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今天和大家分享一篇《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》文章賞析暇检，主要看點(diǎn)有：
寫作中的長(zhǎng)短句。長(zhǎng)句常用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)理婉称，短句常用來(lái)過(guò)渡块仆、總結(jié)构蹬、強(qiáng)調(diào)。
學(xué)習(xí)同義替換悔据，讓表達(dá)更豐富多彩庄敛。比如表示“增加”，文中出現(xiàn)了 up蜜暑，rocket铐姚，shoot up，rise肛捍；表示“減少”隐绵，出現(xiàn)了 down，decline拙毫，fall依许，recede，ebb缀蹄。比如表示“發(fā)揮作用”峭跳，文中出現(xiàn)了xxx can help，play a role缺前，也出現(xiàn)了類似 do a lot 和 do one's bit蛀醉。
學(xué)習(xí)立刻就能用在口語(yǔ)和寫作中的句子。
比如表示一些女孩婚后遭到丈夫和公婆欺負(fù)衅码，就可以直接用 many young Asian women were driven to despair by violent husbands and overbearing in-laws.
- 積累漂亮的拯刁、講究的表達(dá)。
文中出現(xiàn)了許多“成雙成對(duì)”的表達(dá)逝段，比如 boom/bust垛玻，recede/rise，postpone/prevent奶躯。表示一個(gè)落敗的地方帚桩，就可以用到漂亮的 xxx was left behind by booms and crushed by busts；...a suicide postponed is likely to be a suicide prevented.
這是一篇由現(xiàn)象級(jí)英語(yǔ)社群成長(zhǎng)群會(huì)員“眾籌”的作品嘹黔，以下內(nèi)容由其中一個(gè)賞析小組完成账嚎。
大標(biāo)題指出全文主要描述的內(nèi)容：全世界自殺率下降的原因以及使之進(jìn)一步下降的方法；副標(biāo)題提出了自殺率下降的三個(gè)主要原因儡蔓。
“YOU KNOW,” says a trader in “Margin Call”, a film about the crash of 2008, as he stands high on a building above Wall Street, “the feeling that people experience when they stand on the edge like this isn’t the fear of falling—it’s the fear that they might jump.” 【Suicide fascinates us】. It is at once 【appalling】and yet, in the darkest places in our minds, 【appealing】. It is the most damaging sort of death. A child’s suicide is a parent’s worst nightmare, and a parent’s marks their children for life. 【It is a manifestation not just of individual anguish but also of a collective failure: if society is too painful to live in, perhaps we are all culpable】.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：
首句用電影《商海通牒》中的情節(jié)引出“自殺”：當(dāng)人們像這樣站在邊緣醉锄，他們感覺(jué)到的并不是害怕會(huì)摔下去，而是害怕會(huì)主動(dòng)跳下去浙值】也唬”。自殺的想法使人們恐懼开呐，但又吸引著人們烟勋。孩子自殺是家長(zhǎng)的噩夢(mèng)规求，家長(zhǎng)自殺會(huì)讓孩子終生難忘。如果社會(huì)痛苦得讓人無(wú)法無(wú)法活下去卵惦，或許我們大家都該為此負(fù)責(zé)阻肿。作為全文第一段，用電影情節(jié)引出全文主題沮尿，更讓讀者有興趣閱讀丛塌，也更好理解作者意圖。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
on the edge: 一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)畜疾，既表示實(shí)際生活中處于懸崖或者樓的邊緣赴邻，又暗示了自殺者處于人生崩潰的邊緣。
appall: If something appalls you, it disgusts you because it seems so bad or unpleasant.
根據(jù)語(yǔ)義啡捶，appall 可與 terrify, frighten互換姥敛，此處的appalling 與后文的 appealing 形成尾韻，我們把它們用在一起描述一些冒險(xiǎn)的事瞎暑，比如Bungee jumping is appalling but appealing.
- It is a manifestation not just of individual anguish but also of a collective failure: if society is too painful to live in, perhaps we are all culpable
這句話可以簡(jiǎn)單粗暴背下來(lái)彤敛，因?yàn)檫@句話讀起來(lái)真的讓人感覺(jué)義憤填膺，不能獨(dú)善其身了赌。
說(shuō)到重慶公交車墜海事件墨榄，我們可以說(shuō)：It is a manifestation not just of individual anguish but also of a collective failure；說(shuō)到網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論的壓力勿她，我們可以說(shuō)： If society is too painful to live in, perhaps we are all culpable.
