2014年10月西班牙議會批準(zhǔn)新知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法镰烧，定于2015年1月生效。根據(jù)這項法規(guī)屯吊，西班牙新聞機構(gòu)可以向“谷歌新聞”收取相關(guān)費用送巡，因此，又名“谷歌稅”盒卸。2014年12月中旬骗爆，谷歌關(guān)閉谷歌新聞西班牙站點。半年后蔽介，由西班牙期刊協(xié)會（AEEPP）發(fā)布的一份報告顯示摘投，谷歌稅惡果顯現(xiàn)。西班牙互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用量續(xù)墻虹蓄，但報業(yè)網(wǎng)站訪問量下降犀呼，其中小型媒體網(wǎng)站受打擊最大。與此同時薇组，一批整合新聞網(wǎng)站關(guān)閉外臂。
連線雜志：谷歌新聞關(guān)門，西班牙媒體愚蠢的勝利
?2014-12-17 09:09
不出所料律胀，谷歌毫不手軟地關(guān)閉了谷歌新聞西班牙站的大門宋光，西班牙媒體網(wǎng)站流量驟減貌矿。上圖為 gigaom.com 發(fā)布的其中一張圖片。綠線為上周同一天的流量圖示罪佳，藍線為關(guān)站當(dāng)天的圖示逛漫。
gigaom的相關(guān)標(biāo)題是，谷歌關(guān)門后前往西班牙新聞?wù)军c的外部流量驟減菇民。其引述專家的話說，對西班牙50個媒體站的監(jiān)測顯示投储，一般流量下降幅度達到兩位數(shù)第练。
華爾街日報說，谷歌關(guān)站后玛荞，流量呈現(xiàn)小幅下降娇掏。
連線雜志的長篇述評說：谷歌新聞關(guān)門，西班牙媒體愚蠢的勝利勋眯。
福布斯雜志的標(biāo)題是：真快婴梧，西班牙全面撤退！（That Was Fast; Spain Already In Full Retreat Over GoogleTax）
彭博在谷歌西班牙關(guān)站后客蹋，進行了長達4分多鐘的連線報道塞蹭，結(jié)合德國的先例，請幾位專家從不同角度進行了解讀讶坯。結(jié)論呢番电？人們在關(guān)站之前事實上已經(jīng)知道誰將是輸家，誰將是贏家辆琅。
我的預(yù)言是漱办，按照在德國的先例，谷歌新聞西班牙大門在西班牙媒體的集體要求下婉烟，不久將重新開啟娩井。因為，谷歌搜索在歐洲占據(jù)90%以上的份額似袁。西班牙人需要真正面對的問題洞辣，不是那幾個可憐的版權(quán)費用，而是自己的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)生存空間已經(jīng)被壓扁了昙衅。
谷歌新聞預(yù)定今在西班牙“關(guān)門”屋彪，西班牙人學(xué)德國緊急喊停又露怯
新新媒體觀察?2014-12-16 08:46
不久前在德國出現(xiàn)的谷歌新聞“開關(guān)門”事件重現(xiàn)，只是绒尊，這一次翻盤來得更快畜挥。谷歌新聞預(yù)定今天（西班牙時間12月16日）在西班牙“關(guān)門”，西班牙人學(xué)習(xí)德國同行緊急喊停又露怯婴谱！
據(jù)外電報道蟹但，2014年10月西班牙議會批準(zhǔn)新知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法躯泰，定于明年1月生效。根據(jù)這項法規(guī)华糖，西班牙新聞機構(gòu)可以向“谷歌新聞”收取相關(guān)費用麦向。谷歌在12月11日的一項聲明中表示：“谷歌新聞”不刊登廣告，本身沒有收入客叉，支付費用的做法不可持續(xù)诵竭。因此谷歌決定將西班牙媒體從“谷歌新聞”中移除，并在西班牙關(guān)閉“谷歌新聞”兼搏。
西班牙日報發(fā)行人協(xié)會（The Spanish Association of Daily Newspaper Publishers ,AEDE ）上周末發(fā)布了一份聲明卵慰，要求西班牙政府和歐盟進行干預(yù)，要求競爭主管機構(gòu)切實保護西班牙公民和商業(yè)機構(gòu)的利益佛呻。因為他們認為裳朋，谷歌新聞在市場上占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，谷歌新聞的關(guān)閉吓著，會影響西班牙民眾和商業(yè)機構(gòu)的利益鲤嫡。
這可讓谷歌有點犯難。是關(guān)绑莺，還是不關(guān)暖眼？
華爾街日報跟進報道說，西班牙政府星期一表示纺裁，目前各方?jīng)]有進行任何談判以避免計劃中的谷歌新聞“關(guān)門”罢荡。
此前，同樣的戲碼在德國也曾經(jīng)上演对扶。德國的一些媒體機構(gòu)針對谷歌發(fā)起法律行動区赵，要求谷歌支付轉(zhuǎn)載費用。谷歌的回應(yīng)非常直接浪南，馬上關(guān)閉了相關(guān)服務(wù)笼才。結(jié)果，德國相關(guān)媒體流量大減络凿，最終不得不尋求和解骡送。
德國、西班牙的谷歌故事絮记，只是科技新媒體巨人與傳統(tǒng)媒體間恩怨的繼續(xù)摔踱。更戲劇性的下文，隨時可以發(fā)生怨愤。
谷歌在歐洲搜索引擎市場占據(jù)90%的市場份額派敷。歐洲人眼睜睜地看著這樣的絕對壟斷出現(xiàn)，本身就是一件匪夷所思的事情。接下來的被動戲碼也就沒有什么可以大驚小怪的了篮愉。
Study Of Spain's 'Google Tax' On News Shows How Much Damage It Has Done
