總綱：英語的復雜歸根結(jié)底是修飾成分的復雜孟岛。
定語
詞間的修飾
①形容詞
觀點類形容詞 — 個人主觀看法（good, bad, lovely, handsome）
描繪性形容詞 — 描述事物的特征的（形狀媒吗，新舊鸠按，顏色舍哄，國籍，材料）
排列順序：限（包含尺寸）稍刀、觀、形敞曹、齡账月、色、國澳迫、材
|縣-限定詞:? ? 尺寸:large small big
官-觀點: good bad beautiful
行-形狀: round square triangular
令-齡? 表示新舊: new old ancient
殺-色? 表示顏色
國-國? 表示國籍
才-才? 表示材質(zhì):wooden stone gold
栗子
一個中國古代著名的詩人捶障。A famous ancient Chinese poet。
一件很小的白色毛衣纲刀。a small white sweater.
一架棕色的英式舊鋼琴项炼。An old brown British piano.
那個女孩當時手里拿著一個小藍塑料瓶。The girl was carrying a small blue plastic bottle.
②介詞短語
桌子上的iPad? ? iPad on the table.
③名詞作定語
咖啡杯? ? ? coffee cup? ? ? ? ? ? ?路燈? ? ? street light
④動名詞做定語
賽車? ? racing car? ? ? ?開幕詞? ? opening speech
⑤不定式做定語（名詞+ to do）
我有一封要寫的信示绊。I have a letter to write.
我要一支能寫字的筆锭部。I need a pen to write with！（write with pen 而不是write pen面褐，所以要加with）
她有四個要照顧的孩子拌禾。She has four kids to take care of.
你得帶幾件換洗的衣服。You have to take some clothes to change.
⑥分詞作定語
現(xiàn)在分詞：主動進行展哭，正在發(fā)生湃窍。
過去分詞：被動進行，已經(jīng)完成
沸騰的水? ? Boiling water? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 開過的水boiled water
發(fā)展中國家? Developing country? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 發(fā)達的國家? Developed country? ?
來自艱難謀生維持家用的父親的信匪傍。? The letter from the father struggling to pay his bills.
用句子修飾 — 定語從句
兩大核心
先行詞：要進行修飾限定的詞（詞“名詞您市，he, that/those, one”）
關系詞
關系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that——代詞：代替先行詞作成分
關系副詞：where, when, why——連詞，連接主句和從句
栗子
I have a crush on that girl.? ? The girl is wearing a pair of sunglasses.合并： I have a crush on that girl who is wearing a pair of sunglasses.
A rich person is not the one who has the most but is the one who need the least.一個真正富有的人不是擁有的多役衡，而是需要的少茵休。
when引導定語從句，先行詞必須是表示時間的名詞（day手蝎，year榕莺，time等）且必須在從句中作狀語。
栗子1
I'll never forget the day when I met you.我不會忘記見到你的那天棵介。
拆分：I will never forget the day. I met you on that day.（on that day在句中作狀語钉鸯，相當于when）
=>I will never forget the day on which I met you.（which是關系代詞，相當于the day邮辽，所以用which 代替when時唠雕，需要加on贸营。
栗子2
I'll always remember the days which we spent together.我會一直記得我們在一起的日子。
拆分：I'll always remember the days.we spent the days together.（the days在這里作賓語及塘，所以不能用when莽使，只能用which，when是要作狀語的）
where引導定語從句笙僚，先行詞必須是表示地點的名詞（place芳肌， house等）且必須在從句中作狀語。
Is there any place where I can learn grammar?有我可以學習語法的地方嗎肋层？（where引導定語從句亿笤，修飾place，且在從句中作狀語）
This is the park which we talked about yesterday.這是我們昨天說過的那個公園栋猖。（which引導定語從句净薛，修飾park，且在從句中做賓語）
I don't want to be part of a world where being kind is a weakness.我不想成為善良是弱點的世界的一員蒲拉。（where引導定語從句肃拜，修飾world，且在從句中作狀語）
為什么有時關系詞前會有介詞雌团？
從句中的固定搭配（動詞燃领，形容詞）
The girl with whom you were talking is my cup of tea.（with是和動詞talk搭配的）talk with the girl，with可以放在后面和talk一起锦援，這樣是不算錯的猛蔽，但習慣用法是放在前面。
He is a best man on whom I think you can depend.（depend on）
That is a fact at which he is surprised.（be surprised at）
到底是用which灵寺，還是用that曼库？
1. 先行詞是all ，much略板，little 毁枯，few，the one等不定代詞蚯根『笾冢或是由no-，every-颅拦， some-，any- 組成的詞（如something教藻，nothing, everything）距帅，關系代詞一般只用that，不用which括堤。