The suicide rate in America is up by 18% since 2000. 【This is not merely a tragedy; it matters politically, too】. The rise is largely among white, middle-aged, poorly educated men in areas 【that were left behind by booms and crushed by busts】. Their deaths are a symptom of troubles to which some see President Donald Trump as the answer. Those troubles should not be ignored.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：
首句表述了美國(guó)自殺率現(xiàn)狀：從2000年開(kāi)始上升到18%袄秩。第二句表述了這種上升不僅是悲劇更是政治問(wèn)題。第三句表明了上升的自殺率主要在哪部分人群：在經(jīng)濟(jì)還沒(méi)繁榮起來(lái)卻遭遇了經(jīng)濟(jì)重創(chuàng)的地區(qū)的中年低學(xué)歷白人男性嫂拴。第四句表明這些人的自殺反映了一系列社會(huì)問(wèn)題，一些人認(rèn)為特朗普總統(tǒng)是解決問(wèn)題的答案贮喧。第五句再次強(qiáng)調(diào)了這種社會(huì)問(wèn)題不應(yīng)被忽視筒狠。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
up 和 down（下段出現(xiàn)） 表示增長(zhǎng)和下降。除了用動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示增長(zhǎng)和下降外箱沦，我們也可以用副詞（比如 up 和 down）來(lái)表示辩恼。
left behind by booms and crushed by busts
boom 和 bust 是對(duì)常見(jiàn)搭配，我們?cè)陂喿x時(shí)要注意收藏這樣的搭配谓形，比如常見(jiàn)的還有：brains/brawn灶伊，boon/bane，fight/flight寒跳，swim/sink聘萨。
Nonetheless, beyond America’s gloomy trend is a more optimistic story: that at a global level, suicide is down by 29% since 2000. As a result, 2.8m lives have been saved in that time—three times as many as have been killed in battle. 【There is no one reason】. It is happening at different rates among different groups in different places. But the decline is particularly notable among three sets of people.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：
承接第 2 段內(nèi)容，盡管自殺率雖然在美國(guó)不容樂(lè)觀童太，但是在全球范圍內(nèi)看米辐，自殺率呈大幅下降趨勢(shì)胸完。
One is young women in China and India. In most of the world, older people kill themselves more often than the young, and men more than women. But in China and India, young women have been unusually 【prone to suicide】. 【That is decreasingly the case】. Another group is middle-aged men in Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, alcoholism and suicide 【rocketed】 among them. 【Both have now receded】. A third category is old people all around the world. The suicide rate among the elderly remains, on average, higher than among the rest of the population, but has also fallen faster since 2000 than among other groups.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：
具體介紹上段末句的“But the decline is particularly notable among three sets of people”，說(shuō)明有哪三類群體中的自殺案例在減少翘贮。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- young women have been usually prone to suicide
這里的 be prone to do 和下文中的 be likely to 是同義表達(dá)赊窥。我們也經(jīng)常用 xx-prone 來(lái)表示“易于...的”，比如一個(gè)經(jīng)常造成交通事故的地段上狸页，很有可能就會(huì)立一個(gè)“accident-prone”的標(biāo)示锨能。
- 收集標(biāo)示增長(zhǎng)和下降的詞匯，這一段出現(xiàn)了：rocket芍耘，如火箭一樣飆升址遇；recede，如潮水一般退去（后文還出現(xiàn)了 ebb）齿穗。
Why are these people now less likely to 【take their own lives】? 【Urbanization and greater freedom have helped】. Accounts of those who attempt suicide, and of the relatives of those who succeed, suggest that 【many young Asian women were driven to despair by violent husbands and overbearing in-laws】. As people move to cities and the grip of tradition loosens, women have more choice about whom they marry or live with, making life more bearable. 【Leaving the village helps in another way, too】. Because farming involves killing things, rural folk are likelier to have the means to kill themselves—guns, pesticides—to hand.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：自問(wèn)自答傲隶，開(kāi)始分析自殺率下降的原因。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- driven to despair by violent husbands and overbearing in-laws
想描述許多女性被家暴和公婆欺負(fù)逼上絕路的情況窃页，就可以用到這句話跺株。
在閱讀外刊時(shí)，我們可以通過(guò)閱讀同一話題在不同平臺(tái)的報(bào)道脖卖，學(xué)習(xí)多樣的表達(dá)方式乒省。比如同樣一段話在這期《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》International 板塊中是這樣寫的：abusive husband or tyrannical mother-in-law。
【Social stability is also a factor】. In the turbulence that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, many middle-aged people saw their sources of income and status collapse. Unemployed people kill themselves at around two-and-a-half times the rate of those in work. The financial crash of 2007-08 and the resulting recessions are reckoned to have caused an extra 10,000 or so suicides in America and western Europe. As crises 【recede】 and employment 【rises】, so suicide tends to 【ebb】. And falling poverty rates among the old, which have declined faster than among other groups globally, are reckoned to have contributed to the drop in the number of elderly suicides.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：
前文說(shuō)到為什么自殺的人數(shù)減少了畦木，本段舉例說(shuō)明了原因之一：社會(huì)穩(wěn)定袖扛。蘇聯(lián)解體，美國(guó)的金融危機(jī)十籍，都造成自殺率上升蛆封，而隨著這些社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩因素的影響逐漸減弱，自殺率也降低了勾栗。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- As crises recede and employment rises, so suicide tends to ebb.
