更新中，未完結(jié)，可前往我的博客查看最新版本
https://hk-shao.github.io/
內(nèi)容整理自Yjango
https://github.com/YJango/ENGLISH

語(yǔ)法

句子是人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言的核心構(gòu)造滓鸠，動(dòng)詞是句子的核心毕骡。所以學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法需從句子開(kāi)始花竞。

學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法-->分析句子
分析句子-->理清句子成分
分析句子-->理清句子關(guān)系

句子成分

1. 主語(yǔ)：句子所陳述的對(duì)象。
2. 謂語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作揉燃。一般是有動(dòng)作意義的動(dòng)詞扫尺。
3. 賓語(yǔ)：分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)，屬于動(dòng)作的承受者炊汤。
4. 系動(dòng)詞：表示狀態(tài)或狀態(tài)變化的動(dòng)詞正驻，沒(méi)有實(shí)際的動(dòng)作意義。
   如 be動(dòng)詞（am, is, are）抢腐；感官系動(dòng)詞（look, sound, smell, taste, feel）姑曙；保持類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞（keep, stay, remain）；狀態(tài)變化類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞（become, get, turn, go）等迈倍。
5. 表語(yǔ)：緊跟系動(dòng)詞后面的成分伤靠。
6. 定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞的成分。
7. 狀語(yǔ)： 修飾形容詞啼染、副詞宴合、動(dòng)詞或句子的成分。
8. 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)迹鹅。是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明卦洽，與其有主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)的邏輯關(guān)系。

句型

句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)部分+謂語(yǔ)部分（名詞+動(dòng)詞）

五種句型

關(guān)鍵在于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞斜棚，它構(gòu)成了一個(gè)句子的骨架

主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（表語(yǔ)）

? 系動(dòng)詞（Linking Verb）
? ? 作用：無(wú)具體動(dòng)作阀蒂，僅起連接作用
? ? 后面所接成分：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)性質(zhì)特征
? ? 種類(lèi)：be動(dòng)詞（am, is, are）
? ? look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear, become, turn
? ? 表語(yǔ)：名詞 or 形容詞

主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（+狀語(yǔ)）

? 不及物動(dòng)詞（Intransitive Verb）vi.
? ? 特點(diǎn)：主語(yǔ)自身可以完成，不需要作用對(duì)象
? ? 習(xí)慣：帶狀語(yǔ)（修飾動(dòng)作的成分）

主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)

? 及物動(dòng)詞（Transitive Verb）vt.
? ? 作用：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的作用對(duì)象
? ? 賓語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作承受對(duì)象

主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間賓+直賓

? 雙賓動(dòng)詞（Dative Verb）
? ? 特點(diǎn)：后面成分有人（間接賓語(yǔ)[接受者]）又有物（直接賓語(yǔ)[承受者]）

主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

? 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞（Factitive Verb）

區(qū)分雙賓語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)

? 在間接賓語(yǔ)后加上be動(dòng)詞弟蚀，若能成句蚤霞，則是補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)

實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（Notional Verb）

? 詞義：完整
? 作用：能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)
? 分類(lèi)：助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞以外的動(dòng)詞

助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）

? 詞義：不完整
? 作用：無(wú)法獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)
? 必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞連用义钉，構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)昧绣、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣断医、否定滞乙、疑問(wèn)
? 分類(lèi)：
? Be: am, is, are, was, were, been, being
? Do: does, did
? Have: has, had, having

Be類(lèi)

變化形式：am, is, are, was, were, been, being
功能：
? 1，幫助構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
? ? I am studying grammar.
? ? He is playing football.
? 2鉴嗤，幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
? ? I was cheated.

Do類(lèi)

變化形式：Does, did
功能：
? 1斩启，幫助實(shí)義動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成否定
? ? I do not like English.
? 2，幫助實(shí)義動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)
? ? Do you like English?

Have類(lèi)

變化形式：Has, had, having
功能：
? 1醉锅，幫助構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)
? ? I have studied English for 3 years.

be, do, have可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可作助動(dòng)詞

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（Modal Verb）

? 詞義：有詞義狸窘，表示說(shuō)話者對(duì)某種行為或狀態(tài)的看法或態(tài)度
? ? 表示可能墩朦、建議、愿望翻擒、必要氓涣、允許、能力陋气、懷疑
? 作用：無(wú)法獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)劳吠，必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)
? 常見(jiàn)： can/could/may/might/must/shall/should/will/would/have to/ought to/used to/need/dare

句子的變化

陳述句否定

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

? 變形：助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后+not
? 例：He is a teacher. He is not a teacher.
? ? I can swim. I cannot swim.
? ? He will come to the party. he will not come to the party

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

? 變形：借助助動(dòng)詞do not來(lái)構(gòu)成，第三人稱(chēng)用does+not+動(dòng)詞原形巩趁，過(guò)去式did+not
? 例：I like English. I do not like English.
? ? He likes English. He does not like English.
? ? There are some dogs. There aren't any dogs.

助動(dòng)詞否定的縮寫(xiě)

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞否定的縮寫(xiě)

? 其他詞變化：and->or痒玩；already->yet；both->either议慰；some->any
? 祈使句：祈使句前+don't 例：Don't open the door.
? 不定式：不定式前+not 例：She asks the boy not to play in the street.

一般疑問(wèn)句

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

? 變形：助動(dòng)詞 or 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移至句首
? 例：He is a teacher. Is he a teacher? Yes, he is./No, he isn't.

