筆者的話
學(xué)或者不學(xué)，它都在那里澳眷，都會(huì)給你意想不到的生活體驗(yàn)
既然子曾經(jīng)曰過胡嘿，學(xué)以致用，一旦社會(huì)進(jìn)步钳踊，職業(yè)的方向逐漸專業(yè)化而且需要深造時(shí)候衷敌。
朋友勿侯，秉燭夜讀，捧書鉆研缴罗，也是件何樂而不為的好事助琐。讓學(xué)習(xí)這項(xiàng)事業(yè)進(jìn)行到底吧！
Learning and earning
Equipping people to stay ahead of technological change
It is easy to say that people need to keep learning throughout their careers. The practicalities are daunting
邊賺錢邊學(xué)習(xí)
技能提升 讓自己在技術(shù)變化中立于有利地位
職業(yè)生涯中保持終身學(xué)習(xí) 說來容易做來難
From the print edition?| Leaders
Jan 14th 2017
WHEN education fails to keep pace with technology, the result is inequality. Without the skills to stay useful as innovations arrive, workers suffer—and if enough of them fall behind, society starts to fall apart. That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial Revolution, heralding state-funded universal schooling. Later, automation in factories and offices called forth a surge in college graduates. The combination of education and innovation, spread over decades, led to a remarkable flowering of prosperity.
當(dāng)教育跟不上技術(shù)的步伐面氓，最終導(dǎo)致不平等兵钮。當(dāng)改革來臨，缺乏各項(xiàng)有用技能的工人也會(huì)受挫舌界。如果有太多人落伍掘譬，那么社會(huì)會(huì)開始分崩離析。工業(yè)革命時(shí)期改革者們深知這一點(diǎn)呻拌，預(yù)示出國(guó)家興辦的全民學(xué)校葱轩。之后，工廠和公司的自動(dòng)化引發(fā)了大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的激增藐握。教育和改革的結(jié)合靴拱，已經(jīng)發(fā)展了數(shù)十年，也導(dǎo)致了引人注目的繁榮浪潮猾普。
Today robotics and artificial intelligence call for another education revolution. This time, however, working lives are so lengthy and so fast-changing that simply cramming more schooling in at the start is not enough. People must also be able to acquire new skills throughout their careers.
今天缭嫡，機(jī)器人和人工智能呼喚著另一個(gè)教育革命。不過抬闷，這一次人們的職業(yè)生涯更漫長(zhǎng)妇蛀，變化迅速，以至于初始階段填鴨式教育已不夠用笤成。人們必須同時(shí)有著能力在整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中掌握一些新能力评架。
Unfortunately, as our special report in this issue sets out, the lifelong learning that exists today mainly benefits high achievers—and is therefore more likely to exacerbate inequality than diminish it. If 21st-century economies are not to create a massive underclass, policymakers urgently need to work out how to help all their citizens learn while they earn. So far, their ambition has fallen pitifully short
不幸地，當(dāng)我們特殊報(bào)告發(fā)出后炕泳，終生學(xué)習(xí)主要恩惠于成功人士纵诞，因此更有可能會(huì)加劇不平等，而不是減少不平等培遵。如果21世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)體不打算生成一個(gè)龐大的社會(huì)底層浙芙，政治決策者們迫切地需要找到辦法，幫助所有的公民在賺錢的時(shí)候同時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)籽腕。目前嗡呼，他們的雄心壯志并沒有激發(fā)起來。
Machines or learning
機(jī)器或者學(xué)習(xí)
The classic model of education—a burst at the start and top-ups through company training—is breaking down. One reason is the need for new, and constantly updated, skills. Manufacturing increasingly calls for brain work rather than metal-bashing (see?Briefing). The share of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21% between 1996 and 2015. The single, stable career has gone the way of the Rolodex.
起初集中學(xué)習(xí)皇耗，再不斷在公司內(nèi)部培訓(xùn)加以補(bǔ)充南窗，這種經(jīng)典的學(xué)習(xí)模式現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不起作用。其中一個(gè)原因就是人們需要獲得一個(gè)新的技能，并持續(xù)更新万伤。制造業(yè)漸漸要求腦力勞動(dòng)窒悔，而不是體力勞動(dòng)。從1996年到2015年敌买，普通辦公的美國(guó)勞動(dòng)者比例從25.5%下降到21%简珠。單一，穩(wěn)定的工作已經(jīng)從名片架中下架了虹钮。
Pushing people into ever-higher levels of formal education at the start of their lives is not the way to cope. Just 16% of Americans think that a four-year college degree prepares students very well for a good job. Although a vocational education promises that vital first hire, those with specialised training tend to withdraw from the labour force earlier than those with general education—perhaps because they are less adaptable.