這里的 As... so... 是個(gè)常見(jiàn)句型惨篱，它的完整形式是 (just) as... so (too)...
recede 和 ebb 在這里都表示“下降”。ebb 退潮的意思围俘，反義詞漲潮是flow砸讳，兩個(gè)詞在一起組成一句習(xí)語(yǔ)“ebb and flow” “盛衰，起伏界牡，消長(zhǎng)”簿寂。比如“婚姻生活都是有悲有喜”就可以說(shuō)成 Every marriage has its ebb and flow.婚姻生活都是有悲有喜。
But the decline is not just the consequence of big social trends. 【Policy plays a role, too】. When Mikhail Gorbachev restricted the production and distribution of booze in the mid-1980s, both drinking and suicide 【fell sharply】. The collapse of the Soviet Union swept those regulations aside, and both drinking and suicide 【shot up】 again. Restrictions introduced by Vladimir Putin in 2005 are reckoned to have contributed to the recent decline.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：不僅社會(huì)穩(wěn)定會(huì)讓自殺人數(shù)減少宿亡，政府的政策也有一定影響常遂。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- But the decline is not just the consequence of big social trends. Policy plays a role, too.
我們可以從這句話中提取句式“... is not just the consequence of A. B plays a role, too. ” 表示“不僅因?yàn)?..，...也起了一定作用”挽荠。
試著造個(gè)句子：The extinction of this species is not just the consequence of evolution. Human activity plays a role, too. 這一物種的滅絕不僅僅是進(jìn)化的結(jié)果烈钞，人類活動(dòng)也起到了一定作用泊碑。
Governments can also help limit the consequences of social and economic turbulence. Active labour-market policies, which help re-train jobless workers and ease them back into work, prevent many suicides. And spending on health services, especially those that most benefit the old and sick, can make a big difference: fear of chronic pain is one of the things that leads people to seek a quick way out. The remarkable recent fall in suicide among elderly Britons may have happened in part because Britain’s palliative-care system is the best in the world.
總結(jié)內(nèi)容：具體說(shuō)明政策的作用。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- 總結(jié)一下本文出現(xiàn)的表示“自殺”的花樣說(shuō)法：
① commit suicide
② shoot/kill themselves
③ take their own lives
④ seek a quick way out
⑤ self-slaughter
⑥ self-destruction
- Briton 和 British 是一回事嗎毯欣？
查查字典即可解決這個(gè)疑問(wèn)：
【Efforts to curb access to the means to kill oneself can help, too】. Suicide is surprisingly impulsive. A study of young Chinese women who had tried to kill themselves showed that three-fifths had been contemplating suicide for less than two hours, and one in ten for less than a minute. Of 515 people who had survived the leap from San Francisco’s Golden Gate bridge between 1937 and 1971, 94% were still alive in 1978—which suggests that 【a suicide postponed is likely to be a suicide prevented】.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：阻止人們接觸自殺的工具也可以起作用馒过。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- Efforts to curb access to the means to kill oneself can help.