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

? 變形：加do does did于句首蠢古，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞變?cè)?br> ? 例：He likes English. Does he like English? Yes, he does/No, he doesn't.
? I like English. Do you like English? Yes, I do/No, I don't.

特殊疑問(wèn)句

不接名詞連用的疑問(wèn)句

? 對(duì)人提問(wèn)：who
? He can sing in English. Who can sing in English.
? I saw him at the party last night. Who did you see at the party last night?

? 對(duì)事或物：what
? I like English. What do you like?
? I am studying English grammar. What are you doing?
? I am studying English grammar. What are you studying?
? I'd like to go swimming tomorrow. What would you like to do tomorrow?

? 對(duì)時(shí)間提問(wèn)：when
? I was born in 1980. When were you born?

? 對(duì)地點(diǎn)提問(wèn)：where
? He lives in Beijing. Where does he live?

? 對(duì)方式提問(wèn)：how
? He goes to school by bus. How does he go to school?

? 對(duì)原因提問(wèn)：why
? I often study at the library because it's quiet. Why do you often study at the library?

接名詞連用的疑問(wèn)詞

? Which：
? Could you lend me your pen?
? Sure. I have two pens. This pen has black ink. That pen has red ink.
? Which pen/Which one/Which do you want?
? That red one. Thanks.
? Which也可不接名詞，這時(shí)which用作代詞褒脯。

? Whose：
? 必須接名詞
? This is his book. Whose book is this?
? I borrowed Jack's car last night. Whose car did you borrow last night?

How用法詳解

? 單獨(dú)使用：對(duì)動(dòng)作方式的提問(wèn)
? How do you go to work?
? I drive/By car/I take a taxi/I take a bus/By bus.
? How did he break his leg?
? He fell off the ladder.

? 和形容詞 or 副詞連用
? How old are you?
? How tall is he?
? How big is your new house?
? How far is it from your home to school?
? How well does he speak English?
? How quickly can you get here?

? 對(duì)頻率提問(wèn)：how often/how many times?
? I write to my parents once a month. How often do you write to your parents?
? I go shopping twice a week. How often do you go shopping?/How many times a week
? do you go shopping?

其他頻率短語(yǔ)
? （Every/Once a/Twice a/Three times a）（day/week/month/year）

時(shí)態(tài)

一般時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

The present simple tense is used to express a general truth or fact, or an action that occurs regularly or habitually. Generally, the present simple tense verb conveys a sense of permanence.
Truth or fact
? The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
? The earth moves around the sun.
An action that occurs regularly or habitually
? I often spend two hours reading English in the morning.
? Classes begin at nine in the morning

1. 事實(shí)
   ? The world is round.
2. 經(jīng)常性便瑟，習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
   ? He doesn't work hard.
   ? 常連用頻率副詞（助動(dòng)詞后缆毁，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前）
   ? always frequently usually sometimes generally occasionally often
   ? never seldom rarely
3. 以there或here開(kāi)頭句子中番川，表正在發(fā)生的短暫動(dòng)作
   ? Here comes your wife=your wife is coming.
   ? There goes our bus； we'll have to wait for the next one.
4. 條件狀語(yǔ)（if unless）脊框，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（when as soon as before after ）從句中颁督，表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作
   ? Please let me know when he comes back.
   ? What are you going to do when you leave school?
   ? I'll be glad if she comes over to visit me.

一般過(guò)去時(shí)

The past simple tense is used to express a completed action which took place eat a specified time in the past.
? The specified time is either stated or implied.
A completed action
? I saw him in the library yesterday morning.
? I began to learn English ten years ago.
A past action that occurred regularly or habitually
? I slept for eight hours last night.
? She lived in our town for three years, but now she is living in Beijing.

1. 過(guò)去動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
   ? He was late for school this morning.
   ? I bought this computer three years ago.
2. 過(guò)去一段時(shí)間一直持續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
   ? I lived in the country for ten years.
   ? He used to do morning exercises.
   ? He took a walk after supper when he was alive.

一般將來(lái)時(shí)

The future simple tense is used to express an action that will occur at some time in the future.
Will or Be Going To can be used to express sort of certainty.
? According to the weather report, it will be windy tomorrow. 說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為將要發(fā)生
? According to the weather report, it is going to be windy tomorrow. 根據(jù)明顯跡象判斷
Be Going To is used to express a definite plan.
? I have bought a computer and I'm going to learn the computer science.
Will is used to express a willingness.
? The telephone is ringing圈暗； I will answer it.

will（說(shuō)話時(shí)做出的決定）
be going to（對(duì)話前做出的決定）

進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成
? 助動(dòng)詞+進(jìn)行分詞 be+doing
意義
? 該時(shí)刻（具體時(shí)間派殷，另一個(gè)具體活動(dòng)背景下）术健，活動(dòng)正在進(jìn)行

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1. 說(shuō)話此刻正在進(jìn)行
   ? What program are you watching?
   ? He is not available now. He is talking on another phone.
2. 現(xiàn)階段正在持續(xù)的動(dòng)作
   ? what are you doing these days?
   ? I am learning the usage of verb tenses.
3. 最近的將來(lái)已定的安排（計(jì)劃 安排做）
   ? What are you doing on Saturday night?
   ? I'm doing some shopping with Jane. I am taking a makeup test tomorrow.
4. 與always forever continually constantly等連用蔫浆，表示抱怨穷遂，厭煩
   ? Jack is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay you back.
   ? He's continually asking me for money.

