

6.1.2become變成（可用任何名詞爆价、形容詞和可作形容詞用的現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞）作表語(yǔ)垦巴。

例：He became furious.

You will become a prudent student if you study intently.

She is becoming more more charming.

After failing,he became depressed.

6.1.3turn（變成）通常只用形容詞作表語(yǔ)媳搪，而且能用的形容詞多與顏色和情緒有關(guān)铭段。

例：

His face turned pale when he heard the news.

The leaves are turning yellow.

His face turned red with shame when heviewed the scene.

注意：turn可用以表示轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)，通常與名詞連用秦爆，形成復(fù)合形容詞序愚。

Jack is a soldier-turned ?farmer.（軍人轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)的）。

6.1.4.get（變成）通常用表生氣或激動(dòng)的形容詞作表語(yǔ)等限，其它形容詞宜用become.

He got mad.

She became beautiful.

Things have become good.

注意：

①若get用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)中爸吮，之后可接任何形容詞的比較級(jí)形態(tài)作表語(yǔ)，即:be getting more and more ＋adjective.

例：

She is getting more and more beautiful.

Things are getting better and better.

②被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)get＋p.p.（過(guò)去分詞）＝be＋p.p.(past participle）

例：

If you are not careful,you'llget hurt.＝If you are ?careless,you'll be hurt.

6.1.5.seem＝appear（似乎）后接不定式作表語(yǔ)he seems to know it.

但在seem to be＋名詞/形容詞望门，結(jié)構(gòu)中形娇，可省略to be直接用名詞/形容詞作表語(yǔ)

He seems ?to be happy.＝He seems happy.

6.1.6五感動(dòng)詞一律譯成“……起來(lái)”，之后一律用形容詞（或可作形容詞用的分詞）作表語(yǔ)筹误。

Look,sound,smell,taste,feel（看桐早，聽(tīng)，聞厨剪，嘗哄酝，感覺(jué)）起來(lái)＋形容詞。

例：

His idea sounds funny.

It looks interesting.

The soup smells nice.

The cake tastes delicious.

The stone felt rough.

注意：①感官動(dòng)詞后不可用名詞作表語(yǔ)祷膳，需要與名詞連用時(shí)須加介詞like陶衅，再接名詞作介賓。

例：It sounds like a good idea.

That material feels like silk.

That tastes like fish.

②feel like＋名詞直晨，譯作：感覺(jué)像……搀军；when mary said she would mary me,I felt like a newborn baby.

Feel like＋動(dòng)名詞，譯作：想要……勇皇。I ?feel like taking a walk.＝I would like to take a walk.

③feel,taste,smell也可當(dāng)完全及物動(dòng)詞罩句，可用名詞作賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)應(yīng)翻譯為：feel（摸）taste（嘗）smell（聞）＋名詞儒士。

The doctor felt my ?forehead and said i had a fever.

Don't taste that food;it has spoiled.

He smelled something burning.

④look與介詞連用時(shí)的止，形成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，可視作及物動(dòng)詞着撩。

例：look into＝investigate調(diào)查;

Look over＝examine檢查诅福；

Look at＝watch看匾委；

此時(shí)就要用副詞修飾這些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞了。

例：He looked into the case carefully.

副詞也常會(huì)置于look和介詞之間氓润。

例：

She looked happily at me.

He looked carefully into the case.

7.不完全不及物動(dòng)詞的重要短語(yǔ)

Fall ill（fall表變成赂乐，ill形容詞）

Tom fell ill and couldn't attend school today.湯姆今天病了不能上學(xué)了。

Fall asleep.睡著了

Provision ran short.糧食不夠了咖气。

Idon't know how he came to be so popular.

此處came to be相當(dāng)于gradually became逐漸變成挨措。

The document proved to be a forgery.這文件顯現(xiàn)出是個(gè)偽造品（此處prove作系動(dòng)詞用后接表語(yǔ)）

8.完全及物動(dòng)詞就是加了賓語(yǔ)后意思完全的動(dòng)詞，有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)兩個(gè)語(yǔ)態(tài)崩溪。在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中句型為：主語(yǔ)（subject）＋vt.＋賓語(yǔ)（object）

9.完全及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)：共計(jì)有名詞浅役、代詞、動(dòng)名詞伶唯、不定式觉既、名詞性從句及名詞短語(yǔ)。

9.1名詞作及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)

Hdidn't buy the bike.

I9.2代詞作及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)代詞要用賓格me them him her乳幸。

I don't like John.In fact,I hate him.

9.3.不定式作及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)

這些動(dòng)詞皆含有表示某種愿望瞪讼，企圖的意思。如：want（想要）disire（想要）hope（希望）等

I want ?to go home.

I ?hope to have my own house.

I desire to see her again.

