高二上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
1.The simple passive form of the infinitives.
不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)的一般形式的內(nèi)涵及用法咙边。
2.Four functions of the infinitives used as subject,attribute棠众,object and adverbial.用作主語(yǔ)荞怒、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的不定式的四種功能的用法察纯。
本單元的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是不定式的被動(dòng)式帕棉,具體講解如下:
①當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)针肥,不定式一般用被動(dòng)形式。不定式被動(dòng)形式在句中可作主語(yǔ)香伴、表語(yǔ)慰枕、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等即纲。如:
To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性讓別人聽(tīng)命于她具帮。(作主語(yǔ))
The problem remained to be solved.這個(gè)問(wèn)題還有待解決。(作表語(yǔ))
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together.
不必說(shuō)他們?cè)谝黄鸱浅P腋低斋!?作賓語(yǔ))
There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定計(jì)劃蜂厅。(作定語(yǔ))
He has returned only to be sent away again.
他回來(lái)以后又被打發(fā)走了。(作狀語(yǔ))
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted.
船長(zhǎng)命令升旗膊畴。(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn.
這書(shū)是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的掘猿。(作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
②在某些句子中,不定式雖表被動(dòng)唇跨,但仍用主動(dòng)形式稠通。如:
What is to pay?要付多少錢(qián)买猖?
The reason is not far to seek.道理很淺顯采记。
He gave me some books to read.他給了我一些書(shū)讀。
We found the report easy to understand.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些報(bào)告很容易懂政勃。
不定式作主語(yǔ)唧龄、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的功能和用法講解如下:
由于不定式有名詞奸远、形容詞和副詞的特點(diǎn)既棺,所以它在句中可做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)懒叛、賓語(yǔ)丸冕、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)薛窥、狀語(yǔ)胖烛、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。但由于時(shí)間關(guān)系诅迷,今天我只把不定式作主語(yǔ)佩番、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的用法講解一下罢杉。
1)作主語(yǔ)趟畏。如:
To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
To serve the people is our duty.為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責(zé)滩租。
在日常英語(yǔ)中赋秀,常用it作為語(yǔ)法上的主語(yǔ)利朵,即形式主語(yǔ),而將真正的主語(yǔ)放在后面猎莲。
It is our duty to serve the people.為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責(zé)绍弟。
2)作賓語(yǔ)。如:
I couldn't afford to buy a new car.我買(mǎi)不起汽車(chē)著洼。
Have you decided to marry him晌柬?你決定嫁給他嗎?
有些動(dòng)詞常常跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)郭脂,它們是:want年碘,wish,hate展鸡,prefer屿衅,hope,continue莹弊,manage涤久,try,ask忍弛,offer响迂,start,forget细疚,remember蔗彤,begin,decide疯兼,agree然遏,choose,learn吧彪,pretend待侵,promise,mean姨裸,expect秧倾,desire等。
另外傀缩,在一些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中那先,常用it代表不定式作為形式賓語(yǔ),而將真正的賓語(yǔ)不定式放在后面扑毡。如:
I thought it right to do this test.我認(rèn)為做這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是對(duì)的胃榕。
3)作定語(yǔ)盛险。通常都置于被修飾名詞或代詞之后瞄摊。如:
This is the best way to solve this problem.
這是解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最好辦法勋又。
I have a lot of work to do.我有許多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系换帜,且這個(gè)不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞楔壤,則它后面需有必要的介詞。如:
He is a good comrade to work with.他是一個(gè)很好共事的同志惯驼。
There is nothing to think about.沒(méi)什么值得考慮的蹲嚣。
4)作狀語(yǔ),表示目的祟牲、結(jié)果隙畜、原因等。如:
He went home to see his parents.他回家看望父母说贝。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.
我把收音機(jī)音量調(diào)小议惰,以免打擾你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand.
這問(wèn)題太難了乡恕,理解不了言询。(表結(jié)果)
What have I done to make you unhappy?
我做了什么事使你不高興傲宜?(表結(jié)果)
I'm glad to hear the news.聽(tīng)了這消息运杭,我很高興。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there.