讓人們?cè)谀贻p的時(shí)候接受更高的正規(guī)教育已經(jīng)是不奏效了北救。只有16%的美國(guó)人認(rèn)為，四年大學(xué)畢業(yè)就能找到好工作了芜抒。盡管職業(yè)教育保證了至關(guān)重要的首次招聘珍策，但是那些收到過特殊培訓(xùn)的人往往比受過通識(shí)教育的人更早退出勞動(dòng)力---也是因?yàn)樗麄冞m應(yīng)能力不夠強(qiáng)。
At the same time on-the-job training is shrinking. In America and Britain it has fallen by roughly half in the past two decades. Self-employment is spreading, leaving more people to take responsibility for their own skills. Taking time out later in life to pursue a formal qualification is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards youngsters.
與此同時(shí)宅倒，當(dāng)在職培訓(xùn)日漸減少攘宙，美國(guó)英國(guó)的專門培訓(xùn)，較過去20年已經(jīng)縮減了一半拐迁。自我創(chuàng)業(yè)正在擴(kuò)大蹭劈，讓更多人對(duì)自己的技能承擔(dān)起責(zé)任。在年紀(jì)大一些時(shí)候再花時(shí)間獲取一個(gè)正規(guī)文憑是一個(gè)選擇线召，但是這筆花費(fèi)挺高铺韧，而且大多數(shù)校園都面向年輕人開放。
The market is innovating to enable workers to learn and earn in new ways. Providers from General Assembly to Pluralsight are building businesses on the promise of boosting and rebooting careers. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have veered away from lectures on Plato or black holes in favour of courses that make their students more employable. At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers pay for cheap, short programmes that bestow “microcredentials” and “nanodegrees” in, say, self-driving cars or the Android operating system. By offering degrees online, universities are making it easier for professionals to burnish their skills. A single master’s programme from Georgia Tech could expand the annual output of computer-science master’s degrees in America by close to 10%.
市場(chǎng)正在創(chuàng)新缓淹，讓員工能夠以新的方式學(xué)習(xí)和工作哈打。包括美國(guó)的編程學(xué)校General Assembly和軟件開發(fā)在線教育平臺(tái)Pluralsight 在內(nèi)的服務(wù)商正在打著強(qiáng)化和重啟職業(yè)的旗號(hào)建立自己的培訓(xùn)服務(wù)。大型開放式網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程（moocs）慕課已經(jīng)不愛將柏拉圖或者黑洞讯壶，而是轉(zhuǎn)向讓學(xué)生更容易找到工作的課程料仗。在尤達(dá)學(xué)院和coursera，自學(xué)者可以購(gòu)買便宜伏蚊，簡(jiǎn)短的課程立轧，獲得比如自動(dòng)駕駛行車或者安卓操作系統(tǒng)的‘微證書’和‘納米學(xué)位’。通過在網(wǎng)上獲得學(xué)位躏吊，許多大學(xué)讓更多專業(yè)人士更簡(jiǎn)單地提升自己的技能氛改。喬治理工學(xué)院的一項(xiàng)碩士項(xiàng)目每年能讓計(jì)算機(jī)系碩士學(xué)位的授予量增加到近10%。
Such efforts demonstrate how to interleave careers and learning. But left to its own devices, this nascent market will mainly serve those who already have advantages. It is easier to learn later in life if you enjoyed the classroom first time around: about 80% of the learners on Coursera already have degrees. Online learning requires some IT literacy, yet one in four adults in the OECD has no or limited experience of computers. Skills atrophy unless they are used, but many low-end jobs give workers little chance to practise them.
