原文來源:Yang K, Wen X, Sablok G. Method for the Large-Scale Identification of phasiRNAs in Brachypodium distachyon[M]//Brachypodium Genomics. Humana Press, New York, NY, 2018: 187-194.
Abstract
摘要簡單說了四個方面的內(nèi)容,第四點是全文的重點钦无。
- 小RNA的作用:轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控
- 小RNA的分類,產(chǎn)生過程
- 鑒定PHAS的策略:不同物種同源序列比對达皿;de novo(測序數(shù)據(jù)與參考基因組比對)
- 整理了一份分析流程
Key words
PHAS, phasiRNA, Hyper geometric distribution, Phasing score, Bioinformatics
1. Introduction
第一段
- 命名為phasiRNA天吓、trans-acting siRNAs的原因
- 舉例說明phasiRNA在植物配子形成過程贿肩,光敏雄性不育過程中具有調(diào)節(jié)作用
第二段
- phasiRNA和產(chǎn)生phasiRNA的基因座(PHAS基因座)的起源和分布在基因組上是均勻的
- 單擊/雙擊模式:phasiRNA生成過程需要一個或兩個miRNA來觸發(fā)
- 詳述了phasiRNA生成過程
2. Materials
- 小RNA序列的fasta文件
>SRR_1_x77275
TCGGACCAGGCTTCATTCCCC
- 參考基因組或轉(zhuǎn)錄組的fasta文件
- Perl, R, bowtie, and bowtie-build
3. Methods
3.1 建立參考基因組索引
bowtie-build genome.fa genome.fa
3.2 將小RNA序列比對到參考基因組
比對到基因組的小RNA的5'末端的坐標作為起始位置峦椰。考慮到小RNA雙鏈體的3'末端有2-nt的突出汰规,當(dāng)小RNA比對到反義鏈時汤功,需要額外加上2-nt的正偏移再來確定小RNA的起始位置。
大多數(shù)情況下溜哮,序列簡單滔金、比對到重復(fù)區(qū)域的那些reads應(yīng)該被舍棄,以減少背景噪音茂嗓。
bowtie -f -m 6 -v 0 -a -p 4 genome.fa smallRNA.fa smallRNA.bwt
這里補充一篇bowtie用法詳解的帖子餐茵,https://blog.csdn.net/soyabean555999/article/details/62236341。
3.3 Extracting Small RNA Hotspots
from Genome
該方法使用滑動窗口沿基因組滑動的方法來確定以特定相位模式產(chǎn)生小RNA的基因組區(qū)間述吸。
一個關(guān)鍵點是確定多遠的距離來區(qū)分:兩個小RNA reads的5'坐標是屬于一個hotspots還是屬于兩個不同的hotspots忿族。
這里的Hotspots應(yīng)該就是常說的cluster,簡單理解為基因組上能產(chǎn)生很多小RNA的小片段蝌矛。
3.4 Identifying Positive
Sliding Windows
3.4.1
以鑒定產(chǎn)生21-nt phasiRNA的區(qū)間為例道批。
將窗口設(shè)置為189-nt,移動步長為1入撒;以小RNA 5'的坐標為其位置隆豹。
在移動窗口的過程中,當(dāng)窗口左端與某一小RNA reads 5'的坐標重合時茅逮,選取該窗口為待分析窗口璃赡。將窗口內(nèi)基因組的每一個位置編號,按基因組位置坐標除以21的余數(shù)献雅,即1-21依次循環(huán)編號碉考。如圖所示。
小RNA reads比對定位之后惩琉,其位置如果具有相同的bin編號豆励,則可以說明,這些小RNA reads是通過相同的相位模式形成的瞒渠。
3.4.2 Filtering windows showing low possibility to generate small RNA in 21-nt manner
對于每一個窗口玖详,采用以下指標過濾:
- unique small RNAs的數(shù)量.
- unique 21-nt small RNAs的數(shù)量.
- PHAS register 1st occupied by 21-nt small RNAs的數(shù)量.
- Discarding those with only a few small RNAs mapped, those with low ratio of uniquely mapped 21-nt small RNAs, and those with low proportion of PHAS registers occupied by 21-nt small RNAs.
這里的“register 1st”理解為第一種bin編號透且,不一定就是1。
3.4.3 Filtering windows with high P-value:
3.5 Calculating Phasing Score
3.5.1 Merging positive sliding windows whose PHAS register 1st are the same as PHAS candidates
- Grouping positive sliding windows by their PHAS register 1st.
- Ordering positive sliding windows in the same group by their start coordinates.
- Checking start and end coordinates of the adjacent positive sliding windows to see if they have overlaps.
- Extending the positive window by taking the most left and right coordinates of overlapped adjacent windows until they don’t have overlaps anymore.
如果窗口的第一種bin編號相同則將窗口分為一組,再按窗口起始坐標排序凿菩,相鄰的窗口若有重疊則合并。
3.5.2 Filtering PHAS candidates with highest phasing score
對于每一個候選的PHAS位點讯檐,按照以下指標過濾:
- 21-nt small RNAs的數(shù)量.
- PHAS register 1st occupied by 21-nt small RNAs的數(shù)量.
- 21-nt small RNAs occupying PHAS register 1st的數(shù)量.
- Calculating phasing score of each coordinate with following formula.
- For PHAS candidates, each coordinate is regarded as the 95th position, which is the middle position of a sliding window. Its phasing score is calculated with the following formula.
- Discarding PHAS candidates whose highest phasing scores are small.
3.6 Extracting and Quantifying phasiRNAs from Identified PHAS
根據(jù)PHAS loci(起始和終止位置)和相位模式(phasiRNA長度為21哩照;每個phasiRNA左端位置對應(yīng)的bin編號已知)還能夠提取出phasiRNA序列丽旅。
如圖,
63,642,240-63,642,260
63,642,261-63,642,281
63,642,282-63,642,302
......
就是對應(yīng)的phasiRNA序列纺棺。