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1. 過(guò)去特定時(shí)刻發(fā)生的事情
   ? I was discussing my thesis with my director at this time last night.
   ? What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? I was having dinner with my friends.
2. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（背景）+一般過(guò)去時(shí)（背景下發(fā)生的短暫動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)）
   ? The phone rang while I was having my bath, as usual.
   ? I was watching TV when the phone rang.

將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)（will be doing）

1. 將來(lái)某特定時(shí)刻活動(dòng)正在進(jìn)行
   I'll be lying on a beach in Santa this time tomorrow.
   Don't telephone after eight tomorrow. I'll be having a meeting.

名詞

名詞短語(yǔ)（名詞與它前面的修飾語(yǔ)）
? These red roses are for you.
? I have three close friends.
? I really need a new computer.

1. 功能
   ? 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)（介詞不能單獨(dú)使用姓蜂，后面所接賓語(yǔ)） 表語(yǔ)
2. 修飾語(yǔ)
   ? 限定詞: 泛指养篓，特指够掠，定量烂完，不定量（these/three/a/the/my/that）试疙，冠詞（a/an/the）
   ? 形容詞: red close new best small
3. 位置
   ? 限定詞在形容詞前: 限定詞+形容詞+名詞: three red roses.

名詞可數(shù)與不可數(shù)

名詞分類(lèi)

? 專(zhuān)有名詞 Paris, the United States, Bill Gates
? 普通名詞
? ? 可數(shù)名詞
? ? ? 個(gè)體名詞 student tree hospital house piano
? ? ? 集體名詞 team committee police group family
? ? 不可數(shù)名詞
? ? ? 物質(zhì)名詞 paper water cotton air
? ? ? 抽象名詞 birth happiness evolution technology hope
? 簡(jiǎn)單名詞 story student teacher
? 復(fù)合名詞 girlfriend roommate mother-in-law

是否可數(shù)的相對(duì)性

? 例如 paper
? I need some paper to write a letter（紙 不可數(shù)）
? I have a term paper to write on weekends（論文 可數(shù)）
? I bought a paper（報(bào)紙 可數(shù)）
? room（空間 不可數(shù)；房間 可數(shù)）

可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞比較

? 可數(shù)名詞: 前面可以+a or an or 數(shù)詞（two）
? 不可數(shù)名詞: 不可+a or an or 數(shù)詞（two）

不可數(shù)名詞

1. 物質(zhì)名詞不可數(shù)
   ? beer blood coffee cream gasoline honey juice milk oil tea water wine
   ? bread butter cheese ice ice-cream meat beef chicken fish chalk copper cotton glass gold iron
   ? air fog oxygen smoke
2. 抽象名詞
   ? advice anger beauty confidence fun happiness health honesty information love lunch peace
3. 總稱(chēng)名詞不可數(shù)
   ? furniture fruit jewelry luggage equipment poetry machinery

不可數(shù)名詞的度量

1. piece
   ? advice bread baggage chalk equipment furniture information jewelry luggage music news
2. bottle/cup/drop/glass
   ? beer blood coffee milk tea water wine
3. otherwise
   ? a loaf of bread/a tube of toothpaste/a pack of cigarette/a slice of meat

名詞所有格

1. 單數(shù)名詞后+'s
2. 復(fù)數(shù)名詞后+s' or 復(fù)數(shù)型名詞后+'s
   ? her friends' money
   ? the children's Day
3. 復(fù)合名詞后+'s
   ? my father-in-law's company
   ? everyone else's viewpoints
   ? Henry the Eighth's wives
   ? the President of America's secretary
4. and連接的并列名詞: 共有情況: 最后+'s 抠蚣； 各自所有情況: 每個(gè)名詞后+'s
5. 重量 度量 價(jià)值
   ? two pounds' weight/a ton's weight/a ton's steel/two dollars' worth of sugar
6. 省略
   ? 1)前文以出現(xiàn)祝旷，避免重復(fù)
   ? This bike is mine, not Michael's
   ? 2)表示店鋪或教堂（要加the）
   ? at the baker's/at the butcher's/at the chemist's/at the doctor's
   ? 3)人名后的所有格省去名詞表示住宅
   ? go to my sister's/I called at my uncle's yesterday.
7. of所有格的其他關(guān)系
   ? 1)主謂關(guān)系
   ? the visitor's departure/the teacher's request/the growth of agriculture
   ? 2)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系
   ? the children's education/the boy's punishment/the discussion of the plan

人稱(chēng)代詞

主格人稱(chēng)代詞

? 作用：主句或從句中做主語(yǔ)
? She is my daughter.
? It was he who helped me when I was in trouble.
? 順序： you, he, I；we, you, they（I總是放在最后）

表示泛指的主格代詞

? one：任何人，包括說(shuō)話人
? One is knocking at the door.（錯(cuò)誤怀跛，說(shuō)話人不算距贷，所以不能用one）
? Somebody is knocking at the door.
? One后面使用的代詞，美國(guó)一般用he吻谋，him忠蝗，himself，his.
? We/You/They 可以表示泛指：人們
? They say=People say or It is said
? They say it is going to be a cold winter.

she（her）的擬人化

表示country, motherland, moon, earth, ship
? The ship lost most of her rigging in the storm

賓格人稱(chēng)代詞

? 作用：做賓語(yǔ)（也可做表語(yǔ)）
? I like her.
? Who is it? It's me.
? 注意：做表語(yǔ)時(shí)漓拾，后面跟定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)什湘，需要用主格人稱(chēng)代詞。
? It was he in whom we had the greatest faith（he在從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)）
? 主格和賓格人稱(chēng)代詞可以做同位語(yǔ)：
? We teachers should be patient with students.
? Our teachers are all nice to us students.

