創(chuàng)意性工作與重復(fù)性工作的區(qū)別

您的計算機是一個庫捣郊，而不是一個出版設(shè)備辽狈。你可以直接控制文檔的副本，你可以對文檔進行注釋呛牲、修改刮萌、添加鏈接、匯總娘扩，這是因為 memex 是一個用來思考的工具着茸，而不是一個用來發(fā)布的工具。**

這對我們在這里的討論至關(guān)重要琐旁，因為這些能力——鏈接涮阔、注釋、改變灰殴、總結(jié)敬特、復(fù)制和分享——是園藝的動詞。

每個 memex 庫包含您的原始材料和其他材料牺陶。沒有 memex 的只讀版本伟阔，因為那樣做很傻。你讀的任何東西都可以鏈接和注釋掰伸。請注意皱炉，我沒有回復(fù)。改變碱工。這一點以后會很重要娃承。

鏈接是相關(guān)的。這是一件大事怕篷。鏈接不僅僅是一種快速獲取原始資料的方式历筝。它們不是用來說，嘿廊谓，這是今天最有趣的事情梳猪。它們讓你想起你需要問的問題，想起那些不會立刻顯現(xiàn)出來的聯(lián)系蒸痹。

鏈接是由讀者和作者共同制作的春弥。這是一個我們忘記了的令人震驚的事情，但是這里的鏈接并不是作者的意圖叠荠，而是讀者的分析匿沛。在 memex 中的大多數(shù)鏈接是由讀者而不是作者創(chuàng)建的。當(dāng)然榛鼎，在萬維網(wǎng)上逃呼，只有作者才能確定鏈接。文檔內(nèi)部的鏈接說者娱，文檔只能有一組關(guān)聯(lián)抡笼，至少要繼續(xù)進行。

進一步延伸閱讀關(guān)于memex的介紹
出自[As We May Think - The Atlantic]（https://www.notion.so/As-We-May-Think-The-Atlantic-2eb9018f3f39496fa8259a68b920bada）

引子

The repetitive processes of thought are not confined however, to matters of arithmetic and statistics. In fact, every time one combines and records facts in accordance with established logical processes, **the creative aspect of thinking is concerned only with the selection of the data and the process to be employed and the manipulation thereafter is repetitive in nature and hence a fit matter to be relegated to the machine. ** Not so much has been done along these lines, beyond the bounds of arithmetic, as might be done, primarily because of the economics of the situation. The needs of business and the extensive market obviously waiting, assured the advent of mass-produced arithmetical machines just as soon as production methods were sufficiently advanced.
然而黄鳍，思維的重復(fù)過程并不局限于算術(shù)和統(tǒng)計問題推姻。事實上，每次按照既定的邏輯過程組合和記錄事實時框沟，思維的創(chuàng)造性方面只關(guān)心數(shù)據(jù)的選擇和使用的過程藏古，其后的操作本質(zhì)上是重復(fù)的，因此是合適的忍燥。被降級為機器校翔。沿著這些路線沒有做太多超出算術(shù)范圍的事情，這主要是因為情況的經(jīng)濟性灾前。商業(yè)的需求和廣闊的市場顯然在等待防症，保證了只要生產(chǎn)方法足夠先進，就會出現(xiàn)大量生產(chǎn)的算術(shù)機哎甲。
A mathematician is not a man who can readily manipulate figures; often he cannot. He is not even a man who can readily perform the transformations of equations by the use of calculus. He is primarily an individual who is skilled in the use of symbolic logic on a high plane, and especially he is a man of intuitive judgment in the choice of the manipulative processes he employs.
數(shù)學(xué)家不是可以輕易操縱數(shù)字的人蔫敲；通常他不能。他甚至不是一個能輕易用微積分進行方程變換的人炭玫。他首先是一個善于在高層次上使用符號邏輯的人奈嘿，尤其是他在選擇所采用的操作過程時具有直覺判斷力的人。

選擇的過程可以是索引式的吞加，但是人腦中的選擇不是

The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain. It has other characteristics, of course; trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory. Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature.

Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it. In minor ways he may even improve, for his records have relative permanency. The first idea, however, to be drawn from the analogy concerns selection. Selection by association, rather than indexing, may yet be mechanized. One cannot hope thus to equal the speed and flexibility with which the mind follows an associative trail, but it should be possible to beat the mind decisively in regard to the permanence and clarity of the items resurrected from storage.

Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, "memex" will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.

人類的思維不是這樣運作的裙犹。它通過協(xié)會運作尽狠。掌握一個項目后，它會根據(jù)大腦細胞攜帶的一些復(fù)雜的軌跡網(wǎng)叶圃，立即捕捉到由思想聯(lián)想暗示的下一個項目袄膏。當(dāng)然，它還有其他特點掺冠；不經(jīng)常遵循的軌跡容易褪色沉馆，項目不是完全永久的，記憶是短暫的德崭。然而斥黑，動作的速度、軌跡的錯綜復(fù)雜眉厨、心理畫面的細節(jié)锌奴，在自然界中令人驚嘆。

人不能完全希望人為地復(fù)制這種心理過程憾股，但他當(dāng)然應(yīng)該能夠從中學(xué)習(xí)缨叫。他甚至可以在細微的方面有所提高，因為他的記錄具有相對的永久性荔燎。然而耻姥，從類比中得出的第一個想法涉及選擇。通過關(guān)聯(lián)而不是索引進行選擇可能尚未機械化有咨。因此琐簇，人們不能希望與頭腦遵循聯(lián)想軌跡的速度和靈活性相提并論，但在從存儲中復(fù)活的物品的持久性和清晰度方面座享，應(yīng)該可以果斷地擊敗頭腦婉商。