這個(gè)努力展示了如何將職業(yè)和學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)合起來比伏。但是如果放任自流胜卤，這一新生市場(chǎng)主要服務(wù)于那些已經(jīng)掌握優(yōu)勢(shì)的人。如果你初次對(duì)喜歡的課程抱有興趣凳怨，那么長(zhǎng)大以后在學(xué)習(xí)就會(huì)容易一些瑰艘。在線學(xué)習(xí)需要一點(diǎn)信息技術(shù)知識(shí)，而在四位來自經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織成員國(guó)中的一員從沒接觸過計(jì)算局或者對(duì)其了解有限肤舞。技能不用就會(huì)退化紫新，但是許多低端的工作沒有給勞動(dòng)工人太多練習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
Shampoo technician wanted
洗發(fā)工徒招聘
If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical. Because education is a public good whose benefits spill over to all of society, governments have a vital role to play—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.
如果學(xué)習(xí)新方法幫助了最急需的人李剖，政治決策者應(yīng)制定更激進(jìn)的目標(biāo)芒率。因?yàn)榻逃且环N公共服務(wù)，整個(gè)社會(huì)都能從中獲益篙顺，政府發(fā)揮了其中重要職能--不只要大量投入偶芍，而且要花的物有所值。
Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, education should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills later in life.
終生學(xué)習(xí)始于學(xué)校德玫。常規(guī)而言匪蟀，教育不局限于職業(yè)教育。學(xué)校課程應(yīng)當(dāng)教會(huì)孩子們?nèi)绾螌W(xué)習(xí)思考宰僧。對(duì)“元認(rèn)知”的關(guān)注將讓他們?cè)诮窈蟮娜松懈玫卣莆占寄?/p>
But the biggest change is to make adult learning routinely accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such “individual learning accounts”; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on courses from 500 approved providers. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.
但是最大的改變?cè)谟诓谋耄绾巫屗腥丝梢哉＋@得接受或成人教育的機(jī)會(huì)。一個(gè)辦法就是向公民提供可用于支付培訓(xùn)費(fèi)的代金券琴儿。新加坡就有這樣的“個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶”段化，他向25歲以上的學(xué)員提供代金券，以便他們能選修500項(xiàng)獲得批準(zhǔn)課程中的任何一項(xiàng)課造成。目前為止显熏，每位公民只有幾百美元，但這只是剛開始那幾天而已晒屎。
Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But industry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.
這些納稅人買單的課程有可能遭受到浪費(fèi)喘蟆。但是業(yè)界能提供幫助，引導(dǎo)人們學(xué)習(xí)它所需要的技能鼓鲁，并且與慕課（MOOCs）以及大學(xué)合作來設(shè)計(jì)有意義的課程履肃。公司也可以鼓勵(lì)其學(xué)員學(xué)習(xí)。作為一家電信公司坐桩，美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司希望讓其員工具備數(shù)字功能尺棋。它每年花費(fèi)三千萬用于報(bào)銷雇員學(xué)費(fèi)。工會(huì)也可以扮演有用的角色绵跷，成為終身學(xué)習(xí)的組織者膘螟，尤其是對(duì)那些小公司員工或者創(chuàng)業(yè)者而言--因?yàn)樗麄冸y以獲得公司提供的培訓(xùn)。在英國(guó)碾局，一家工會(huì)經(jīng)營(yíng)的培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目獲得了來自左右翼政黨的支持
To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.
為了讓所有這些培訓(xùn)者真正有價(jià)值荆残，政府應(yīng)當(dāng)大力取消對(duì)許可證的要求以及其他會(huì)阻礙新手取得職位的規(guī)定。例如净当，與其要求300小時(shí)練習(xí)才能好偶的洗發(fā)師資格認(rèn)證内斯，田納西州應(yīng)當(dāng)讓理發(fā)師自己決定誰是最佳未來員工人員蕴潦。
Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all adults must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in education. That should be the scale of the ambition today.
并非每個(gè)人都能轉(zhuǎn)換工作。那些受技術(shù)沖擊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大的是藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人俘闯，他們中很多拒絕接受這種快速發(fā)展工業(yè)中缺少‘男子氣概’的工作潭苞，比如醫(yī)療。但是為了讓落后的人減少到最低程度真朗，所有成年人必須能獲得靈活的此疹，費(fèi)用付得起的培訓(xùn)。19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)見證了教育的突飛猛進(jìn)遮婶。今日也當(dāng)有此雄心蝗碎。
翻譯詞匯解析，語法解析