做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置

? 直接賓語(yǔ)前： He bought me a pen as birthday gift.
? 直接賓語(yǔ)后：He bought a pen for me as a birthday gift晦攒；I've lent much monery to him.
? 若直接賓語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞闽撤，只能置后，但是不適用于不定代詞：
? I will give it to you.
? I'll show you something脯颜；I didn't give Rex any.
? 在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中間：Hand them in哟旗；throw it away；pick it up.
? 若是名詞栋操，則中間和后邊都可：hand your papers in=hand in your papers.

物主代詞（名詞性&形容詞性）

作用：人稱(chēng)代詞的所有格形式闸餐，表所有關(guān)系。
形容詞性：不能單獨(dú)使用： Your book is over there矾芙；His sister is lovely.
? 表強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)后+own：I wish I had my own house.
名詞性：?jiǎn)为?dú)使用舍沙；避免重復(fù)：This is not my book. Mine（=my book） is in my bag.
? of+名詞性物主代詞： a friend of mine；a teacher of hers=a teacher of her own.

反身代詞

? 必須主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)為同一人時(shí)剔宪，做賓語(yǔ)：God helps those who help themselves.
? 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)：
? ? He himself went to visit the old lady（他親自去看望那個(gè)老太太的）
? ? ? 不產(chǎn)生歧義下可置后：
? ? ? ? He went to visit the old lady himself.
? ? ? ? He spoke to the boss himself.（有歧義）
? 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)：反身代詞在賓語(yǔ)后
? ? He saw Tom himself（他看到Tom本人了）
? ? I will send this gift to John himself（給john本人拂铡，不是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)交）
? 介詞+反身動(dòng)詞
? ? by oneself：獨(dú)自一人地
? ? ? I went there by myself（我自己一個(gè)人去了那里）
? ? ? I went there myself（我親自去了那）
? ? of oneself：自動(dòng)地
? ? ? The door opened of itself（門(mén)自動(dòng)地開(kāi)了）

介詞

特點(diǎn)：不能單獨(dú)使用，后面需帶賓語(yǔ)（名詞葱绒，代詞感帅，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)名詞地淀，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)失球，名詞從句）
搭配：在介詞前的詞：動(dòng)詞（depend on）名詞（pay attention to）形容詞（be kind to）
充當(dāng)：與其賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)后可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 帮毁，定語(yǔ)实苞，狀語(yǔ)
作用：詞與詞之間的表示關(guān)系
種類(lèi)：
? 簡(jiǎn)單介詞（at, by, for, from, in, near, of, off, on）
? 復(fù)合介詞
? 簡(jiǎn)單鏈接：inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
? 搭配連用：as to, from above, from behind, from beneath, from under, until after

介詞短語(yǔ)

? at the cost of, at the mercy of, at odds with, by means of, by reason of, by virtue of,
? by way of, in place of, in favor of, in spite of, with an eye to.
? 關(guān)于：in/with reference to, in/with respect to, in/with regard to

時(shí)間介詞

at, in, on

? 1)at（時(shí)間點(diǎn)）
? a.特定時(shí)刻：at nine after ten
? b.不確定時(shí)刻：at night, at dawn, at midnight, at that time, at the moment, at Christmas
? c.年齡段：
? at the age of eight/at eight
? He got married at twenty

? 2)in（時(shí)間段）
? a.長(zhǎng)時(shí)間段
? in the morning/afternoon/evening
? in spring/summer/autumn/winter
? in the past, in the past ten years
? in the twenty-first century
? a man in his thirties
? b.在時(shí)間之內(nèi)/后，表將來(lái)時(shí)
? He said he would come back in a month
? The train is leaving in a minute
? c.in+動(dòng)名詞：在做...過(guò)程中
? In crossing the river, we caught some fish.
? In working, we can learn a lot.
? d.幾月：in October

? 3)on（表示具體日期）
? a.具體日期和星期
? On Monday On my birthday
? b.特定某天上午烈疚、下午等
? On the night of December 31, 1999
? On the eve of Christmas/New Year
? On a hot midnight in July
? c.在第幾天
? On his first day to school.
? On the tenth day I was in Beijing.
? d.on+動(dòng)名詞 or 名詞=as soon as：一...就...
? On hearing the bad news, she burst into tears.
? On arriving, I came directly to visit you.
? The first thing I did on arrival of Beijing was visit him.

from
和to或till/until連用
Most people work from nine to five.

since
? 和時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用黔牵，從那一時(shí)刻起。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)胞得，過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用
? He has been here since last Sunday
? I haven't seen him since two years ago
? I haven't seen him for two years
? It's two years since I last saw him

for
? 和時(shí)間段連用荧止，表示動(dòng)作延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的那一刻屹电。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用
? I have lived here for a year
? I have lived here since this time last year

by
? a.no later than：不遲于某個(gè)時(shí)間跃巡，到了某個(gè)時(shí)間
? by the end of next year
? b.by引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常與將來(lái)完成時(shí) or 過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用
? By the end of next year I'll have learned 2000 words
? By the end of last year I had learned 2000 words

時(shí)間介詞短語(yǔ)

at the beginning of 在..的開(kāi)頭
at the beginning of a book there is often a table of contents.
at the beginning of the concert.
at the beginning of January.

in the beginning：at first=in the early stages
In the beginning, I wrote to my family regularly. later I just gave up

at the end of
? But at the end of this process, unfortunately, the students are none the wiser.
? At the end of a book there may be an index
? At the end of the concert
? At the end of January

in the end：eventually=at last：最終....
? Jim couldn't decide where to go for his holidays. He didn't go anywhere in the end.

