第一章 句子的形成
一、可作主語(yǔ)的詞類
1.名詞
2.代詞
He/ It……
3.動(dòng)名詞
表示已知的事實(shí)或曾經(jīng)做過(guò)的經(jīng)歷。Collecting stamps
4.不定式
表示一種意愿蓄愁、目的或未完成的事暮胧。To study abroad
1.主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)用代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)置于句首好唯,真正主語(yǔ)移至句尾鞋诗,動(dòng)名詞改為不定式。
2.少數(shù)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)移至句尾不變撕捍。
3.例外:It is no use+動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)=It is useless+不定式短語(yǔ)= It is of no use+不定式短語(yǔ)=There is no use/sense/point+in+動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)
5.名詞性從句(戴慧怡)
句子不能當(dāng)主語(yǔ)拿穴,一定要變成名詞性從句才能做主語(yǔ):
1.that 從句:任何一個(gè)主語(yǔ)起首的句子前面冠以that
2.whether從句
3.疑問(wèn)詞從句
由于名詞性從句具有名詞特性,可作主語(yǔ)忧风、賓語(yǔ)或者be動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ):
1.主語(yǔ)
2.及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)
3.介詞的賓語(yǔ)
1.僅能用whether從句或疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)
2.非要使用that從句:
- 介詞+the fact+that從句
- 保留介詞默色,不加the fact,除去that狮腿,that后的主語(yǔ)變成所有格腿宰,動(dòng)詞變成動(dòng)名詞
? ? ? ? ? a.助動(dòng)詞do呕诉、does、did去掉his not studying
? ? ? ? ? b. will或would去掉
? ? ? ? ? c. may改成be likely to吃度,can改成be able to
- 去掉介詞甩挫,把that從句放在形容詞后面
3.有時(shí)介詞之后可直接接that從句形成慣用語(yǔ):in that=because、except that椿每、notwithstanding that
6.名詞短語(yǔ)
疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)
- 疑問(wèn)副詞
- 疑問(wèn)代詞
7.表距離的地點(diǎn)副詞短語(yǔ)
二伊者、動(dòng)詞的種類及其用法
- 動(dòng)詞分為五大類:完全不及物動(dòng)詞、不完全及物動(dòng)詞间护、完全及無(wú)動(dòng)詞亦渗、不完全及物動(dòng)詞、授予動(dòng)詞(dative)汁尺,英語(yǔ)句型就是按此五大動(dòng)詞分類法精。
- 判斷完全不及物動(dòng)詞的方法:在空格中放入任何一個(gè)英文動(dòng)詞,翻譯成中文后如沒(méi)有毛病痴突,就是及物動(dòng)詞亿虽,否則就是不及物動(dòng)詞。
我__他苞也。(主動(dòng))
他被我__。(被動(dòng))
- 有一些動(dòng)詞既可以是及物動(dòng)詞又可以是不及物動(dòng)詞粘秆,depend on它表示的不同意思如迟。eg. sing、run攻走、study殷勘、kill
- 同一個(gè)詞既作動(dòng)詞又做賓語(yǔ):dream、live昔搂、smile玲销、laugh、sigh摘符、sleep?
- 完全及物動(dòng)詞:加了賓語(yǔ)之后意思才很完全的動(dòng)詞eg.kill?
- 完全不及物動(dòng)詞:不需要嘉賓與意思就很完全的動(dòng)詞eg.laugh
1. 完全及物動(dòng)詞
形態(tài)
a. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)eg. He wrote a book.
b. 主語(yǔ)+be+及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+賓語(yǔ)(表示某動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)狀態(tài)) * eg. He was writing a book.*
C.主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞(表示被動(dòng)的概念)eg. The book was written by him.
d. 主語(yǔ)+be+being+過(guò)去分詞(表示某動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)狀態(tài))eg. A book was being written by him.