這句話簡(jiǎn)潔明了，我們可以提取“Efforts to... can help”這個(gè)句型酗钞。比如重慶公交車墜河后腹忽，全國(guó)各地許多公交車都配備了保安增強(qiáng)乘車安全，我們就可以說(shuō)： Efforts to employ security guards on buses can help.
句中也用到了我們?cè)凇懊咳找辉~”中學(xué)到的兩個(gè)詞：access 和 help砚作，都是簡(jiǎn)單但常被低估的好詞窘奏。access 不僅可以表示入口，還可以表示“享用某物的權(quán)利和機(jī)會(huì)”葫录，這里表示“接觸着裹，使用的機(jī)會(huì)”。help 在這里作不及物動(dòng)詞米同，就是表達(dá)“頂事骇扇；管用”。
- a suicide postponed is likely to be a suicide prevented.
非常漂亮的句子面粮！這種既能準(zhǔn)確達(dá)意又能照顧修辭的句子一定要背下來(lái)少孝。
Governments can do a lot to put self-slaughter a little further out of reach. The most toxic pesticides account for one-seventh of suicides. When South Korea outlawed paraquat in 2011, it saw a decline in suicides but no drop in agricultural output. Requiring potentially lethal medicines to be sold only in small quantities, as some countries have done with aspirin and paracetamol, has also been shown to help. But the most effective measure of all is limiting access to guns. Half of all Americans who commit suicide shoot themselves, and the overall rate in America is about twice that in Britain, which has strict gun controls. The difference in gun ownership largely accounts for the state-by-state variation in suicide rates.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：讓人們更加不能接觸自殺，政府還能做很多熬苍。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- the most effective measure of all is to
寫某個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決方案時(shí)就可以用到這個(gè)句型稍走，比如 The most effective measure of all is to curb access to drugs / put drugs out of reach.（最有效的就是讓毒品觸不可及。）
【The media can also do their bit】. Suicide is strangely contagious. When Robin Williams, an actor, killed himself in 2014, his method and motives were reported in great detail. Researchers calculated that there were 1,800 more suicides than would otherwise have been expected in the next four months, often using the same method. Journalists should cover such tragedies in less detail, and with more restraint.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：
這一段呼吁媒體也可以為降低自殺率做點(diǎn)事柴底。為避免2014年 Robin Williams 結(jié)束自己生命后四個(gè)月內(nèi)自殺事件突增的情況再發(fā)生婿脸，記者應(yīng)該在報(bào)道這類悲劇時(shí)更克制和盡量避免描述細(xì)節(jié)。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- otherwise
otherwise是個(gè)可以化繁為簡(jiǎn)的好詞柄驻。本段中狐树，there were 1,800 more suicides than would otherwise have been expected in the next four months 的意思為“四個(gè)月內(nèi)，相較于發(fā)生這件悲劇之前多了1800多起自殺事件”凿歼。這里用 otherwise 一個(gè)詞就替代了“如果悲劇沒(méi)有發(fā)生并且被大幅報(bào)道”這層含義褪迟。
再舉兩個(gè)例子體會(huì)一下 otherwise 這個(gè)釋義冗恨。想表達(dá)“若不是因?yàn)樵跈C(jī)場(chǎng)耽擱了答憔，我們?cè)绲竭@里了”，就可以說(shuō)：We were delayed at the airport. Otherwise we would have been here by lunchtime.
For a few people—those who are terminally ill, in severe pain and determined to die—suicide may be the least terrible option. In such circumstances, and with firm safeguards, doctors should be allowed to assist. But many of the 800,000 people who kill themselves each year act in haste, and more could be saved with better health services, labour-market policies and curbs on booze, guns, pesticide and pills. America, in particular, could spare much pain by learning from the progress elsewhere.
內(nèi)容總結(jié)：
最后一段明確了作者的態(tài)度掀抹，對(duì)于長(zhǎng)期被病痛折磨的人應(yīng)該有在醫(yī)生協(xié)助下結(jié)束自己生命的權(quán)利虐拓。但更多倉(cāng)促赴死的人應(yīng)該可以得到幫助，尤其在美國(guó)傲武，政府可以通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)其他國(guó)家在這方面的發(fā)展為這些人解脫痛苦蓉驹。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)：
- 總結(jié)一下本文表示“對(duì)...起到作用” “是造成...的原因” 用到的表達(dá)：
① sth is also a factor
Social stability is also a factor.