有l(wèi)ast/next/this/every不再加介詞
? I'll see your next Friday.

during for
? during在...期間內(nèi)危号，強(qiáng)調(diào)這時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生了什么 for表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短
? I had lived in the countryside for 8 years before I moved to Beijing.
? I studied in this university for 4 years. During that time most of my time was spent in learning English.
? My father was in hospital for six weeks during the summer.

during接表示一段時(shí)間的名詞：stay, visit, travel
? During my visit to China
? During the travel to the south
? During the Middle ages

for+時(shí)間段
? for six years for two months for ever for two hours

方位介詞

at, in

? at（小地方）
? ? at home, at the office, at school, at the bridge, at the crossroads, at the bus-stop
? ? at the doctor, at the hairdresser

? in（表示大地方）
? ? in a country, in a town, in a village, in the street, in the forest, in a field, in a desert

? 其他情況（固定搭配）
? ? in a line/in a row/in a queue
? ? in a photo/in a picture
? ? in a mirror
? ? in the sky/in the world
? ? in a book/in a newspaper/in a magazine/in a letter
? ? in the front/back row（at the front/back）
? ? in the front/back of the car
? ? at the front/back of the building/cinema/classroom

談?wù)摻ㄖ?/h5>

? at表示事情發(fā)生場(chǎng)合
? ? I met him at the cinema last night.
? in表示建筑物本身
? ? I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema
? in強(qiáng)調(diào)在建筑里，at包括建筑物周?chē)袄锩?/strong>
? ? at the restaurant（可以是餐館內(nèi)素邪，也可以是在餐館附近的某個(gè)地方）
? ? in the restaurant（在餐館里）
? ? at the cinema（在電影院外莲，不一定在里面）
? ? in the cinema（在里面）
? ? There were a lot of people in the shop, It was very crowed
? ? Go along this road, then turn left at the shop

on, over, above

? on表示兩者接觸
? ? Put away the books on the desk
? ? The dictionary on the table is not mine
? ? There is some water in the bottle
? ? There is a label on the bottle
? ? There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is?
? ? There is a notice on the door. It says “Do not disturb”

? on的其他情況
? ? on the left/on the right
? ? on the first/second floor
? ? on a map
? ? on the page/on page seven（at the top/bottom of the page）
? ? on the menu
? ? on the list
? ? on a farm
? ? on the way to school
? ? on the corner of street, in the corner of the room

? over不僅接觸，還有覆蓋的含義
? ? Spread the cloth over the table
? ? Mon put a rug over me when I was asleep

? over還可以表示正上方
? ? There is a bridge over the river
? ? There is a lamp over the desk

? above僅表示上下位關(guān)系兔朦，不接觸偷线，也不是正上方
? ? The sun rose above the horizon
? ? There is a bridge above the river
? ? He is over me（He is my immediate superior）
? ? He is above me

below, under, beneath

? under在下方，可接觸沽甥，可不接觸
? ? I put the money under the mattess（床墊）
? ? The dog is groveling under the table

? below表示兩個(gè)表面之間間隔距離
? ? They live below us

? beneath可以替換under声邦，但是偏向抽象含義
? ? He would think it beneath him to tell a lie
? ? She married beneath her

手段介詞

by

表示行為方式

? send something by post
? do something by hand
? pay by check/by credit card（pay in cash）
? 某事發(fā)生：by mistake/by accident/by chance（on purpose）

表示交通工具

? by car, by train, by plane/air, by boat/sea/ship, by bus
? by bicycle/bike, by metro/subway/underground（on foot）
? by car（in a car, in my car, in the car）
? I don't mind going by car but I don't want to go in your car

? car, taxi前用介詞in
? ? They didn't come in their car. They came in a taxi.

? 自行車(chē)和公共交通設(shè)施前用on
? ? on the train/by train, on his bicycle/by bicycle

? 表示通過(guò) 某種手段達(dá)到預(yù)期效果（與with區(qū)別）
? ? We succeeded by cooperating with them
? ? Our mission is to help our clients achieve their business goals by providing a service
? ? for the timely delivery of qualified staff to support their operational needs.

with

? 表示用具體的工具做某事
? I killed a fly with a fly-flap（蒼蠅拍）
? We can see with our eyes and write with our hands

in

? 表示以某種方式做某事
? Write in pencil/in ink
? Express this in your own words
? Speak in a low voice
? Pay in installments（分期付款）

through

? 與by相近，through一般多根名詞連用摆舟， by多跟動(dòng)名詞連用
? they talked to each other through an interpreter.

動(dòng)名詞

做主語(yǔ)

直接句首做主語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

? a. Seeing is believing.
? b. Reading is like permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer.
? c. Having a successful marriage takes effort and patience, and communication is the key.