我真想不到會(huì)在那里見(jiàn)到他函卒。(表原因)
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
The past participle used as attribute and predicative
用作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
本單元的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)辆憔、表語(yǔ)。它們的用法講解如下:
1)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)报嵌。如果是及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)躁愿,過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且表完成的狀態(tài)沪蓬;如果是不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)彤钟,過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒(méi)有主被動(dòng)關(guān)系之說(shuō),所以不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只表完成的狀態(tài)跷叉。但有些表示思想感情的過(guò)去分詞如astonished逸雹,disappointed,excited云挟,frightened梆砸,interested,pleased园欣,surprised帖世,tired,worried等既不表主動(dòng)沸枯,又不表完成日矫。此外赂弓,作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞如果是單詞,一般放在被修飾詞的前面哪轿;作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞如果是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)盈魁,一般放在被修飾詞的后面。如:
We need more qualified teachers.我們需要更多的合格老師窃诉。
He stepped carelessly on some broken glass.
他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了杨耙。
The letter written by my brother is on the desk.
我兄弟寫(xiě)的信在桌子上。
The TV set made in China are good quality.
中國(guó)制造的電視機(jī)質(zhì)量很好飘痛。
You can drink boiled water珊膜,not boiling water.
你可以喝白開(kāi)水,但不可以喝沸騰的水宣脉。
From his disappointed look辅搬,I knew he didn't pass the examination.
從他的失望表情看,我知道他沒(méi)通過(guò)考試脖旱。
2)作表語(yǔ)堪遂,過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ),多表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)萌庆。如:
This machine part is broken.這個(gè)機(jī)器零件壞了溶褪。
He looked very excited.他看起來(lái)很激動(dòng)。
有些過(guò)去分詞實(shí)際上已被看成形容詞了践险,常見(jiàn)的有:delighted猿妈,disappointed,discouraged巍虫,drunk彭则,amused,astonished占遥,hurt俯抖,interested,crowded瓦胎,tired芬萍,satisfied,pleased搔啊,surprised柬祠,worried,excited负芋,married漫蛔,puzzled,upset等。
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
The Past Participle used as Object Complement
用作賓補(bǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
本單元的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)莽龟,你能把它的用法講解一下嗎蠕嫁?
師:過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ),與前面的賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表動(dòng)作的完成轧房。
1)作表感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)拌阴,它們是:see绍绘,hear奶镶,watch,feel陪拘,find厂镇,think等
We hear the music played by the band.我們聽(tīng)了樂(lè)隊(duì)演奏這首樂(lè)曲。
I found her greatly changed.我發(fā)現(xiàn)她變化很大左刽。
Everybody thought the battle lost.人人都認(rèn)為這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役輸?shù)袅恕?/p>
2)作使役動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)捺信,它們是:make,keep欠痴,leave迄靠,have,get喇辽,help等
When you speak掌挚,you have to make yourself understood.
說(shuō)話時(shí)要讓人聽(tīng)懂。
Please keep us informed of the latest development.
請(qǐng)隨時(shí)向我們通報(bào)事態(tài)的最新發(fā)展菩咨。
I must get my bike repaired.我必須請(qǐng)人修自行車(chē)吠式。
3)作表希望或要求的動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ),它們是:want抽米,like特占,wish,prefer,need蜂嗽,declare孵睬,report,order胖笛,acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓補(bǔ)基本相同宜岛。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.
我不要你們?nèi)魏稳藸可娴匠舐勚腥ァ?/p>
The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued.
觀眾們希望這部系列片繼續(xù)下去长踊。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow.
他要此項(xiàng)工程明天以前完成。
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
本單元課文中出現(xiàn)了許多過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的句子萍倡,您能把這一語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象講解一下嗎身弊?
師:無(wú)論過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)還是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ),分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都要和主句的主語(yǔ)一致。過(guò)去分詞與主句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系阱佛。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)帖汞,表示時(shí)間、原因凑术、讓步或伴隨等翩蘸,這種過(guò)去分詞通常相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句。下面我將舉例說(shuō)明淮逊。
1)表時(shí)間
(When the metal is)Heated催首,the metal expands.加熱后,這種金屬會(huì)膨脹泄鹏。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work.這對(duì)夫婦一邊工作郎任,一邊很好地照顧這個(gè)嬰兒。
像第二句那樣當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)踐概念時(shí)备籽,過(guò)去分詞之前可用連詞when舶治,while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised车猬,he couldn't say a word.
他大吃一驚霉猛,一時(shí)說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher珠闰,the girl felt unfair.