As?you?may?recall,?governments?across?Europe,?generally?at?the?behest?of?traditional?newspaper?publishers,?have?been?pushing?for?what?they?call?an?"ancillary?copyright,"?but?which?is?much?better?referred?to?as?a?"snippet tax"?or?a?"link?tax."?Or,?if?people?are?being?honest:?a?Google?News?tax.?The?idea?is?that?any?aggregator?site?that?is?linking?out?to?other?sources?with?little?snippets?telling?people?what's?at?the?link,?has?topaythe?original?publication?to?link?to?them.?If?you?think?this?goes?against?the?entire?concept?of?the?internet,?you're?not?wrong.?Belgium?was?the?first?country?to?try?it,?and?Google?responded?by?removing?complaining?publications?from?Google?News.?In?response,?the?publications?thencomplainedthat?Google?News?was?being?mean?to?them,?even?though?they?were?the?ones?complaining.?In?Germany,?a?similar?thing?happened,?whereby?Google?left?the?complaining?publications?in?Google?News,?but?without?snippets?since?that?was?a?key?aspect?of?the?law.?Again,?the?publishers?screamed?"unfair"?even?though?they?were?the?ones?who?had?pushed?for?the?law?in?the?first?place.
When?it?came?time?for?Spain?to?try?to?appease?its?misguided?and?angry?publishers,?the?government?sought?to?avoid?the?tactics?that?Google?had?done?in?the?past?and?thusmade?it?mandatoryto?pay,?saying?that?sites?themselves?couldn't?even?opt-out?of?getting?payments,?even?if?they?didn't?want?them.?In?response?to?this,?Google?broke?out?the?somewhat?surprising?"nuclear?option"?and?shut?down?Google?News?in?Spain?entirely.?It?seemed?quite?obvious?that?this?move?would?create?huge?problemsfor?media?properties?thatwantedto?be?open?andwantedpeople?to?link?to?them.
After?the?law?went?into?effect,?the?Spanish?Association?of?Publishers?of?Periodical?Publications?(AEEPP)?commissioned?an?economic?study?about?the?impact?of?the?new?Spanish?ancillary?copyright?law?--?and?found?(not?surprisingly)?that?the?legal?change?(and?the?shuttering?of?Google?News?and?other?aggregators)?was?absolutely?harmful?to?the?Spanish?news?media?and?innovation?in?general.?It?also?found?strong?evidence?that,?contrary?to?what?those?fighting?against?Google?News?have?claimed,?aggregatorsexpand?the?marketfor?the?original?sources,?rather?than?shrink?it?by?acting?as?a?substitute.?The?latter?is?based?on?a?"study?of?studies"?basically,?looking?at?all?of?the?academic?literature?in?terms?of?the?impact?of?aggregators?--allof?which?shows?that?it?increases?the?overall?size?of?the?market,?rather?than?shrinks?it.