考慮未來供個人使用的設(shè)備，它是一種機械化的私人文件和庫渣叛。它需要一個名字丈秩，而且，隨機生成一個名字淳衙，“memex”就可以了蘑秽。 memex 是一種設(shè)備，個人可以在其中存儲他的所有書籍箫攀、記錄和通信肠牲，并且是機械化的，因此可以以超快的速度和靈活性進行查詢靴跛。這是對他記憶的放大親密補充缀雳。

使用方法介紹

The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin and properties of the bow and arrow. Specifically he is studying why the short Turkish bow was apparently superior to the English long bow in the skirmishes of the Crusades. He has dozens of possibly pertinent books and articles in his memex. First he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another pertinent item, and ties the two together. Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item. When it becomes evident that the elastic properties of available materials had a great deal to do with the bow, he branches off on a side trail which takes him through textbooks on elasticity and tables of physical constants. He inserts a page of longhand analysis of his own. Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.

And his trails do not fade. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest. He has an example, in the fact that the outraged Europeans still failed to adopt the Turkish bow. In fact he has a trail on it. A touch brings up the code book. Tapping a few keys projects the head of the trail. A lever runs through it at will, stopping at interesting items, going off on side excursions. It is an interesting trail, pertinent to the discussion. So he sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex, there to be linked into the more general trail.

Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.

假如說，memex 的所有者對弓箭的起源和屬性很感興趣梢睛。具體來說肥印，他正在研究為什么在十字軍東征的小規(guī)模沖突中土耳其短弓明顯優(yōu)于英國長弓识椰。他的 memex 中有數(shù)十本可能相關(guān)的書籍和文章。首先深碱，他瀏覽了一本百科全書腹鹉，找到了一篇有趣但粗略的文章，然后將其投影出來莹痢。接下來，在歷史中墓赴，他找到了另一個相關(guān)項目竞膳，并將兩者聯(lián)系在一起。因此诫硕，他走坦辟，建立了許多項目的蹤跡。有時章办，他會插入自己的評論锉走，或者將其鏈接到主路徑，或者通過輔助路徑將其連接到特定項目藕届。當(dāng)很明顯可用材料的彈性特性與弓有很大關(guān)系時挪蹭，他分道揚鑣，帶他閱讀彈性教科書和物理常數(shù)表休偶。他插入了一頁自己的手寫分析梁厉。因此，他通過可用的材料迷宮建立了他感興趣的線索踏兜。

他的足跡不會消失词顾。幾年后，他與一位朋友的談話轉(zhuǎn)向了人們抵制創(chuàng)新的奇怪方式碱妆，即使是至關(guān)重要的創(chuàng)新肉盹。他舉了一個例子，憤怒的歐洲人仍然沒有采用土耳其弓疹尾。事實上上忍，他有一個線索。輕觸一下即可調(diào)出密碼本纳本。輕按幾個鍵會投射出路徑的頭部睡雇。一個杠桿可以隨意穿過它，停在有趣的項目上饮醇，在短途旅行中停下來它抱。這是一條有趣的線索，與討論有關(guān)朴艰。所以他設(shè)置了一個復(fù)制器观蓄，把整個軌跡拍下來混移，然后把它傳給他的朋友，插入他自己的 memex侮穿，在那里鏈接到更一般的軌跡歌径。

全新形式的百科全書將出現(xiàn)，準(zhǔn)備好由貫穿它們的關(guān)聯(lián)軌跡網(wǎng)組成亲茅，準(zhǔn)備好放入 memex 并在那里放大回铛。

對機械化學(xué)習(xí)和思考方式的抗拒

Presumably man's spirit should be elevated if he can better review his shady past and analyze more completely and objectively his present problems. He has built a civilization so complex that he needs to mechanize his records more fully if he is to push his experiment to its logical conclusion and not merely become bogged down part way there by overtaxing his limited memory. His excursions may be more enjoyable if he can reacquire the privilege of forgetting the manifold things he does not need to have immediately at hand, with some assurance that he can find them again if they prove important.

The applications of science have built man a well-supplied house, and are teaching him to live healthily therein. They have enabled him to throw masses of people against one another with cruel weapons. They may yet allow him truly to encompass the great record and to grow in the wisdom of race experience. He may perish in conflict before he learns to wield that record for his true good. Yet, in the application of science to the needs and desires of man, it would seem to be a singularly unfortunate stage at which to terminate the process, or to lose hope as to the outcome.

如果能更好地回顧自己陰暗的過去，更全面客觀地分析自己現(xiàn)在的問題克锣，想必人的精神應(yīng)該得到提升茵肃。他建立了一個如此復(fù)雜的文明，以至于他需要更全面地機械化他的記錄袭祟，如果他要推動他的實驗得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論验残，而不僅僅是因為他有限的記憶力過重而陷入困境。如果他能夠重新獲得忘記手頭不需要的多種事物的特權(quán)巾乳，并保證如果它們證明很重要您没，他可以再次找到它們，那么他的旅行可能會更加愉快胆绊。

科學(xué)的應(yīng)用為人類建造了一座供應(yīng)充足的房子氨鹏，并教會他在其中健康地生活。他們使他能夠用殘忍的武器將大批人扔到一起压状。他們可能還允許他真正地包含偉大的記錄并在種族經(jīng)驗的智慧中成長喻犁。在他學(xué)會為了自己的真正利益而使用那個記錄之前，他可能會在沖突中喪生何缓。然而肢础，在將科學(xué)應(yīng)用于人類的需要和欲望時，似乎是一個非常不幸的階段碌廓，在這個階段終止這個過程传轰，或者對結(jié)果失去希望。