Origin of the State?
國家的起源
Besides religious sanctions, political ones are also needed if people are to practice all-embracing love.?
若要人們都實行兼愛，除了宗教處罰逸寓，還需要政治處罰居兆。
In the Mo-tzu, there are three chapters titled Agreement with the Superior, in which Mo Tzu expounds his theory of the origin of the state.?
在《墨子》中，有《尚同》三篇竹伸，文章中闡述了墨子的國家起源說泥栖。
According to this theory, the authority of the ruler of a state comes from two sources: the will of the people and the Will of God.?
根據(jù)該學說的觀點，國君的權威來自兩個方面：人民的意愿和天帝的意志勋篓。
Furthermore, the main task of the ruler is to supervise the activities of the people, rewarding those who practice all-embracing love and punishing those who do not.
另外吧享，國君的主要任務是監(jiān)督人們的行為，獎勵那些實行兼愛的人譬嚣，并且懲罰那些不實行兼愛的人钢颂。
In order to do this effectively, his authority must be absolute.?
為了有效的做到這點，國君的權威必須是絕對的拜银。
At this point we may ask: Why should people voluntarily choose to have such an absolute authority over them??
對此我們可能要問：人們?yōu)槭裁磿栽高x擇這樣絕對的權威來統(tǒng)治他們呢殊鞭？
The answer, for Mo Tzu, is that the people accept such an authority, not because they prefer it, but because they have no alternative.?
墨子的回答是，人們接受這樣的權威不是因為他們接受尼桶，而是沒得選擇操灿。
According to him, before the creation of an organized state, people lived in what Thomas Hobbes has called "the state of nature."?
對墨子來說，在有組織的國家建立之前疯汁，人們生活在如湯姆斯·霍布斯所說的“自然狀態(tài)”之中牲尺。
At this early time, "everyone had his own standard of right and wrong. When there was one man, there was one standard. When there were two men, there were two standards. When there were ten men, there were ten standards. The more people there were, the more were there standards. Every man considered himself as right and others as wrong. "
此時，“蓋其語曰天下之人異義幌蚊。是以一人則一義谤碳，二人則二義，十人則十義溢豆。其人茲眾蜒简，其所謂義者茲眾。是以人是其義漩仙。以非人之義搓茬，故交相非也《铀”
The world was in great disorder and men were like birds and beasts.?
天下之亂卷仑，若禽獸然。
They understood that all the disorders of the world were due to the fact that there was no political ruler.?
夫明乎天下之所以亂者麸折，生于無政長锡凝。
Therefore, they selected the most virtuous and most able man of the world, and established him as the Son of Heaven." (Mo-tzu, ch. II.)?
是故選天下之賢可者，立以為天子垢啼。
Thus the ruler of the state was first established by the will of the people, in order to save themselves from anarchy.?
因此窜锯，國君最初是因為人們的意愿設立的张肾，是為了把他們從無政府狀態(tài)拯救出來。
In another chapter bearing the same title, Mo Tzu says: Of old when God and the spirits established the state and cities and installed rulers, it was not to make their rank high or their emolument substantial....It was to procure benefits for the people and eliminate their adversities; to enrich the poor and increase the few; and to bring safety out of danger and order out of confusion. (Ch. I2.)
另一篇同名文章中墨子說：“古者上帝鬼神之建設國都锚扎、立正長也吞瞪，非高其爵、厚其祿驾孔、富貴佚而錯之也芍秆，將以為萬民興利、除害助币、富貧浪听、眾寡、安危眉菱、治亂也迹栓。”
According to this statement, therefore, the state and its ruler were established through the Will of God.?
按照這個說法俭缓，國家和國君又是通過天帝的意志建立的克伊。
No matter what was the way in which the ruler gained his power, once he was established, he, according to Mo Tzu, issued a mandate to the people of the world, saying: "Upon hearing good or evil, one shall report it to one's superior. What the superior thinks to be right, all shall think to be right. What the superior thinks to be wrong, all shall think to be wrong." (Ch. II.)?
This leads Mo Tzu to the following dictum: "Always agree with the superior; never follow the inferior. (Ibid.)?
Thus, Mo Tzu argues, the state must be totalitarian and the authority of its ruler absolute.?
This is an inevitable conclusion to his theory of the origin of the state.?
For the state was created precisely in order to end the disorder which had existed owing to the confused standards of right and wrong.?
The state's primary function, therefore, is, quoting Mo Tzu, "to unify the standards.”?
Within the state only one standard can exist, and it must be one which is fixed by the state itself.?
No other standards can be tolerated, because if there were such, people would speedily return to 'the state of nature " in which there could be nothing but disorder and chaos.?
In this political theory we may see Mo Tzu's development of the professional ethics of the hswh, with its emphasis upon group obedience and discipline.?
No doubt it also reflects the troubled political conditions of Mo Tzu's day, which caused many people to look with favor on a centralized authority, even if it were to be an autocratic one.?
So, then, there can be only one standard of right and wrong.?
Right, for Mo Tzu, is the practice of mutual all-embracingness, and wrong is the practice of "mutual discrimination."?
Through appeal to this political sanction, together with his religious one, Mo Tzu hoped to bring all people of the world to practice his principle of all-embracing love.?
Such was Mo Tzu's teaching, and it is the unanimous report of all sources of his time that in his own activities he was a true example of it.