那姑娘因受老師責(zé)備惜浅,而憤憤不平。
3)表讓步
Even if(I were)invited铸磅,I wouldn't go.即使受邀請(qǐng)赡矢,我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again阅仔,they went on fighting.盡管一再遭受挫敗吹散,他們?nèi)匀焕^續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。
4)表伴隨
He stared at me(he was)astonished.他兩眼瞪著我八酒,驚恐萬(wàn)狀空民。
Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought.愛(ài)因斯坦漫步街頭羞迷,沉浸在思索中界轩。
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
Noun Clauses introduced by relating pronoun“that”
由關(guān)系代詞“that”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句
本單元的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是關(guān)聯(lián)詞“that”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,你能把它的內(nèi)涵及用法講解一下嗎衔瓮?
that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)浊猾,本身沒(méi)有什么意思,它只起一個(gè)連接作用热鞍。①that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)葫慎,一般不可省略衔彻,且可把that所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放在后面,前面用it代替that從句偷办;當(dāng)然艰额,當(dāng)主句用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)多用it作形式主語(yǔ);如主句是感嘆句時(shí)椒涯,必須用it作形式主語(yǔ)柄沮,把that從句放在后面。②引導(dǎo)及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)废岂,在不引起歧義的情況下祖搓,that可以省略;that很少引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句(中學(xué)階段常見(jiàn)的能引導(dǎo)that從句的介詞有:except泪喊、but棕硫、in等)髓涯,如介詞引導(dǎo)that從句作賓語(yǔ)袒啼,常常在其后加it,在加that從句作賓語(yǔ)纬纪。③that從句作表語(yǔ)從句蚓再,一般不可省略。④that從句作同位語(yǔ)從句包各,一般不可省略摘仅。請(qǐng)看下列例句:
That we shall be late is certain.=It is certain that we shall be late.
我們要晚了,這是確定無(wú)疑的问畅。
It is said that he's got married.聽(tīng)說(shuō)他結(jié)婚了娃属。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
真奇怪孩子們?nèi)绱税察o护姆。
He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day.
他告訴我第二天他來(lái)固安矾端。
He did come here in that he had another thing to do.
他沒(méi)來(lái)是因?yàn)樗衅渌乱觥?/p>
You can depend on it that he is a millionaire.
你就放心吧,他是百萬(wàn)富翁卵皂。
The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all.
事實(shí)上他根本不懂英語(yǔ)秩铆。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all.
我知道他根本不懂英語(yǔ)(那個(gè)事實(shí))。
如何區(qū)別 where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句
? 1.where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)灯变,where 是關(guān)系副詞殴玛,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),其前面有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞添祸,where 引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞滚粟。例如:
? The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
? 我買(mǎi)這本書(shū)的那個(gè)書(shū)店離這里不遠(yuǎn)。
? This is the house where I lived two years ago.
? 這就是我兩年前住的那所房子刃泌。
? We will start at the point where we left off.
? 我們將從上次停下來(lái)的地方開(kāi)始凡壤。
? 2.where 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)愧沟,where 是從屬連詞,where 引導(dǎo)的從句修飾主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞鲤遥,where 前面沒(méi)有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞沐寺。例如:
? Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet.
? 武漢位于長(zhǎng)江和漢江的匯合處。
? Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在有疑問(wèn)的地方做一個(gè)記號(hào)盖奈。
? I found my books where I had left them.我在我原來(lái)放書(shū)的地方找到了我的書(shū)混坞。
? 有時(shí),where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句兼有抽象條件含義钢坦,可放在主句的前面究孕,而 where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句則不能。例如:
? Where there is a will爹凹,there is a way.(諺語(yǔ))有志者事竟成厨诸。
? Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方就有生命禾酱。
? 3.在有些情況下微酬,where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:
? A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert.( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.)在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓颤陶。
? Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often.( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.溫暖而多雨的地方最適合于竹子生長(zhǎng)颗管。
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
Noun Clauses Introduced by Question Words
由疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句
[講解]由疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句多作主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句滓走,偶爾也作同位語(yǔ)從句垦江。在作上述從句時(shí),其句型結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該采用以下兩種:
1.疑問(wèn)詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 其他
2.本身是主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)詞 + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 其他
不管采用哪種句型搅方,其詞序總是正裝的比吭,即主語(yǔ)必須置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面。
[例句]
1)What you need is more practice.(主語(yǔ)從句)
2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.(主語(yǔ)從句)
3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space.(動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句)
4)This reminded me of what he had once told us.(介詞賓語(yǔ)從句)
5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans.(表語(yǔ)從句)
6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
語(yǔ)氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式姨涡,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度衩藤。英語(yǔ)中共有三種語(yǔ)氣:陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣绣溜、虛擬語(yǔ)氣慷彤。本單元所講的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式怖喻,用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話不是一個(gè)事實(shí)底哗,而只是一種愿望、假設(shè)锚沸、懷疑跋选、建議、猜測(cè)哗蜈、可能或純粹的空想等前标。
本單元要學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的以下三個(gè)用法:
1.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的條件句和主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式如下:
從? 句 主? 句
過(guò)去式(be用were) would + 動(dòng)詞原形
[例句]
1)If I knew German坠韩,I would read Das Capital in the original.