It is no good doing sth.句型

? it形式主語(yǔ)亥曹，真正主語(yǔ)是doing sth.
? no可以替換為：any/some good, any/some/no use, a waste of time.
? a. Is it any good trying to explain?
? c. It's not much use my buying salmon if you don't like fish.
? d. it's simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.

there be句型

? 1) there is no point （in） doing something, 做某事沒(méi)有意義
? a. there is no point in my going out to date someone, I might really like if I met him a the time, but who, right now, has no chance of being anything to me but a transitional man
? 2) there is no use/good （in） doing something
? a. there is no use your arguing with him
? b. there is no use your complaining to me about this.
? 3) there is no doing something=it's impossible to do something=we can't do something.
? a. there is no denying the fact that...毋庸置疑
? b. there is no gainsaying the fact that...毋庸置疑
? c. there is no telling what will happen tomorrow.
? d. there's no knowing the future=it's impossible to know the future, or we can't know it.

做賓語(yǔ)

一些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)

? appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, feel like, finish, can't help, invlove,
? overlook, permit, postpone, practice, risk, can't stand, suggest, tolerate, understand.
? a. I will overlook your being so rude to my sister this time but don't let it happen again.
? b. Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result
? c. Being a bad-tempered man, he would not tolerate having this lectures interrupted.

接動(dòng)名詞和不定式有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞

? 很多動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可，但是意思有很大差別恨诱。

demand, deserve, need, require, want

? 動(dòng)名詞：主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)
? 不定式：必須用被動(dòng)形式
? a. The garden needs watering/to be watered. 不說(shuō) The garden needs being watered.
? b. Your hair needs cutting/to be cut.

remember, forget, stop, go on, regret

? 動(dòng)名詞：表示發(fā)生于這些動(dòng)詞之前的事
? 不定式：表示發(fā)生在這些動(dòng)詞之后的事

remember

? remember doing sth.: remember/recall something that happened in the past.
? 記得已做過(guò)某事
? a. I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time.
? b. I don't remember/recall locking my suitcase
? =as far as I know, my suitcase should be open
? remember to do sth.: remember to perform a responsibility, duty or task.
? 記得需要履行的職責(zé) or 任務(wù)媳瞪。
? a. Remember to go to the post office, won't you?
? b. Remember to do some shopping after work.
? c. Clint always remembers to turn off the lights when he leaves the room.

forget

? forget doing sth.: forget something that happened in the past.
? 忘記了已做過(guò)的某事
? I forgot locking the door. So when I came back, I found the door locked.
? as far as I know, the door should be open.
? forget to do sth.: forget to perform a responsibility, duty or task.
? 忘記要做的事
? As well as getting on everybody's nerves, he's got a habit of borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back.

stop

? stop doing: 停下經(jīng)常做的或手頭正在做的事情
? I really must stop smoking.
? stop to do: 停下來(lái)去做某事
? stop to have a rest.

go on

? go on doing sth.: 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情。
? a. The teacher went on explaining the text.
? b. Peter went on sleeping despite the noise.
? go on to do sth.: 改做另一件事
? a. He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
? b. Finishing the new words, the teacher went on to attack the text.

regret

? regret doing sth.: regret something that happened in the past.
? 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情感到遺憾
? a. I don't regret telling her what I thought, even if it upset her.
? b. I regret letting slip that opportunity.
? c. I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.
? d. Now he regrets not having gone to university.

? regret to do something: regret to say, to tell someone, or to inform someone of some bad news 遺憾的告訴或通知某人某個(gè)壞消息照宝。
? a. We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.
? b. I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
? c. We regret to inform you that the flight has been canceled.

動(dòng)名詞的其他結(jié)構(gòu)

have difficulty （in） doing sth.
? trouble
? problem
? （a lot of fun）
? （lots of） pleasure
? a hard time
? a good time
? a difficult time

? 注意: take the trouble to do sth., trouble to do sth., have （no） time to do sth..
? a. I worked sos late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
? b. I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place.

can't help doing, can't resist doing, can't keep from doing, can't hold back from doing
? can't keep back from doing
? 注意: can't help but do, can't but do, can't choose but do, etc.
? No one can help liking Tom蛇受；he is such a cute boy.

be worth doing值得做；主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)
? be worthy of being done 或 be worthy to be done.
? a. The book is worth reading.
? b. The book is worthy of being read.
? c. The book is worthy to be read.

動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

? 物主代詞（his, my, your等）所有格名詞（Mary's Tom's）與動(dòng)名詞連用厕鹃，即構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的符合結(jié)構(gòu)兢仰。用來(lái)引出動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，以區(qū)別于句子主語(yǔ)熊响。
? Clint insisted on reading the letter. （Clint看了信）
? Clint insisted on my reading the letter. （我不得不看信）
? Would you mind telling us the whole story? （你告訴）
? Would you mind Tom's telling us the whole story?=Would you mind if Tom tells us the story
? He disliked working late
? He disliked my working late
? I object to making private calls on this phone
? I object to his making private calls on this phone.

用法

? 做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
? a. Tom's coming home at last was a great consolation （做主語(yǔ)）
? b. Do you mind my making a suggestion? （做及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）
? c. Our discussion of earthquakes would be incomplete if we didn't raise the possibility of their being caused by external forces.

? 物主代詞（his）可以改為賓格代詞（him） or 所有格名詞（Tom's）改成普通格名詞（Tom）
? a. It's no use Tom arguing with his boss.
? b. Do you mind me making a suggestion?
? c. I am annoyed about John forgetting to pay.

? 應(yīng)用原則：
? 1) 若動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做主語(yǔ)旨别，最好用所有格形式
? a. Tom's refusing to accept the invitation upset me.
? b. His refusing to accept the invitation upset me.
? c. It was a great consolation his coming home at last.
? 2)動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)候，用普通格或所有格均可
? a. Do you mind me making a suggestion?
? b. I am annoyed about John forgetting to pay.