② sth helps
Urbanization and greater freedom have helped.
Leaving the village helps in another way, too.
③cause
... are reckoned to have caused an extra 10,000 or so suicides in America and western Europe.
④ contribute to
...are reckoned to have contributed to the drop in the number of elderly suicides.
... are reckoned to have contributed to the recent decline.
⑤ play a role
Policy plays a role, too.
⑥ make a big difference
And spending on health services, especially those that most benefit the old and sick, can make a big difference.
⑦ in part because:
The remarkable recent fall in suicide among elderly Britons may have happened in part because Britain’s palliative-care system is the best in the world.
⑧ account for
The most toxic pesticides account for one-seventh of suicides.
The difference in gun ownership largely accounts for the state-by-state variation in suicide rates.
⑨ **do their bit **
The media can also do their bit.
⑩ **the consequence of **
But the decline is not just the consequence of big social trends.
- 這篇里面用到了好幾個(gè)頭韻城榛，我們來(lái)總結(jié)一下：
The rise is largely among white, middle-aged, poorly educated men in areas that were left behind by booms（繁榮）and crushed by busts（破產(chǎn)）.
As crises recede（減弱） and employment rises（上升）...
...a suicide postponed（延遲）is likely to be a suicide prevented（阻止）.
Eric 點(diǎn)評(píng)：
本篇賞析最大的亮點(diǎn)是整理了作者的花樣表達(dá)，比如如何表示“對(duì)...發(fā)揮作用”“自殺”“增加”态兴。通過(guò)這樣的整理狠持，我們可以讓自己的表達(dá)富于變化，同時(shí)也會(huì)體會(huì)到英文同義詞之間的細(xì)微差距瞻润。
另一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)是許多會(huì)員已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了“提取句型”“立刻造句”的好習(xí)慣喘垂。當(dāng)我們能夠把一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)句型绍撞、一種寫作邏輯應(yīng)用到自己的生活中正勒，說(shuō)明我們真正讀懂了，學(xué)會(huì)了傻铣。Keep it up!
賞析筆記的最大問(wèn)題章贞，在我看來(lái)還是兩點(diǎn)老問(wèn)題：1）對(duì)文章內(nèi)容表述不夠清楚，缺少自己的解讀和看法非洲；2）別把文章當(dāng)成單詞書(shū)鸭限。同時(shí)提出亮點(diǎn)建議：
- 不要翻譯原文，用自己的話清楚直白的說(shuō)明段落的意思即可怪蔑，同時(shí)注意語(yǔ)句要通順里覆，“說(shuō)人話”。
- 在學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的時(shí)候缆瓣，不要把詞匯單拎出來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)喧枷，一定要放在句子中學(xué)習(xí)、整理弓坞，這樣可以加深記憶隧甚，也便于他人閱讀和自己復(fù)習(xí)。
賞析外刊的時(shí)候我們主要賞析什么呢渡冻？
首先要讀懂散劫。因此我們需要能夠用自己的話來(lái)總結(jié)每一段說(shuō)了什么主要內(nèi)容微饥，文章主要討論了什么內(nèi)容。
其次是學(xué)習(xí)文章中的地道、實(shí)用雪位、優(yōu)美的表達(dá)，它可以是一個(gè)詞专普，也可以是一個(gè)詞組或者一種句型卖鲤。
除了弄清楚每句話的內(nèi)容（也就是第一步“讀懂”），每一段話中可以重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí) 2-4 個(gè)表達(dá)巍举，利用咱們學(xué)習(xí)“每日一詞”的方法脆荷，分析它們的用法、總結(jié)它們好在哪里、拓展我們可以如何使用它們蜓谋。在這里我們可以問(wèn)自己“我會(huì)怎么寫梦皮？” “《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》是怎么寫的？” “這樣寫好在哪里桃焕？”來(lái)幫助自己賞析語(yǔ)言剑肯。
最后，對(duì)文章中不好理解的句子單獨(dú)做分析观堂，弄清楚它們的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思退子。同時(shí)也可以對(duì)文章中出現(xiàn)的文化梗（例如標(biāo)題中的彩蛋）、專有名詞（例如一個(gè)你不太熟悉的概念）做梳理總結(jié)型将。如果有興趣的話寂祥，還可以對(duì)文章中的觀點(diǎn)發(fā)起討論。
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