9.4.動(dòng)名詞作及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)并非所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)粹断。常見(jiàn)的有：

sshe considered studying aboard.

I once imagined going on a date with her.

Ican't fancy getting along with them.

He risked doing it.

I avoided hearing it again.

He escaped being killed in the accident.

They suggested postponing the convention.

I recommended being on the lookout for idioms.

I enjoy playing a video game.

He resents working overtime.

She practiced playing the cello.

He stoped smoking.

You must quit smoking.most important of all,you should start taking exercise.

Resist＋V-ing抗拒……I couldn't resist having some more ice cream.我忍不住要再吃些冰激凌符欠。我不能抗拒再吃些冰激凌。

Refuse toV拒絕……I refuse to do it.我拒絕去做此事

Expect to V＝anticipate V-ing期望……

Stop V-ing＝quit V-ing＝cease to V＝cease V-ing不再……

He stoped writing after he got maried.

He decided to quit smoking.

They cease working at exactly5:00p.m.＝They cease to woek at exactly 5:00p.m .

Stop to V停下來(lái)去……瓶埋。He stoped to talk to me when he saw me.

特：continue start begin like love hate可用動(dòng)名詞也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)希柿，意思不變。

He continued trying his luck at the casino.

They started to build the bridge.

He love listening music.

9.5.名詞性從句作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)that從句悬赏，whether從句和疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句狡汉。

9.5.1.that從句作及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，連詞that通趁銎模可省略盾戴。

They feel(that)it is impossible to win the game.

He think(that)the book is worth reading.

9.5.2.whether從句作及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句連詞whether可用if替代兵多，但whether從句作主語(yǔ)和介賓以及be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)時(shí)尖啡，不能用if替換。

I don'tknow whether the typhoon will come＝I don't know if the typhoon will come.

I doubt whether the man is competent enough to handle it.＝I doubt if the man is competent enough to handle it.

10.不完全及物動(dòng)詞此類及物動(dòng)詞加了賓語(yǔ)后意思不完全剩膘，需要加上補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）以補(bǔ)全意思之不足衅斩。例如：make作“制造”或“做”之意解時(shí)，為完全及物動(dòng)詞怠褐；若當(dāng)“使”或“叫”之意解時(shí)畏梆，則為不完全及物動(dòng)詞。he made mary.意思不完全，需要補(bǔ)全奠涌。he made mary happy.他使馬麗幸福宪巨。形容詞happy作為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（objective complement），以使句意完全溜畅。不完全及物動(dòng)詞的分類及用法歸納如下：

10.1役使動(dòng)詞

10.1.1叫……(have,make)＋賓語(yǔ)＋原形動(dòng)詞（作賓補(bǔ)）捏卓。I made him wash ?dishes.

Ihad Tom report to me.

注意：

a)get也可表“叫……”之意，但只能用不定式作賓補(bǔ)慈格。I got him to drive the car.

b)make也可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)怠晴，have和get只能用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。I made him wash the car→He was made to wash the car.（變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)浴捆，原形動(dòng)詞要變成不定式）蒜田。

10.1.2.let讓……句型為:

a)let＋賓語(yǔ)＋原形動(dòng)詞（作賓補(bǔ)）。I let her try it.

b)let＋賓語(yǔ)＋作副詞用的介詞（in,out,down）

He let me in.

Don't let him out.

This performance let me down.這表演讓我失望汤功。

10.1.3強(qiáng)迫/要求/慫恿/催促……此類動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋不定式（作賓補(bǔ)）

I forced him to recite the text.

Iasked her to type the document.

I encouraged him to learn more about chess.

They compelled me to read the book against my will.

He told me to finish the work by eleven.

此類動(dòng)詞還有許多如Push/seduce/entice/expect/want等＋one＋to……此類動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)仍用不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)物邑。

10.1.4make使……成為溜哮，句型為make＋one＋名詞/形容詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

The trip made her happy.

His teacher made him a excellent scholar.

10.2.知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞

See,observe,watch,notic,look at,hear,listen to,feel此類動(dòng)詞可用作完全及物動(dòng)詞滔金，加上賓語(yǔ)后無(wú)需再加補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

He felt a pain in his back.

I was listening to music.

Did you see them?

注意：a)此類動(dòng)詞也可作不完全及物動(dòng)詞茂嗓，另加補(bǔ)語(yǔ)餐茵。譯作……，……了述吸。

Isaw him dance.我看見(jiàn)他跳舞了忿族。

b)用現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表進(jìn)行狀態(tài)，譯作“……正在……”蝌矛。

As i push the door open,i felt my legs trembling.

c)用過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)道批，表被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，譯作“……被……了”入撒。

Isaw him lifted.我看見(jiàn)他被掉起來(lái)了隆豹。

I notice the window closed.我注意到窗戶被關(guān)上了。

10.3.任命動(dòng)詞此類動(dòng)詞多表選舉茅逮、指派之意璃赡，其賓語(yǔ)后直接表職位的名詞，通常該名詞前省略冠詞献雅。常見(jiàn)的有：elect,assign,apoint,

We elect him chairman of the commitee.