動(dòng)詞不定式

做主語(yǔ)

It+to do sth.句型

? 1. It+to do sth.句型汗茄；it做形式主語(yǔ)
? a. It is easier to spend money than to make money.
? b. It takes time to study English well.
? 形式主語(yǔ)it不能用this或that替換
? This is impossible for people to stare directly at the sun.應(yīng)用it

? 2. 不定式置于句首做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)铭若。
? a. To err is human洪碳；to forgive, divine
? b. To solve this problem takes a genius like Einstein.
? c. To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic.
? d. To send a letter is a good way to go somewhere without moving anything but your heart.

做賓語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞+ to do

? 1. 直接跟在一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞后面做賓語(yǔ)
? 特點(diǎn)一：句子的主語(yǔ)和不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是一致的，動(dòng)作都是由主語(yǔ)發(fā)出叼屠。
? 特點(diǎn)二：這時(shí)句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多是描寫(xiě)態(tài)度瞳腌；不定式動(dòng)作則說(shuō)明行為。
? a. I hope to see you again.
? b. This company refused to cooperate with us.
? c. He promised not to tell anyone about it.

? 接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有
? agree, appear, beg, begin, dare, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, hesitate
? hope, intend, like, love, manage, mean, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose
? refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, try, want, wish

? 2. 連接詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)略形式：動(dòng)詞+連接代詞or連接副詞or連詞whether+to do
? a. I wonder who to invite. （= who I should invite）
? b. Show us what to do. （= what we must do）
? c. I don't know whether to answer his letter. （= whether I should answer）
? 類(lèi)似動(dòng)詞還有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder

做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞+ sb. to do sth.

? 1. 通常結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞+sb. to do sth.
? a. They don't allow people to smoke in the theater.
? b. The chairman declared the meeting to be over.
? c. Allow me to drink to your success.
? d. Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship.
? f. My mother wishes me to return to China.

? 常用動(dòng)詞：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, wish（hope不可）

? 2. 在let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動(dòng)詞后面镜雨，不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
? to要省略嫂侍，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則必須帶to（詳見(jiàn)“不帶to的不定式”）

做定語(yǔ)

名詞+ to do sth.

? 1. 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系
? 被修飾名詞在邏輯上做不定式的賓語(yǔ)
? a. She has four children to take care of.
? b. I had no place to live in.
? c. You just regard me as a thing, an object to look at, to use, to touch, but not to listen to or to take seriously.
? d. I gave the kid a comic to read.
? e. He needs a place to live in.
? f. I have no partner to speak English with.
? g. I need a pen to write with.
? h. I need a piece of paper to write on.

? ** 注意：**
? 1. 不定式一般不用被動(dòng)形式
? 2. 不定式動(dòng)詞后面不能再加賓語(yǔ)
? a. I gave the kid a comic to read it. *
? b. I need something to eat it. *
? 3. 不定式動(dòng)詞后介詞不省略
? a. I have no partner to speak English. *
? b. I need a pen to write. *

? 4. 被only, last, next, 序數(shù)詞, 最高級(jí)修飾的名詞通常用不定式做定語(yǔ)
? a. I don't think he is the best man to do the job.
? b. The next train to arrive is from New York.
? c. Clint was the second person to fall into this trap.
? d. Clint was the only person to survive the air crash.

做獨(dú)立成分

? 修飾整個(gè)句子： to begin with, to tell the truth, to make a long story short, so to speak, to be brief/exact/frank/honest, to say nothing of（姑且不所說(shuō)）, to say the least（至少可以這么說(shuō)）
? a. To begin with, on behalf of （代表）all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality.
? b. I have a point there, to say the least.
? c. To make a long story short, he is in hospital now.

做狀語(yǔ)

目的在狀語(yǔ) or 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)

做目的狀語(yǔ)

? a. Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.
? b. To avoid criticism, do nothing, say nothing, be nothing.
? c. To acquire knowledge, one must study；but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.
? d. We had better start early to catch the train.
? e. I went to the post office to mail a letter.

? 可以用in order to do或so as to do強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語(yǔ)
? a. We had better start early so as to catch the train.
? b. I went to the post office in order to mail a letter.
? c. I quote others in order to better express my own self.
? d. The teacher raised her voice in order for us to hear more clearly.
? 注意：so as to不放在句首挑宠；to do和in order to do可以放句首菲盾。

做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)

1. 直接做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
   ? a. He lived to be a hundred years.
   ? b. What have I done to offend you?
   ? c. He lived to see second world war.（= he lived until he saw world war II）
2. never to do表結(jié)果
   ? a. John left his hometown ten years ago, never to return.
   ? b. We parted never to see each other.
3. only to do引出意想不到或不愉快的結(jié)果
   ? a. We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left.
   ? b. All too often, women complain that they're educated as equals, only to go out into the workforce to be treated as inferiors.
   ? c. He worked very hard, only to find he had not finished half of the job.
4. enough to
   ? a. He is not old enough to go to school.
   ? b. The teacher speaks loudly enough to make himself heard clearly.
5. too...to結(jié)構(gòu)：太...而不能
   ? a. The box is too heavy for me to even move.
   ? b. The tea is too hot to drink.