之后可接名詞贤斜、代詞、不定式逛裤、動(dòng)名詞瘩绒、名詞性從句、名詞短語(yǔ)等带族,他們都有名詞詞性锁荔,亦可用作主語(yǔ)。
(1)名詞
(2)代詞
(3)不定式:表示某種愿望蝙砌、企圖之意阳堕,eg. want/hope/desire
(4)動(dòng)名詞:并非所有及物動(dòng)詞均可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)跋理,常以動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有consider、imagine恬总、fancy前普、risk、avoid越驻、escape汁政、suggest、recommend缀旁、enjoy记劈、resent、practice并巍、stop目木、quit、mind
resist V-ing 抗拒…
refuse to V 拒絕…
expect to V 期望…
anticipate V-ing
stop/quit/cease V-ing=cease to V 停止…
stop to V 停下來(lái)而去…
continue懊渡、start刽射、begin、like剃执、hate可用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)誓禁,意思不變
(5)名詞性從句(戴慧怡)
that從句that通常省略
whether從句whether可替換if,但若whether從句作主語(yǔ)肾档、介詞的賓語(yǔ)或be動(dòng)詞后的表語(yǔ)時(shí)不可替換if
(6)名詞短語(yǔ)
2.完全不及物動(dòng)詞
a. 主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞eg. Something happened.
b. 主語(yǔ)+be+不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(表示某動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài))eg. Something was happening.
可接副詞或副詞對(duì)等語(yǔ)如介詞短語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句等摹恰,以修飾該完全不及物動(dòng)詞。
eg. Something happened yesterday.
He died in an accident.
3.不完全不及物動(dòng)詞
意思不完全無(wú)法單獨(dú)存在怒见,之后要接名詞俗慈、形容詞或名詞對(duì)等語(yǔ)(代詞、動(dòng)名詞遣耍、不定式闺阱、名詞性從句、名詞短語(yǔ)等)以補(bǔ)充其意思的不足舵变,成為表語(yǔ)酣溃。
判斷方法:我_他。 他被我_纪隙。
無(wú)法套用救拉,但單獨(dú)使用語(yǔ)意不完全,要接補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)的就是不完全不及物動(dòng)詞瘫拣。
六大類
(1)be動(dòng)詞:之后可接名詞或形容詞共十一種詞作表語(yǔ)
名詞譯作“是”:名詞亿絮、名詞性從句、名詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞派昧、不定式黔姜、形容詞
形容詞不必譯出:adj的現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞蒂萎、介詞短語(yǔ)秆吵、地點(diǎn)副詞或地點(diǎn)副詞短語(yǔ)(譯作“在”)
現(xiàn)在分詞 V-ing
①作形容詞,譯成“….的”eg. charming迷人的
②作動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞五慈,譯成“正在….”eg. singing 正在唱歌
過(guò)去分詞 V-ed
①作形容詞纳寂,譯成“感到….的”,eg.tired泻拦,感到累的
②做及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)毙芜,譯成“被….”,不視為形容詞争拐,eg.killed腋粥,被殺
兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的判斷現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞的方法
方法一:V-ing之前的be動(dòng)詞譯成“正在”,該動(dòng)詞就是現(xiàn)在分詞架曹,譯成“是”隘冲,則為動(dòng)名詞;
方法二:be動(dòng)詞后的V-ing可與主語(yǔ)互換則為動(dòng)名詞绑雄,不能互換則為現(xiàn)在分詞展辞;
(3)turn:只用形容詞作表語(yǔ),多與顏色或情緒有關(guān)eg. His face turned red with anger when he saw Mary. The leaves were turning yellow.
turn 可表示轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)万牺,與名詞連用纵竖,形成復(fù)合詞作形容詞用eg. solider-turned farmer 軍人轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)的農(nóng)民
(4)get(變成):用表示生氣或激動(dòng)的形容詞做表語(yǔ),其他用become.eg. He got mad.
1.用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)中可接任何形容詞的比較級(jí)形態(tài)做表語(yǔ)杏愤,即be getting more and more+任何形容詞
2.get/be+p.p即過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示“被…..”,=be動(dòng)詞已脓,不可以譯成“變成”eg. He got/was killed in the accident.
(5)seem:=appear珊楼,用不定式作表語(yǔ), seem to be+名詞/形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)中度液,to bek可省略厕宗,eg. He seems happy.
(6)感官動(dòng)詞:look/sound/smell/taste/feel+形容詞,譯成“…..起來(lái)”堕担,e.g. The food smells good.
