學習資料:賴氏經(jīng)典英語語法
<a id="noun">名詞作主語</a>
例:
Gold is of much value.
----
(黃金很值錢。)
<a id="gerund">動名詞作主語</a>
用動名詞作主語俱病,通常用以表示 已知的事實 或 曾經(jīng)做過的經(jīng)歷,例:
Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
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(集郵是他的愛好之一。)
<a id="infinitive">不定式作主語</a>
用不定式作主語,通常表示一種 意愿捂襟、目的 或 未完成的事。例:
To study abroad is my greatest desire.
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(出國讀書是我最大的愿望。)
<a id="noun_clauses">名詞性從句作主語</a>
句子絕不能當主語,一定要變成名詞性從句方可作主語芙粱。例:
That he doesn't study makes me angry.
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(他不學習令我生氣祭玉。)
名詞性從句一共有三種:
<a id="that_clauses">1)that 從句</a>
任何一個主語起首的句子前面冠以 that,即成 that 從句春畔,例:
He doesn't believe my words.(句子)
--
-> that he doesn't believe my words(名詞性從句)
----
(他不相信我說的話)
注意:that 從句 不可 作介詞的賓語脱货,例:
I am sure of that the team has won the game.(?)
-- ------------------------------
遇有介詞,且非要使用 that 從句時律姨,方法如下:
<a id="the_fact_that">a)介詞 + the fact + that 從句</a>
如此择份,就可用 the fact 作介詞的賓語扣孟,而 that 從句就成了 the fact 的同位語,例:
I am worried about the fact that he doesn't study.
----- -------- ---------------------
(我擔心他不學習荣赶。)
<a id="gerund_that">b)that 后的主語變成所有格凤价,動詞變成動名詞,把 that 去掉</a>
例:
I am worried about that he plays around all day.(?)
-> I am worried about his playing around all day.
----- --- -------
(我為他整天游手好閑而擔心拔创。)
that 從句若有助動詞 do利诺、dose、did 或 will剩燥、would 時慢逾,予以去掉即可,例:
I am worried about that he doesn't study.(?)
-> I am worried about his not studying.
----- --- --- --------
(我擔心他不學習。)
that 從句若有 may 或 can 助動詞時侣滩,將主語變所有格口注,并做如下變化:
may -> being likely to
can -> being able to
I am happy about that he may come.(?)
-> I am happy about his being likely to come.
----- --- ---------------
(我很高興他可能會來。)
I am sure of that he can do it.(?)
-> I am sure of his being able to do it.
-- --- -------------
(我確定他能做這件事胜卤。)
<a id="adj_that">c)be + adj. + that 從句</a>
去掉介詞疆导,將 that 從句放在形容詞后面,做其賓語葛躏。
I am worried about that he plays around all day.(?)
-> I am worried that he plays around all day.
------- ----------------------------
(我為他整天游手好閑而擔心澈段。)
注意:
有時介詞之后亦可直接接 that 從句,形成慣用語舰攒,而不需加 the fact败富。
in that = because 因為
例:
He is talented in that he can speak five different languages.
(他很有才華,因為他能說五種語言摩窃。)
except that 只可惜兽叮;除了……
例:
He is nice except that sometimes he lies.
(他人很不錯,只可惜有時會說謊猾愿。)
notwithstanding that 盡管
= despite the fact that
= in spite of the fact that
例:
Notwithstanding that he is nice, I don't like him.
= Despite the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.
= In spite of the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.
(盡管他人好鹦聪,我卻不喜歡他。)
<a id="wheter_clauses">2)whether 從句</a>
本從句是由一般疑問句(可用 yes / no 回答的問句)
變化而成蒂秘。
a)問句有 be 動詞時
主語與 be 動詞還原泽本,前面冠以 whether,例:
Is he happy?(問句)
-----
-> whether he is happy(名詞性從句)
-------------
(他是否快樂)
b)問句有一般助動詞(can姻僧、will规丽、may、should撇贺、ought to赌莺、must、have)時
主語與助動詞還原松嘶,前面冠以 whether艘狭,例:
Can he do it?(問句)
------
-> whether he can do it(名詞性從句)
-------------
(他是否能做這件事)
c)問句有do、does翠订、did 等助動詞時
主語與助動詞還原缓升,再將 do、does蕴轨、did 去掉港谊,后面的動詞依人稱和時態(tài)變化,前面冠以 whether橙弱,例:
Did he come?