形容詞后的不定式

1. 句子主語(yǔ)和不定式可以構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系
   ? 這類(lèi)形容詞通常表示人的性格特征或行為表現(xiàn)
   ? brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, generous, kind, modest, nice
   ? polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful.
   ? a. He was surprised to learn how much he had spent.
   ? b. The boy was careless to break the window.
2. 句子主語(yǔ)和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系
   ? a. She is interesting to listen to=It is interesting to listen to her.
   ? b. Relativity theory isn't easy to understand=it isn't easy to understand relativity theory.
   ? c. She is very nice to talk to=It is very nice to talk to her.
   ? d. Mary is easy to get on with=It is easy to get on with Mary.
   ? e. English is difficult to speak.
   ? f. Football is very interesting to watch.
   ? g. Barbara is interesting to listen to because she reads a lot.
   ? 在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的情況需要注意：
   ? 1)不定式動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)式（最容易出錯(cuò)）
   ? a. English is difficult to be spoken.*
   ? b. Football is interesting to be watched.*
   ? 2)不定式后不加賓語(yǔ)
   ? a. Football is very interesting to watch it.*
   ? b. She is nice to talk to her.*
   ? 3)不定式動(dòng)詞所帶介詞不能省略
   ? a. She is interesting to listen.*
   ? b. She is easy to get on.*

• It's impossible for fish to live without water.
• it's necessary for students to do more exercise in learning English.
• The boy was made to sing the song once again.
• He couldn't help bursting into tears after he heard the news.
• She could not but admit that they were justified in this
• They forbade him to go to the park
• The first explorer to reach California by land was Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1826
• He was the first to arrive and the last to leave
• The teachers don't know what it takes to start and run a school.

不帶to的不定式

動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中to省去

? 1. 感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe
? 2. 使役動(dòng)詞：let, make, have
? a. The teacher has us write a composition every week.
? b. I saw a man enter the shop.
? 但為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，后面需要+to
? a. A man was seen to enter the shop.

一些短語(yǔ)中to省略

? had better, would rather, would sooner, would just a soon, might（just） as well, cannot but
? cannot choose but, cannot help but
? a. I cannot but admire his courage.
? b. We might as well put up here for tonight.
? c. I couldn't help but fall in love with you.

do nothing/anything/everything but do省略

? a. I have nothing to do but wait.
? b. I have no choice but to wait（but前沒(méi)有do各淀，則不定式+to）
? c. He needs nothing but to succeed.
? d. He will do anything but give in
? 在解釋do的精確含義的名詞從句和定語(yǔ)從句做主語(yǔ)的句子中懒鉴，be動(dòng)詞后直接+do
? e. All that I could do then was wait.
? f. What I could do then was wait.
? g. All you do now is complete this form.
? h. No mountains too high for you to climb. All you have to do is have some climbing faith.
? No rivers too wide for you to make it across. All you have to do is believe it when you pray.

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

構(gòu)成：be +過(guò)去分詞

不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be變化
is, is being, has been, was, was being, had been, will be, will have been.

不用by情況

1. 實(shí)施者明顯
   ? a. The rubbish hasn't been collected.
   ? b. Your hand will be X-rayed.
   ? c. The streets are swept every day.

2. 實(shí)施者未知或沒(méi)必要提及
   ? a. The President has been murdered.
   ? b. My car has been moved.
   ? c. Rice is grown in many countries.
   ? d. The library was built in 1890.

3. 泛指人們
   ? acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel, find, know, presume, report, say, think.
   ? People believe him to be honest. He is believed to be honest.

4. 主句主語(yǔ)是one, you, they 通常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
   ? One/You see this kind of advertisement everywhere.
   ? This kind of advertisement is seen everywhere.
   ? They are building a new public library in our town.
   ? A new public library is being built in our town.

5. 避免改換主語(yǔ)（可以接by短語(yǔ)）
   ? When he arrived home, a detective arrested him.
   ? When he arrived home, he was arrested.

不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

? He came here last night.
? He looks fine.

雙賓語(yǔ)可以有兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（人做主語(yǔ)更常見(jiàn)）

? Someone gave me a gift. I was given a gift.
? Someone gave a gift to me. A gift was given to me.

靜態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

句子	分析
I locked the door two minutes ago. The door was locked by me two minutes ago.	這里的was locked強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作
Now the door is locked.	這里的is locked 只是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，起著形容詞的作用

? Clint broke the window last night
? The window was broken last night
? Now the window is broken.
? 常見(jiàn)interested, excited, satisfied, married, disappointed, scared, frightened, worried, lost
? a. I am interested in grammar.
? b. I am satisfied with Clint's grammar course.
? c. She is married to her teacher.
? d. The table is made of wood.
? e. Are you scared of snake?

get與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（get與過(guò)去分詞連用）

可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

? a. My watch got broken while I was playing with the children.
? b. He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.

可以接靜態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式碎浇，表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)

? a. I stopped working because I got tired.
? b. I got worried because he was two hours late.
? c. She is getting dressed to the party and has trouble deciding what clothes to wear.

have/get sth. done

? have sth. done或者get sth. done

1. 安排別人把事情做好（主要用法）
   ? a. Are you going to repair the car yourself?
   ? b. No, I'm going to have it repaired.
   ? c. I want to have/get my items repaired. （My items need repairing.）
   ? d. I must get my hair cut=I want someone to cut my hair.
   ? e. You should get/have your bike repaired.
   ? g. If you don't get our of my house, I'll have you arrested.

2. 意外或不行的事情
   ? a. I got my car stolen last year.
   ? b. Have you ever had your passport stolen?
   ? c. Joe had his leg broken in a fight.
   ? d. It took me two hours to get the washing done.
   ? e. Don't get your plans changed.