All that glitters is not gold.? ? 發(fā)光的不一定都是金子碌秸。用的all做先行詞绍移，所以用that。
What he said has nothing that is useful.? ? 他沒說一句有用的讥电。先行詞是nothing蹂窖，所以用that。
2.先行詞前被any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little恩敌，序數(shù)詞瞬测，最高級，the last等修飾時纠炮，關系代詞一般只用that月趟，不用which。
It made me realize you're the best thing that happened to me…? （這件事讓我意識到你是發(fā)生在我身上最好的事情）先行詞thing被最高級best修飾恢口，關系代詞用that孝宗。
It is the only thing that will unite them.? 這是唯一能讓他們團結(jié)起來的事情。先行詞thing被only修飾耕肩，關系代詞用that因妇。
他是當時唯一在場的人。He is the only man that was present.? man前有only修飾猿诸，所以用that婚被。
You are the last person that I want to see。你是我最不想看到的人两芳。? person前有the last修飾摔寨，用that。
超級好用的as：用來代替整個主句怖辆，語義延展更廣是复。
栗子1：就像人們常說的，人工智能是把雙刃劍竖螃，既可以用于造福淑廊，也可以用來為害。
分析：①主句是“人工智能是把雙刃劍”特咆，②雙刃：two + edged季惩，數(shù)詞加名詞+ed構(gòu)成一個組合形容詞（分詞形容詞造詞法）。③既可以用于造福腻格，也可以用來為害? 是定語修飾雙刃劍画拾。④用來：be used to do/for。⑤可以造福菜职，可以為害青抛，同等地位用equally。
第一步：AI is a two-edged sword（weapon） which can be used equally for good or evil.
第二步：AI is a two-edged sword（weapon） which can be used equally for good or evil is so often pointed out.
第三步酬核，主語過長蜜另，用as代替适室。翻譯：As is so often pointed out, AI is a two-edged sword（weapon） which can be used equally for good or evil.
栗子2：如圖所示，愛是一盞燈举瑰，愈暗處捣辆，愈光明。
翻譯：As can be seen in the picture此迅，love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places汽畴。
分析：①主句：愛是一盞燈：love is a lamp。②愈暗處愈光明：光明：bright→比較級brighter邮屁；黑暗：dark→比較級darker整袁。which is brighter in darker places。③如圖所示→能被看到→can be seen in the picture佑吝。④用as代替love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places坐昙。
栗子3：這個電影因過于暴力而受到批評是正常的。
翻譯：As is very natural, the film was criticized for being too violent.
分析：①主句：電影受到批評是正常的芋忿，“因過于暴力”是原因狀語炸客。②The film was criticized for being too violent is normal.③用as代替主語。
As常用句：
as is well known? ? ? ? ? ? ? 眾所周知? ? ? ? ? ? as is often the case? ? ? ? 常常如此
as may be imagined? ? ? 可以想象的出? ? ? ?as often happens? ? ? ? ? ? 這種情況常常發(fā)生
as is hoped? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 正如所希望的? ? ? ?as is usual with sb? ?（某人）經(jīng)常如此/總是這樣
狀語：時間戈钢，地點痹仙，原因，結(jié)果殉了，方式开仰，頻率…
1.副詞做狀語
talk loudly? ,? walk slowly? ,? work hard
2.介詞詞組做狀語
①I live quite near my office. 表示地點
②He knows what will happen in the future. 表示時間
3.非謂語形式作狀語。不定式薪铜，分詞
①不定式作狀語
We'd better start early, so as to catch the train.（目的）為了趕火車众弓，我們最好早點出發(fā)。
To speak english well, you have to learn grammar well.（目的）為了說好英語隔箍，你就得把語法學好谓娃。
②分詞做狀語
That's the man sit down with me and our girls for dinner nearly every night，patiently answering Their questions about issues in the news蜒滩，and strategizing about middle school friendships.他至今仍每晚和我跟女兒一起吃晚餐滨达，耐心地回答他們關于新聞和時事的問題，為她們在學校交朋友的事兒出謀劃策俯艰。
4.狀語從句：用一整句話充當狀語 — 時間捡遍，地點，原因竹握，方式稽莉，讓步（退一步，哪怕涩搓，雖然污秆，倘若）…
本質(zhì)：表明分句之間的邏輯關系。
①地點：Where +陳述句：地點狀語從句：用一句話來表示狀語昧甘。
Now, stay exactly where you are.? —《神探夏洛克》
Go back where you came from.（Cold Mountain）從哪兒來良拼，回哪兒去!
