? ? ?在撰寫學術論文時蔼啦，作者常會借由定義關鍵詞或詞組榆纽，幫助讀者理解文章陳述的論點。關鍵詞對于文章的理解很重要捏肢，對于關鍵詞含義的錯誤理解奈籽，可能導致對論點或文章部分內容的錯誤理解。實際上鸵赫，對同一關鍵詞的不同解釋常常是造成研究者之間意見相左的主要原因衣屏。因此，在學術寫作中辩棒，作者務必留意可能存在的重要專有名詞的不同詮釋方式狼忱。
介紹定義的句型
1.It?is necessary here to clarify exactly what is meant by …
2.There?is a degree of uncertainty around the terminology in …
3.This?shows a need to be explicit about exactly what is meant by the word X.
4.X?is a term frequently used in the literature, but to date there is no consensus ?about …
一般意義或應用上的意義
1.The?term X refers to …
2.The?term X encompasses A), B), and C).
3.X?can be defined as … It encompasses …
4.X?can be loosely described as a correlation.
5.The?term X has come to be used to refer to …
6.The?term X is generally understood to mean …
7.The?term X has been applied to situations where students …
8.In?the literature, the term tends to be used to refer to …
9.The?broad use of the term X is sometimes equated with …
10.Whereas?X refers to the operations of …, Y refers to the …
11.The?term disease refers to a biological event characterized by …
12.The?term X is a relatively new name for a Y, commonly referred to…
13.In?broad biological terms, X can be defined as any stimulus that is …
14.Defined?as XYZ, obesity is now considered a worldwide epidemic and is associated with
指出專有名詞難以定義的原因
1.A?generally accepted definition of X is lacking.
2.Unfortunately,?X remains a poorly defined term.
3.The?term X embodies a multitude of concepts which …
4.A?further definition is given by Smith (1982) who describes …
5.In?the field of language teaching, various definitions of X are found.
6.Smith?(2001) identified four abilities that might be subsumed under the term X: a)…
7.Although?differences of opinion still exist, there appears to be some agreement that X?refers to …
8.X?is a commonly-used notion in language learning and yet it is a concept difficult?to define precisely.
指定專有名詞在文章或論文中的使用方式
1.The?term X will be used solely when referring to …
2.In?the present report, X was therefore defined in terms of …
3.In?this essay, the term X will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all?…
4.In?this paper, the term that will be used to describe this phenomenon is X.
5.In?this dissertation, the terms X and Y are used interchangeably to mean …
6.Throughout?this thesis, the term education is used to refer to informal systems as well as…
7.While?a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use?the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as …
用他人定義：著名作者
1.For?Smith (2001), fluency means/refers to …
2.Smith?(2001) uses the term ‘fluency’ to refer to …
3.Smith?(1954) was apparently the first to use the term …
4.The?term ‘fluency’ is used by Smith (2001) to refer to …
5.Macro-stabilization?policy is defined by Smith (2003: 119) as ‘… …’
6.This?definition is close to those of Smith (2012) and Jones (2013) who define X as…
7.In?1987, sports psychologist John Smith popularized the term ‘X’ to describe…
8.According?to a definition provided by Smith (2001:23), fluency is ‘the maximally …
9.Aristotle?defines the imagination as ‘the movement which results upon an actual?sensation.’
10.One?of the first people to define nursing was Florence Nightingale (1860), who?wrote: ‘… …’
11.Chomsky?writes that a grammar is a ‘device of some sort for producing the ….’ (1957,?p.11).
12.mith,?has shown that, as late as 1920, Jones was using the term ‘X’ to refer to?particular …
13.The?term ‘matter’ is used by Aristotle in four overlapping senses. First, it is the?underlying … Secondly, it is the potential which …
14.Smith?et al. (2002) have provided a new definition of health: ‘health is a state of?being with physical, cultural, psychological …’
引用他人定義：一般作者
Validity?is the degree to which an assessment process or device measures what it is?intended to measure (Smith et al., 1986).
