we are elevating the boundaries of mobile x-ray imaging,with innovative thinking we deliver solutions that are focused on the care of pationts and physicians needs,we continuously strive to improve the clinical workflow-accurate, fast and relieable,By providing superior image quality we enable new areas of clinical applications.

我們跨越了c臂的邊界,創(chuàng)新思維,傳遞這樣一個解決方案,專注于病人的生理健康,不斷提升臨床流程的精確性,準確性,使其可信賴.提供超長的圖像效果,我們得以看到臨床的新應(yīng)用

An x-ray machine is composed of a control console which enables the x-ray technician to select various x-ray techniques suitable for that specific exam, an x-ray generator that creates and produces the desired KV (kilovoltage), MA (milliamperage sometimes referred to as MAS which is actually MA multiplied by the desired exposure length) and x-ray tube. The X-ray tube, like any vacuum tube, contains a cathode, which directs a stream of electrons into a vacuum, and an anode, which collects the electrons and is made of tungsten to evacuate the heat generated by the collision. When the electrons collide with the target, about 1% of the resulting energy is emitted asX-rays, with the remaining 99% released as heat. Due to the high energy of the electrons that reach relativistic speeds the target is usually made of tungsten even if other material can be used particularly in XRF applications.

一臺x線機有一個可控的控制臺,技師通過它選擇可變的x線以適用于精確的診斷,x線發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生需要的kv,ma(有時使用的是MAS,既為ma乘以所需曝光的時間),x線管.球管,真空管,包含陰極,將電子流直線導入真空,由鎢構(gòu)成的陽極是轉(zhuǎn)移由于電子撞擊產(chǎn)生的熱量.當電子裝機靶面時,大約1%的能量激發(fā)成射線,余下的成為熱量.由于高能量的電子相對于靶達到高速.

A cooling system is necessary to cool the anode; many X-ray generators use water or oil recirculating systems.

冷卻系統(tǒng)也是必須的冷卻陽極,一些x線發(fā)生器使用水或油循環(huán)系統(tǒng)

The main fields in which x-ray machines are used in medicine are radiography and fluoroscopic type procedures.

x線機的主要領(lǐng)域是用于醫(yī)學攝影和透視

Radiography is generally used for fast, highly penetrating images, and is usually used in areas with a high bone content but can also be used to look for tumors such as with mammography imaging. Some forms of radiography include:

攝影常用于快速高清的圖像,臨床用于高密度區(qū)域.也可以用于乳腺攝影尋找腫瘤,常見的形式:

orthopantomogram — a panoramic x-ray of the jaw showing all the teeth at once mammography — x-rays of breast tissue tomography — x-ray imaging in sections

正體全景體層攝影,一種全景x線,一次性乳房攝影,一種胸部組織成像

Radiotherapy — the use of x-ray radiation to treat malignant cancer cells, a non-imaging application

放射療法,通過x線的放射性治療惡性癌細胞,無圖應(yīng)用

Fluoroscopy is used in cases where real-time visualization is necessary (and is most commonly encountered in everyday life at airport security). Some medical applications of fluoroscopy include:

透視使用于必要的實時的視野觀察(常用語機場安檢).一些醫(yī)學應(yīng)用包括:

angiography — used to examine blood vessels in real time along with the placement of stents and other procedures to repair blocked arteries.barium enema — a procedure used to examine problems of the colon and lower gastrointestinal tractbarium swallow — similar to a barium enema, but used to examine the upper gastroinstestinal tractbiopsy — the removal of tissue for examination

血管造影,診斷血管在植入支架或其他修復動脈阻塞.鋇餐:一種治療診斷結(jié)腸和下胃腸道問題,追蹤鋇吞咽,類似于鋇餐,是用于檢查胃腸上部 活體檢測追蹤,移除組織的檢測

X-rays are highly penetrating, ionizing radiation, therefore X-ray machines are used to take pictures of dense tissues such as bones and teeth. This is because bones absorb the radiation more than the less dense soft tissue. X-rays from a source pass through the body and onto a photographic cassette. Areas where radiation is absorbed show up as lighter shades of grey (closer to white). This can be used to diagnose broken or fractured bones. In fluoroscopy, imaging of the digestive tract is done with the help of a radiocontrast agent such as barium sulfate, which is opaque to X-rays.

x線是高強度離子化放射線,因此其被用于高密度組織的成像,例如牙齒或骨頭.由于骨頭相對于軟組織會吸收更多的射線.x線從發(fā)射源穿過人體到達膠片上,射線被吸收的區(qū)域相對顯示的更亮.可以用于診斷骨頭斷裂過骨折.透視條件下,?