The colonel assigned him platoon commander.

10.4.認(rèn)定動(dòng)詞此類動(dòng)詞均表“視……為……”之意碉考，用名詞或形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

10.4.1.與介詞連用

We regard\look upon\think of\see\view him as a genius.

Imistook the long-haired boy for a girl.

10.4.2.與to be連用

We consider\think\deem him to be a genius\ to be nice.

To be可省略而成

We consider\deem\think him ?a genius\nice.

注意：

a)一般介詞后只能用名詞挺身、代詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)

Iam sick of his rude attitude.

I'm sick of associating with him.

但表“視……為”的動(dòng)詞與as或for連用時(shí)侯谁，還可直接形容詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

I regard his behavior as inappropriate.

John works hard,so i take it granted that he will be successful.

b)Think,believe,find,deem,consider這五個(gè)動(dòng)詞作不完全及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，全都譯作“認(rèn)為……是……”不能直接不定式作賓語(yǔ)墙贱，一定要用it作形式賓語(yǔ)技扼，在it后接名詞或形容詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后，再接不定式（真正的賓語(yǔ)）嫩痰。

Ithink it fun to climb mountains.

I find it necessary to do the work.

Ibelieve ir worthwhile to study hard.

I deem it an honor to give this speech.

但這五個(gè)動(dòng)詞也可用作完全及物動(dòng)詞剿吻，那時(shí)要接that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，believe,find,think,deem,consider要譯作相信串纺，發(fā)現(xiàn)丽旅，認(rèn)為。

I think that it is interesting to climb moubtains.

I believe that it is worthwhile to study hard.

That引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)可省略that所以有

I think(that) it is interesting to climb mountains.及I think it interesting to climb mountains.兩句句型結(jié)構(gòu)不同（前者為完全及物動(dòng)詞纺棺，后者為不完全及物動(dòng)詞）榄笙，但語(yǔ)意完全相同。

c)make作不完全及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)譯作“使……成為……”其不能直接不定式祷蝌，要加形式賓語(yǔ)it后跟補(bǔ)語(yǔ)再接不定式茅撞。

I made it arule to get up early.

Working hard made it possible for him to win the honour.

d)find believe think deem consider這五詞作不完全及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，也不得直接that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)巨朦，一定要用形式賓語(yǔ)it取代米丘。

I find it wonderful that he sings so well.

The difficulty of the job made it necessary that he should do it with care.

I believe it essential that he should work hard.

e)轉(zhuǎn)變動(dòng)詞此類動(dòng)詞均表“使……變成……”之意，常用的有change和turn兩個(gè)糊啡，通常要與into連用拄查。

The expereience turned\changed him into an excellent ?scholar.

f)其它重要的不完全及物動(dòng)詞：set,paint,cry,strike,render,drive,call,name,leave,keep,want,help

I set her free.

I painted thwall white.

The sight struck him dumb.

The baby cried itself to sleep.

Their assistance will render success certain.

The misfortune nearly drove him mad.

He named thebaby Lucy.

We called him a liar.

Dn't leave the door open.

You must keep yourteeth clean.

I want the job done bo later than five.

Help me(to)find my key.

11授予動(dòng)詞（dative verb)為及物動(dòng)詞的一種，只是接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)棚蓄。第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)叫間接賓語(yǔ)(indirect object簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)i.o.)表授予的對(duì)象堕扶；第二個(gè)叫直接賓語(yǔ)(direct object簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)d.o.)表授予的東西。

例：

I will give you the watch.

Please lend me your book.

I bought him a iphone.

Iasked him a question.

上述結(jié)構(gòu)中梭依，you,me,him均為間接賓語(yǔ)稍算。

12.直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)倒置原則

12.1有給予的概念的用to

I gave th book to him.

I send the letter to him.

I told the details to him.

I taught English to them.

12.2.表“代勞”概念的用for

I made a desk for him.

12.3.表“從……中”概念的，用of

I asked a question of him.凡表“要求”的動(dòng)詞皆如此役拴。

Ididn't expect much of him.

She required nothing of me.

He demanded little of me.

注意：expect,require,demand不得像ask一樣將間接賓語(yǔ)置于直接賓語(yǔ)之前糊探。

13.與of連用的授予動(dòng)詞不同的是此處of之后是表東西的名詞為賓語(yǔ)，而不是表對(duì)象的賓語(yǔ)扎狱。

13.1.rob搶奪

He robbed me of my money.

13.2.deprive剝奪（權(quán)利）

The court deprived him ?of all his civil ?right.