Where there is love there is home.? 有愛的地方才是家。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成充边。
哪里有壓迫庸推，哪里就有反抗。Where there is oppression, there is resistance.
無風不起浪浇冰。Where there is smoke, there is fire贬媒。
只要有工廠的地方，空氣污染就會很嚴重肘习。Where there are factories, there will be air pollution. Air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
當你停止與人比較际乘，個性自然會顯現(xiàn)出來。Personality begins where comparison ends.? —Karl Lagerfeld
The final film begins where last wear's Avengers：Infinity war ended, when several beloved heroes appeared to turn to dust.最后一部電影以去年的《復仇者聯(lián)盟3：無限戰(zhàn)爭》結(jié)束的地方為開端漂佩，當時幾位深受觀眾喜愛的超級英雄幾乎都化為了灰燼脖含。
②目的：so that? ,? in order that? , so as to…
I turned down the TV in order that my mom could sleep well.（關掉：turn off；關型恫酢：turn down养葵；調(diào)大：turn up）為了讓媽媽睡好覺，我把電視聲音調(diào)小了瘩缆。
Planning is bringing the future into the present so that you can do something about it now.? —Alan Lakein計劃就是把未來帶到當下一遍关拒，你此刻展開行動。? —亞他·拉凱恩
③結(jié)果：so…that? , such…that
I was so late that I didn't get on the train.我起晚了庸娱，以至于沒趕上火車着绊。
雨太大了，根本走不動涌韩。It's raining so hard that we can hardly move forward.
④方式：as , like , as if , as though（用…方法畔柔，通過…方式）
I should have done as you said.我聽你的就好了。
他對待那個男孩就跟自己親兒子似的臣樱。He treats the boy as if the boy were his son.（as if：虛擬語氣靶擦。在虛擬語氣中，be動詞用were）
Work like you don't need money.? ? 去工作吧雇毫，猶如你不需要金錢玄捕。
Love like you've never been hurt.? ? 去愛吧，猶如你從未被傷害過棚放。
Dance like nobody's watching.? ? 去舞蹈吧枚粘，猶如無人在旁凝視。
Sing like nobody's listening.? ? 熱愛生活吧飘蚯，猶如這里是人間樂土馍迄。
⑤比較
（1）as +形容詞/副詞+ as:? ?否定句中第一個as可用so代替福也。
（2）than? ? 核心：同類事物才能比較。
I love you more than he does.我比他更愛你攀圈。（我愛你與他愛你作比較）
（3）倍數(shù)
1.倍數(shù)+比較級 結(jié)構(gòu)? ? A is three times bigger than B.? A是B的三倍
2.倍數(shù)+ as…as 結(jié)構(gòu)? ? A is three times as big as B.
3.倍數(shù)+名詞? ? 結(jié)構(gòu)? ? A is three times the size of B.
栗子1：這張桌子的長度是那個的三倍暴凑。
This table is three times longer than that one.
This table is three times as long as that one.
This table is three times the length of that one.
栗子2：這個手袋的價格是那個的三倍。
The handbag is exactly three times more expensive than that one赘来。
The handbag is exactly three times the price of that one.
（4）the more…现喳，the more…
注意：這里的比較級部分必須在各自的分句中充當一定的成分。
The more risk there is, the more profit there might be犬辰。風險越大嗦篱，收益越高。
The greater the struggle, the more glorious the triumph.? -Nick Vujicic奮斗越努力幌缝，勝利越輝煌灸促。
The more you own, the more it weighs you down？你擁有的越多狮腿，負累也就越重腿宰。（權(quán)利的游戲）
The more you learn, the less you fear.你學的越多，怕的越少缘厢。
⑥讓步：though, although, even though, even if. 此時主句前無but吃度，但可以有yet或still。
Although I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a very good time.雖然聚會上的人我一個也不認識贴硫，但我還是很高興的椿每。
It still won't work even if you kick it.就算你踢他也不好使。
虛實之間? enen if? ??? even though
even if：表決心英遭，虛擬? ? even though：實際
Even if it rains tomorrow间护，we won't change our plan.（假設會發(fā)生，是一種決心的表明）即使明天下雨挖诸，我們也不改變計劃汁尺。
He went out even though it was raining.（實際上真的發(fā)生了）盡管下著雨，但他還是出去了多律。
便縱有千種風情痴突，更與何人說？Even though I have many delicate feelings to share狼荞，who can I speak to辽装？
便作春江都是淚流不盡許多愁。Even if my tears turn into a stream in May, still it can't carry all my grief away.