要是我懂德文,我就讀《資本論》的原文炼列。
2)If he were here now只搁,everything would be all right.
要是他現(xiàn)在在這兒,一切就都沒(méi)問(wèn)題了俭尖。
3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer氢惋!
2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用。
如果該賓語(yǔ)從句表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)稽犁,其動(dòng)詞一律用其過(guò)去式形式焰望,be用were;如果該從句表示一般過(guò)去時(shí)已亥,其動(dòng)詞形式要用:had + 過(guò)去分詞熊赖;如果該從句表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),其動(dòng)詞形式要用were/was + 現(xiàn)在分詞虑椎;如果該從句表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)震鹉,其動(dòng)詞形式要用:would/could + 動(dòng)詞原形。
[例句]
1)I wish I were/was as strong as you.
2)I wish I remembered his phone number.
3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day.
4)How I wish it weren't/wasn't raining now绣檬!
5)I wish he would try again.
3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在含有as if引導(dǎo)的從句中的動(dòng)詞形式與wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞形式相同足陨。
1)He acts as if he were/was an expert.
2)It seems as if it were/was spring.
3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
Subjunctive Mood in the Past Tense and the Future Tense
一般過(guò)去時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
[ ]表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主要形式如下:
從? 句 主? 句
had + 過(guò)去分詞 would have + 過(guò)去分詞
[例句]
1.If we had left a little earlier嫂粟,we would have caught the train.
2.If I hadn't taken your advice娇未,I would have made a bad mistake.
3.You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.
[ ]表示將來(lái)情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主要形式如下:
從? 句 主? 句
were to/should + 動(dòng)詞原形 would + 動(dòng)詞原形
[例句]
1.If I were to study at Harvard University next year,I would major in biology.
2.If he were to/should travel on Mars in the future星虹,he would drive a space wagon all over it.
注:在虛擬條件中零抬,有時(shí)可以把表示假設(shè)的從屬連詞if省掉不用,在此語(yǔ)境中宽涌,就把從句中的助動(dòng)詞had平夜,should或were移至其主語(yǔ)前,如:
1.Had we made enough preparations卸亮,we might have succeeded in doing the experiment.
2.Were they to act like that again忽妒,we would/should criticize them severely.
3.Should we fail again next time,we wouldn't lose courage.
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
Inversion 倒裝
主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)有兩種順序:一是主語(yǔ)在前兼贸,這和漢語(yǔ)是一致的段直,稱(chēng)為自然語(yǔ)序或正裝語(yǔ)序。反之溶诞,如果謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分置于主語(yǔ)之前鸯檬,就是倒裝語(yǔ)序。
產(chǎn)出倒裝語(yǔ)序主要有兩個(gè)原因:語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求螺垢;第二種則是修辭上措辭和安排的需要喧务。下面就是按兩種要求講授本單元有關(guān)倒裝語(yǔ)序的知識(shí)赖歌。
1.主謂倒裝
A)凡表方位、方向或時(shí)間的副詞或介詞詞組處于句首時(shí)往往引起主謂倒裝功茴。如:
1)There exist different opinions on this question.
關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題存在著不同的意見(jiàn)庐冯。
2)Here comes the old lady.那位老太太來(lái)了。
3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
我們期待的時(shí)刻到來(lái)了坎穿。
4)Up went the arrow into the air.
颼的一聲箭射上了天空肄扎。
5)Now comes your turn.現(xiàn)在輪到你了。
6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane.