1. 不可用名詞作表語(yǔ)已慢,要加likeeg. The material feels like silk.
2. feel like+名詞=感覺(jué)像…. feel like+動(dòng)名詞=想要….e.g. I feel like taking a walk today.我今天想散散步
3. feel/taste/smell可當(dāng)完全及物動(dòng)詞,用名詞作賓語(yǔ)霹购,但意思均有改變佑惠。
4. look與介詞連用形成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,視為及物動(dòng)詞,要用副詞修飾膜楷。 look into=investigate look over=examine look at=watchHe looked (carefully) into the case carefully.
重要短語(yǔ)
eg. John fell ill and couldn’t attend school today.
He soon fell asleep.
Provisions ran short.
I don’t know how he came to be so popular.
The document proved to be a forgery.
4. 不完全及物動(dòng)詞
加了賓語(yǔ)之后意思還不完全旭咽,還要加補(bǔ)語(yǔ),補(bǔ)充意思之不足赌厅。
eg.He made a kite. & He made Mary happy.
(1)使役動(dòng)詞
a. 叫… make/have+賓語(yǔ)+V(作補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
get亦可表“叫…”穷绵,但只可用不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)eg. get sb to V叫某人從事…
make可使用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,但have及get不可以
b. 讓…let
let+賓語(yǔ)+V(作賓補(bǔ))eg. I let him wash the car.
let+賓語(yǔ)+作副詞用的介詞(in特愿、out仲墨、down)eg. He let me in.
上述介詞其后無(wú)賓語(yǔ)可單獨(dú)存在作副詞用,稱為介副詞揍障,與there目养、here、home等地點(diǎn)副詞一樣亚兄,可作be動(dòng)詞之后的表語(yǔ)混稽。eg. He is in.
let后只能用介副詞,不能用地點(diǎn)副詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
c. 強(qiáng)迫/要求/慫恿/催促..
動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式短語(yǔ)(作賓補(bǔ))
eg. force/ask/encourage/compelled/told/push/seduce/entice/expect/want one to….
變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)仍用不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)审胚。
d. 使…成為 →主語(yǔ)+make+賓語(yǔ)+形容詞/名詞(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
eg. His teacher made him a good student.
(2)知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞
看:see匈勋、observe、watch膳叨、look at洽洁、notice
聽(tīng):hear、listen to
感覺(jué):feel
可作完全及物動(dòng)詞菲嘴,加了賓語(yǔ)后無(wú)須加補(bǔ)語(yǔ)饿自。
也作不完全及物動(dòng)詞,加了賓語(yǔ)后加賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ):
a.表事實(shí)時(shí)龄坪,用V作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)昭雌,譯成“…了.”eg. I felt him move. 我感覺(jué)到他動(dòng)了。
b. 表進(jìn)行狀態(tài)時(shí)健田,用現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)烛卧,譯成“…正在….”eg. I saw hime dancing when I walked in. 我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),看見(jiàn)他正在跳舞妓局。
c.表被動(dòng)狀態(tài)時(shí)总放,要用過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),譯成“….被….”eg. I saw him killed. 我看見(jiàn)他被殺死了好爬。
變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)局雄,除V變成不定式短語(yǔ)外,其他不變存炮。eg. I saw him do it.→ He was seen to do it.
(3)任命動(dòng)詞:選舉炬搭、指派的意思蜈漓,賓語(yǔ)之后接表職位的名詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),該名詞前冠詞要省略尚蝌,如elect迎变、assign、appoint飘言。
(4)認(rèn)定動(dòng)詞
表“視….為”衣形,加賓語(yǔ)之后,用名詞或形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
a. 與介詞連用:eg. We regard him as a genius.
b. 與to be連用:eg. We consider him to be a genius.to be可省略姿鸿,變成We consider him a genius.