⑦原因：because, as和since
because：引導的從句線的比主句重要相味，強調(diào)原因拾积。
since：引導的從句顯得次要，而主句重要，以說明將要做什么事拓巧。
因為免稅店排了好長的隊斯碌，我差點誤機。I almost missed my flight because there was a long queue in the duty-free shop.
我的朋友不喜歡我玲销，因為我太帥了输拇。（不說because，就沒人知道原因贤斜，感到好奇，強調(diào)主句重要）My friends don't like me because I'm too handsome.
既然你是英語專業(yè)的逛裤，我猜你可以幫助我翻譯這篇文章瘩绒。（雙方對這個原因多少知道點，用since带族，主句更重要）Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.
既然我們來了锁荔，我們就停下來看一看。We thought that since we are in the area, we'd stop by and have a look.
⑧時間
when? as? while? 終極分析
when? ?本義：? ?1. 當…時? ?2.正在那時蝙砌；突然
? ? ? ? ? ?動詞性質(zhì)：動詞性質(zhì) 延續(xù)性短暫性皆可
? ? ? ? ? ?動作時間：1.主句動作從句動作同時發(fā)生阳堕；2.先后發(fā)生
while? ? 本義：1.與…同時；2.在…期間
? ? ? ? ? ? ?動詞性質(zhì)：延續(xù)性
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 動作時間：同時發(fā)生
as? ? ? ? ? 本義：1.一邊…一邊择克；2.隨著恬总；3.當
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 動詞性質(zhì)：延續(xù)性短暫性皆可
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 動作時間：同時發(fā)生
栗子
1.I was sleeping when you telephone me.（長動作用進行，短動作用一般過去時）你打電話給我的時候肚邢，我正在睡覺壹堰。
2.Strike while the iron is hot.趁熱打鐵。
3.I will take care of this while the boss's away.在老板離開的這段時間骡湖，我全權(quán)負責贱纠。
4.I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我在路上走得時候，突然有人從后面拍了我的肩膀响蕴。（when suddenly：兩者都有突然的含義谆焊，放在一起，互相加持浦夷，起強化作用）
其他引導詞：whenever, by the time, next time, every time等
Whenever you say "I love you", mean it. whenever you say "I'm sorry"辖试，look the person right in the eyes.當你說“我愛你”的時候，要真誠军拟。當你說“對不起”的時候剃执，要看著對方的眼睛。
補語：對名詞成分進行補充
賓語補足語
1.不定式（to do）
Father will not allow us to play on the street.（如果沒有后面的不定式作補語懈息，句子的意思不完整肾档，所以需要補充）爸爸不讓我們在街上玩耍。
We believe him to be guilty.我們認為他有罪。
2.名詞
At the meeting we elected him monitor.在會議上怒见，我們選他做班長俗慈。
I think your brother a clever boy.我認為你的兄弟是個聰明的男孩。
3.形容詞
What you said made your mother angry.你說了什么讓你媽媽生氣了遣耍。
I found the classroom empty.我發(fā)現(xiàn)教室是空的闺阱。
4.現(xiàn)在分詞
We heard him singing in the hall.我們聽到他在大堂唱歌。
I find those students studying very hard.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這些學生學習特別用功舵变。
5.過去分詞
He saw his face reflected in the water.他看到他的臉倒影在水中酣溃。（注意：倒影 → reflected）
I heard it spoken of in the next room.我聽到隔壁有人提到它。
主語補足語：原本的賓語變成了主語纪隙，原本的賓補跟著賓語變成了主補赊豌。
I saw him playing basketball yesterday.賓補
He was seen playing basketball yesterday.主補
He was found dead in a berlin hotel room.（Captain America ：Civil War）