X-rays can be generated by an X-ray tube, a vacuum tube that uses a high voltage to accelerate the electrons released by a hot cathode to a high velocity. The high velocity electrons collide with a metal target, the anode, creating the X-rays. In medical X-ray tubes the target is usually tungsten or a more crack-resistant alloy of rhenium (5%) and tungsten (95%), but sometimes molybdenum for more specialized applications, such as when softer X-rays are needed as in mammography. In crystallography, a copper target is most common, with cobalt often being used when fluorescence from iron content in the sample might otherwise present a problem.

球管產(chǎn)生x線,在真空的球管中,高電壓加速陰極釋放的電子使其達到告訴狀態(tài),高速的電子撞擊金屬靶面,陽極,產(chǎn)生x射線.醫(yī)用x球管通常是鎢靶面或者是合金,但是鉬經(jīng)常作為特殊應(yīng)用.例如當在乳腺攝影需要的軟射線.在晶體學中,銅靶面是最常見的,在透視含鐵的實物常用的是鈷.

The maximum energy of the produced X-ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron, which is equal to the voltage on the tube times the electron charge, so an 80 kV tube cannot create X-rays with an energy greater than 80 keV. When the electrons hit the target, X-rays are created by two different atomic processes:

x光的最大能量是會受到激發(fā)電子的能量影響的,所以80kv得球管產(chǎn)生不了大于80kev的能量.當電子撞擊靶時,兩種不同的原子過程形成x線.

Characteristic X-ray emission (X-ray fluorescence): If the electron has enough energy it can knock an orbital electron out of the inner electron shell of a metal atom, and as a result electrons from higher energy levels then fill up the vacancy and X-ray photons are emitted. This process produces an emission spectrum of X-rays at a few discrete frequencies, sometimes referred to as the spectral lines. The spectral lines generated depend on the target (anode) element used and thus are called characteristic lines. Usually these are transitions from upper shells into K shell (called K lines), into L shell (called L lines) and so on.
Bremsstrahlung: This is radiation given off by the electrons as they are scattered by the strong electric field near the high-Z (proton number) nuclei. These X-rays have a continuous spectrum. The intensity of the X-rays increases linearly with decreasing frequency, from zero at the energy of the incident electrons, the voltage on the X-ray tube.
So the resulting output of a tube consists of a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum falling off to zero at the tube voltage, plus several spikes at the characteristic lines. The voltages used in diagnostic X-ray tubes range from roughly 20 kV to 150 kV and thus the highest energies of the X-ray photons range from roughly 20 keV to 150 keV.[18]

x線特點:當一個電子的能量足夠是,他可以脫離原有軌道,結(jié)果就是高能級的電子填補空位,并且釋放x光子.在這個過程中,釋放的x線光譜在小分離的頻譜內(nèi).有的時候上市光譜線.光線的產(chǎn)生是根據(jù)陽極靶這個部件因此也叫特征線通常這種轉(zhuǎn)換是從K線到L線.
軔致輻射:這是一種由電子產(chǎn)生的輻射,當他們被接近Z級強電場分離.這些x光有連續(xù)的頻譜.x線的強度會從0持續(xù)線性的增強,并伴隨著頻譜的下降.

Both of these X-ray production processes are inefficient, with a production efficiency of only about one percent, and thus most of the electric power consumed by the tube is released as waste heat. When producing a usable flux of X-rays, the X-ray tube must be designed to dissipate the excess heat.

這些產(chǎn)生射線的方式效率都是很低的,只有1%的有效射線產(chǎn)生,因此大部分的電子能源都被以廢熱消耗.當產(chǎn)生有用的x線時,x管需要設(shè)計消耗這種熱量.

Short nanosecond bursts of X-rays peaking at 15-keV in energy may be reliably produced by peeling pressure-sensitive adhesive tape from its backing in a moderate vacuum. This is likely to be the result of recombination of electrical charges produced by triboelectric charging. The intensity of X-ray triboluminescence is sufficient for it to be used as a source for X-ray imaging. Using sources considerably more advanced than sticky tape, at least one startup firm is exploiting tribocharging in the development of highly portable, ultra-miniaturized X-ray devices.

A specialized source of X-rays which is becoming widely used in research is synchrotron radiation, which is generated by particle accelerators. Its unique features are X-ray outputs many orders of magnitude greater than those of X-ray tubes, wide X-ray spectra, excellent collimation, and linear polarization