13.3.relieve解除（職務(wù)侧到、指揮權(quán)等）

The captain relieved the platoon leader of his command.

13.4.rid解除、擺脫

I ?can not rid myself of the painful memory.=Ican not get rid of ?the painful memory

I'll get rid of those chores（表動(dòng)作）要擺脫

I'm glad to be rid of those chores.（表狀態(tài)）已擺脫淤击。

13.5.break戒除

Youshould break\rid yourself of the bad habit of smoking.

13.6.cure治愈

The doctor cured him of ?his disease=the doctor cured his disease.

14表提供的授予動(dòng)詞

有Provid apply offer furnish present等匠抗。除offer以外，其余的詞要與介詞我with 連用

He offered me all ?i needed=He provided me with all i needed.=he supplied me with all i needed=He furnished me with all i needed.=He offered all i needed to me=He provided all i needed for me.

Offer也有表“愿意污抬、主動(dòng)提議”時(shí)汞贸，接不定式作賓語(yǔ)绳军。He heard my situation,he offered to help me.

Present贈(zèng)予的用法與provide相似，不同的是間接賓語(yǔ)在句尾時(shí)要用介詞to相連矢腻。

He present a watch to me.

Explain,introduce,propose,recommend,express這些動(dòng)詞都將間接賓語(yǔ)置于句尾门驾，并用to連接。

He explained the reason to me.

He introduced th girl to me.

He recommended th method to me.

He proposed a motion to the commitee.

特：I took apicture of him.照片中有他用of;

I took apicture for him.目的是為了給他多柑，照片中不一定有他奶是。

第三節(jié)總結(jié)

1.陳述句五大句型從動(dòng)詞的五種分類（c.vi.;i.vi. ;c.vt.;i.vt.d.v.）演繹成五大句型：

第一句型：主語(yǔ)＋完全不及物動(dòng)詞：

He fained.

He slept.

主語(yǔ)＋完全不及物動(dòng)詞＋副詞

He went away.

He went to the station（介詞短語(yǔ)作副詞用）

第二句型：主語(yǔ)＋不完全不及物動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)

He looks happy.

第三句型：主語(yǔ)＋完全及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)

He ate it.

He wants to do it.（不定式作意愿動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)）

He knows( that) she is wrong.（that名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)）

I wonder whether he'll come.（whether名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)）

They ?enjoy dancing.（動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)）

I don't know how to do it.名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)

第四句型：主語(yǔ)＋不完全及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓補(bǔ)

He made me happy.

We elect him chairman.

第五句型：主語(yǔ)＋授予動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ)

Igave him a book.

2.祈使句、感嘆句竣灌、問(wèn)句：

2.1祈使句就是把主語(yǔ)you和助動(dòng)詞should或must省略的句子聂沙。此類句型以動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭，可視語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)弱用感嘆號(hào)初嘹。

第一句型：

肯定型you must run now→Run!

否定型don't run!

第二句型：

肯定型you must be quiet now!→Be quiet!（安靜!）

否定型Don't be quiet!（別不吭聲!）

第三句型you must open the door now.→Open the door!

否定型Don't open the door!

第四句型：

You should make him do it.→Make him do it!

否定型Don't make him do it.

第五句型

肯定型you must send him a letter.→Send him a letter.

否定型Don'tsend him any letter.

Don't try it=Never try it

2.2.感嘆句均由how或what引導(dǎo)句型如下

2.2.1what+n.+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞……!

What a beautiful car he has!

2.2.2.how+adj.或adv.+主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞……!

How ?hard he studied!

How great a man he is!=How a great man he is!在how+adj.后只可跟單數(shù)名詞及汉，不可跟復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。但是how之后可接many,much,little,few之類的數(shù)量形容詞屯烦，再接復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞坷随。

How many students there is in the classroom!

How few friend he has!

How much money he has made!

How little time is left!

2.3疑問(wèn)句分為一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句。

2.3.1.一般疑問(wèn)句皆可用yes/no回答驻龟，由陳述句變化而成温眉，方法如下：

a)有be動(dòng)詞的將be動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前，句尾加?號(hào)即成迅脐。

AAb)句中有助動(dòng)詞如：can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,musthave（has had）等芍殖，將該助動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)前。

c)句中若無(wú)助動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞谴蔑，僅有一般動(dòng)詞，先按照時(shí)態(tài)和主語(yǔ)人稱之不同龟梦，這在句首加do does或did并將主語(yǔ)之后的動(dòng)詞一律改為原形動(dòng)詞隐锭。

2.3.2.特殊疑問(wèn)句以疑問(wèn)詞（who whom what why which when where how）引導(dǎo)，不可用yes/no回答计贰。形成方法：選定要問(wèn)的問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)詞后跟一般疑問(wèn)句型钦睡。