呼地一聲在天空中飛過(guò)一架?chē)姎馐斤w機(jī)赁酝。
B)否定詞置于句首犯祠,引起部分倒裝(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移至主語(yǔ)前),如:
1)Never before has our country been so prosperous.
我們的國(guó)家從來(lái)沒(méi)有這樣繁榮昌盛酌呆。
2)Hardly did I think it possible.我?guī)缀跽J(rèn)為這是不可能的衡载。
3)On no account should we follow blindly.我們決不應(yīng)盲從。
C)“only + 狀語(yǔ)”置于句首引起部分倒裝隙袁,如:
1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved.
只有在艱苦斗爭(zhēng)之后這一目標(biāo)才得以實(shí)現(xiàn)痰娱。
2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there.
只有用這種方式我們才有可能改善那里的局勢(shì)。
D)省略了if的虛擬條件句中要用部分倒裝菩收,如:
1)Should anyone phone me梨睁,tell him to call me again in two hours' time.
萬(wàn)一有人給我打電話,叫他兩小時(shí)以后再給我打娜饵。
2)Had I been informed earlier坡贺,I might not have bought the air ticket.
要是早點(diǎn)通知我,我就可能不買(mǎi)那機(jī)票了箱舞。
2.表語(yǔ)倒裝
當(dāng)表語(yǔ)置于句首遍坟,其系動(dòng)詞也就隨之移至主語(yǔ)前形成完全倒裝,如:
1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard.
靠近村子南頭是一個(gè)很大的蘋(píng)果園晴股。
2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China.
在展品中有中國(guó)制造的電腦和手機(jī)愿伴。
3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted,as are their parents.
他們的祖父母是非常熱心的人电湘,他們的父母也一樣隔节。
Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
Ellipsis省略
在有些英語(yǔ)句子中,某些成分被省略掉了寂呛,這樣的句子稱(chēng)為省略句(Elliptical Sentences)怎诫。一般說(shuō)來(lái)在上下文已經(jīng)交待清楚的情況下,可以省略那些已經(jīng)提到的或不言而喻的部分昧谊。
省略是避免重復(fù)刽虹、突出重要內(nèi)容和使上下文緊密連接的一種語(yǔ)言手段。
省略可出現(xiàn)于簡(jiǎn)單句呢诬、并列復(fù)合句和主從復(fù)合句中涌哲。
一胖缤、常被省略的部分
1.省略主語(yǔ)
Beg your pardon?請(qǐng)?jiān)僬f(shuō)一遍阀圾。(省略I)
2.省略謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分
He is a doctor and his wife a teacher.
他是醫(yī)生哪廓,他妻子是老師。(省略is)
I will do the best I can.我將盡力而為初烘。(省略do)
3.省略表語(yǔ)
表語(yǔ)的省略指的是:在主系表句子中涡真,回答其問(wèn)句時(shí)省略表語(yǔ)。這種省略已成固定格式肾筐,如果不省略反而不成句子習(xí)慣哆料。There be句型的回答以及其反意問(wèn)句的后半部分也要用省略式。
—Are you hungry吗铐?你餓嗎东亦?
—Yes,I am.(hungry).我餓唬渗。
4.省略賓語(yǔ)
This is the book(that)you're looking for.
5.主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)一起省略
—What would you like to eat典阵?—你要吃什么?
—(I would like)Rice and meat.—米飯和肉镊逝。
6.在if壮啊,when,though撑蒜,as if等引導(dǎo)的從句中歹啼,如果其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be,可將主語(yǔ)一起省略减江。Don't speak while(you are)eating.吃飯時(shí)別說(shuō)話染突。
7.一般疑問(wèn)句的省略回答中動(dòng)詞只用系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞辈灼、助動(dòng)詞
Can you swim?Yes也榄,I can/No巡莹,I can't.
8.只保留一個(gè)主要句子成分,其余全部省略甜紫。
What did you get降宅?A book.(保留賓語(yǔ))
Wait!(保留謂語(yǔ))
9.the reason why囚霸,the time when等限定性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略關(guān)系副詞腰根。
This is the place(where)we came last month.
這就是我們上個(gè)月來(lái)過(guò)的地方。
That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time.
這就是他沒(méi)按時(shí)到達(dá)的原因拓型。