------
-> whether he came(他是否來了)
------- ----
(did 為一般過去時歧寺,故 come 改為過去式 came)
<a id="interrogative_clauses">3)疑問詞從句</a>
本從句是由特殊疑問句(由when燥狰、what、how斜筐、where龙致、why)
等引導的問句變化而成。
a)問句有 be 動詞時
主語與 be 動詞還原顷链,前面保留疑問詞目代,例:
What is he doing?(問句)
---- -----
-> what he is doing(名詞性從句)
---- -----
(他正在做什么?)
b)問句有一般助動詞(can嗤练、will榛了、may、should煞抬、ought to霜大、must、have)時
主語與助動詞還原革答,前面保留疑問詞战坤,例:
Where can he find it?(問句)
----- ------
-> where he can find it(名詞性從句)
----- ------
(他在哪里能找到它?)
c)問句有do残拐、does途茫、did 等助動詞時
主語與助動詞還原,前面保留疑問詞,再將 do、does炬守、did 去掉,動詞依人稱和時態(tài)變化边败,例:
What did he write?
---- ------
-> what he wrote?
---- -----
(did 為一般過去時袱衷,故 write 改為過去式 wrote)
注意:
疑問代詞 who捎废、what、which 在問句中作主語致燥,變成名詞性從句時登疗,結構不變。
例:
Who came here?(問句)
---
-> who came here(名詞性從句)
---
<a id="pronoun">代詞作主語</a>
例:
He always keeps his promise.
--
(他總是信守承諾嫌蚤。)
動名詞辐益、不定式短語或名詞性從句作主語時,往往會形成主語太長的現(xiàn)象脱吱,故通常用代詞 it 作形式主語智政,置于聚首,而將真正主語(即動名詞箱蝠、不定式或名詞性從句)
移至句尾续捂。
- 動名詞移至句尾時垦垂,通常改為不定式短語。例:
Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
-----------------
= It is one of his hobbies to collect stamps.
-- -----------------
- 不定式短語作主語時牙瓢,直接移至句尾劫拗。例:
To study abroad is my greatest desire.
---------------
= It is my greatest desire to study abroad.
-- ---------------
- 名詞性從句作主語時,直接移至句尾矾克。例:
Where he lives is still in doubt.
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= It is still in doubt where he lives.
-- --------------
特殊用法:
It is no use + 動名詞短語
= It is useless + 不定式短語
= It is of no use + 不定式短語
= There is no use/sense/point in + 動名詞短語
例:
It is useless to cry over spilt milk.
= It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.
= There is no use in crying over spilt milk.
(覆水難收页慷。)
<a id="noun_phrase">名詞短語作主語</a>
名詞短語是由 “疑問詞 + 不定式短語” 形成。
疑問副詞
- where to live(住哪里)
- whether to try again(是否再試一次)
- when to talk to him(什么時候和他談)
- how to do it(如何做那事)
注意:why 不能形成名詞短語胁附,只能作疑問詞從句
疑問代詞
- what to do(做什么)
- whom to see(看誰)
- which to buy(買哪一個)
- whom to talk to(與誰談)
例:
How to handle the problem depends on how much money we can collect.
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(我們?nèi)绾翁幚磉@問題要視我們能募集到多少錢而定酒繁。)
Which to buy is not decided yet.
------------
(買哪一個還沒決定。)
<a id="adverbial_phrase">表距離或時間的副詞短語</a>
表示距離或時間的副詞短語汉嗽,亦可作主語欲逃,與單數(shù)的 be 動詞連用。
from + 地方名詞 + to + 地方名詞
from + 時間 + to / till + 時間
例:
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 1000 kilometers.
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= It is about 1000 kilometers from Shanghai to Beijing.
-- ------------------------
(從上海到北京大約1000公里饼暑。)
From 1990 till 2003 is a long period of time.
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= It is a long period of time from 1990 till 2003.
-- -------------------
(從1990年到2003年是一段很長的時間稳析。)