一般介詞之后只能用名詞谆吴、代詞或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。但表“視…為”的動(dòng)詞與as或for連用時(shí)苛预,還可直接形容詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ):eg. I regard his behavior as inappropriate.
think句狼、believe、find热某、deem腻菇、consider作不完全及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),不得直接用不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)昔馋,一定要用形式賓語(yǔ)it取代筹吐。此時(shí)think、deem秘遏、consider譯成“認(rèn)為….是….”eg. I think it fun to climb mountains.
think丘薛、believe、find邦危、deem洋侨、consider作完全及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),用that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)倦蚪。此時(shí)分別譯成認(rèn)為希坚、相信、發(fā)現(xiàn)陵且、認(rèn)為裁僧、認(rèn)為,that從句作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)滩报,可省略
c. make表“使…成為..”時(shí),為不完全及物動(dòng)詞播急,后面不得不用不定式時(shí)一定要用形式賓語(yǔ)it取代脓钾。主語(yǔ)+make+it+賓補(bǔ)(n/adj)+to V .
eg. He made it a rule to get up early.
make it a rule/habit to V 把…變成習(xí)慣
d. think、believe桩警、find可训、deem、consider作不完全及物動(dòng)詞時(shí) ,不可以直接用that從句,要用it取代握截。eg. I find it wonderful that he sings so well.
(5)轉(zhuǎn)變動(dòng)詞:“使….變成”飞崖,change和turn,通常與into連用谨胞。eg. The experience turned him into a good student.
其他重要的不完全及物動(dòng)詞:
set固歪、paint、struck胯努、cry牢裳、render、drive叶沛、name蒲讯、call、leave灰署、keep判帮、want、help
5. 授予動(dòng)詞
dative verb溉箕,是及物動(dòng)詞的一種晦墙,只是接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)约巷,間接賓語(yǔ)表授予的對(duì)象偎痛,直接賓語(yǔ)表示授予的東西。先被接觸的東西為直接賓語(yǔ)独郎,后被接觸的成為間接賓語(yǔ)踩麦。eg. I will give you this watch.
主語(yǔ)+授予動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
如果間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)順序顛倒,則需要加介詞to氓癌、for或of.eg. I gave him the book.= I gave the book to him.
to表“給予”谓谦,eg. I told the story to him.
for表“代勞”,出了勞力贪婉,eg. I made a chair for him.
of表“從….中””反粥,eg. I asked a question of him.
此處of有from之意,凡表“要求”均屬此用法疲迂,eg. I didn’t expect much of him.
與of連用的授予動(dòng)詞
of之后是以表“東西”的名詞為賓語(yǔ)才顿,而非以表對(duì)象的名詞為賓語(yǔ)
rob:eg. He robbed me of my money.
deprive:eg. He was deprived of all his civil rights.
relieve:eg. The captain relieved the platoon leader of his command.
rid:eg. I cannot get rid of the painful memory.
rid三態(tài)同形
I cannot rid myself of the painful memory. rid myself of 中rid是動(dòng)詞,表使脫離尤蒿。
I’ll get rid of those chores. gst rid of中的rid是過(guò)去分詞郑气,相當(dāng)于形容詞,表脫離腰池,是一種動(dòng)作
I’m glad to be rid of those chores. be rid of(已擺脫)表狀態(tài)
break:eg. You should break yourself of the bad habit of smoking.
cure:The doctor cured him of his disease.
表“提供”的授予動(dòng)詞
offer尾组、provide忙芒、supply、furnish讳侨、present呵萨,除了offer,其他與with連用
其他
explain跨跨、introduce潮峦、propose、recommend歹叮、express等動(dòng)詞跑杭,不論間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)在哪,都要與to連用
三咆耿、結(jié)論
根據(jù)五種動(dòng)詞演繹成英語(yǔ)的五大類句型
主語(yǔ)+完全不及物動(dòng)詞
主語(yǔ)+不完全及物動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+完全及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+完全及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+授予動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
四類句型
陳述句
祈使句
感嘆句
問(wèn)句
感嘆句
What+n+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞…!德谅, what譯成“多么的”,之后可與單數(shù)萨螺、復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞連用
How+adj/adv+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞….!窄做,how譯成“多么地”,之后僅可與單數(shù)名詞連用慰技,但可接many椭盏、much、little吻商、few之類的數(shù)量形容詞再接復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞
問(wèn)句
- 一般疑問(wèn)句:可用yes/no回答掏颊,be動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞為句首
- 特殊疑問(wèn)句:不可用yes/no回答,W或H開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)詞為句首