However,?the?really?telling?part?of?the?report?is?that?this?law?that?was?passed?in?the?name?ofhelpingnews?publications,?ended?up?doing?tremendous?harm?to?many?online?publications?--?especially?smaller?sites?that?frequently?(and?happily)?relied?on?Google?News?and?other?aggregators?for?a?significant?amount?of?traffic.?The?report?points?out?that?it?wasn't?just?Google?News?that?shut?down?because?of?this?law:?a?whole?bunch?of?local?Spanish?aggregators?shut?down?themselves,?switched?business?models?entirely,?or?similarly?left?the?Spanish?market?entirely.?The?report?notes?that?sites?like?Planeta?Ludico,?NiagaRank,?InfoAliment?and?Multifriki?shut?down?entirely,?as?they?were?scared?of?the?economic?and?legal?liability?from?the?new?law.?The?report?notes?the?case?of?NiagaRank?is?particularly?troubling?as?it?has?a?wider?impact?on?innovation?in?Spain:
NiagaRank:?ignoring?the?extent,?quantity?and?methods?followed?to?determine?whether?they?should?pay?the?fee,?they?preferred?to?close?down.?This?case?is?remarkable?because?NiagaRank?was?not?a?“traditional”?aggregator,?but?it?analysed?social?networks?to?draw?up?lists?with?the?most?relevant?news?(“active?listening”,?as?they?used?to?call?it).?However,?it?is?an?example?of?the?legal?uncertainty?that?the?lack?of?definition?of?key?aspects?of?the?act?has?caused.
[....]
For?example,?and?as?already?pointed?out,?currently?there?are?several?services?focused?on?the?aggregation?of?content?for?mobile?phones,?such?as?the?mobile?applications?Zite?and?Flipboard.?The?amendment?to?the?act?will?discourage?the?introduction?of?this?sort?of?services?in?Spain,?as?well?as?the?potential?development?of?new?models.?A?clear?example?of?this?situation?is?the?portal?NiagaRank,?an?innovative?aggregator?based?on?the?analysis?of?the?content?published?on?social?networks?(similar?to?News360?or?Prismatic)?which,?as?mentioned?before,?also?closed?down?as?a?direct?result?of?the?law?amendment.
And?all?of?this?has?had?a?tremendousnegativeimpact?on?the?press,?rather?than?a?positive?one?as?those?behind?the?law?insisted.
The?negative?impact?on?the?online?press?sector?is?also?very?clear,?since?a?very?important?channel?to?attract?readers?disappears,?resulting?in?lower?revenues?from?advertising.?In?addition,?the?new?fee?is?also?a?barrier?to?the?expansion?of?small?publications?with?little-known?brands,?and?an?entry?barrier?for?new?competitors,?since?they?will?be?unable?to?count?on?these?platforms?to?increase?their?readers’?base.
The?evidence?available?so?far?shows?that?the?impact?on?traffic?has?been?negative?and?that?less?consolidated?publishing?titles,?such?as?digital?native?newspapers,?have?been?the?worst?affected.?This?is?not?only?because?the?total?number?of?publication?readers?has?been?reduced?but,?in?the?case?of?online?readers?that?would?be?attracted?anyway?(that?is,?who?would?visit?the?publications?web?sites?in?some?other?way),?they?will?surely?end?up?visiting?known?publications?with?established?brands,?to?the?detriment?of?small?and?new?publications,?in?line?with?the?evidence?in?the?literature?analysed?above
Of?course,?for?the?major?newspaper?publishers,?maybe?that's?what?they?really?wanted?all?along:?less?competition.?But?it's?difficult?to?see?how?that's?a?legitimate?public?policy?strategy.
And,?not?surprisingly,?looking?at?multiple?different?ways?of?measuring?these?things,?traffic?to?all?Spanish?news?sites?dropped?after?the?law?went?into?effect:
A?simple?traffic?analysis?of?Spanish?digital?newspapers?in?the?first?three?months?of?2015?based?on?data?from?ComScore?also?suggests?results?in?line?with?the?aforementioned.?The?impact?of?the?closing?down?of?Google?News?and?some?other?aggregators?has?generated?a?decline?of?visitors?to?the?84?major?Spanish?online?newspapers...
The?report?notes?that?this?is?even?more?stunning?given?that?overall?internet?traffic?and?usage?in?Spain?has?beenincreasing,?so?even?the?percentage?drop?in?traffic?undercounts?the?real?impact,?as?it?likely?would?have?been?growing.
The?data,?not?surprisingly,?shows?that?the?impact?on?smaller?news?publishers?has?been?the?worst?--?again?consistent?with?the?idea?that?all?this?law?really?does?is?lock?out?competition?for?the?larger?players:
A?more?detailed?analysis,?breaking?down?traffic?depending?on?the?newspaper?size,?also?confirms?that?the?effect?has?been?uneven.?Thus,?for?the?sample?of?online?newspapers?in?Spain,?it?appears?that?smaller?newspapers?have?been?the?worst?affected?ones.
All?of?this?should?really?raise?serious?questions?about?just?what?is?the?intent?of?the?Spanish?government?in?passing?this?law.?It?does?not?appear?to?serve?any?legitimate?public?policy.?Atbest,?it?appears?to?have?damaged?small?news?publications,?making?it?more?difficult?for?them?to?compete?against?larger?publications,?though?it?has?also?served?to?damage?those?larger?publications'?traffic?as?well.
